Jean François Carteaux

Jean François Carteaux.

Jean Baptiste François Carteaux(31 January 1751 – 12 April 1813) was a Frenchpainterwho became aGeneralin theFrench Revolutionary Army.He is notable chiefly for being the youngNapoleon Bonaparte's commander at thesiege of Toulonin 1793.

History

Louis XVI as a citizen-king, painting by Carteaux

Born in 1751, Carteaux followed the career of a painter, producing several works including a portrait of KingLouis XVIon horseback.

Following theFrench Revolution,he became a General and given a command of theArmy of the Alps,despite the fact he had achieved no military training. Soon after his arrival, Carteaux was given the task of defeating a force of royalistProvençalrebels. On 16 July 1793 he succeeded in defeating the small rebel force.

In early August 1793, Carteaux was ordered toMarseillewhere he was given command of the efforts to recapture the vitalportofToulon.The citizens of Toulon had not only openly rebelled, but had granted theBritishandSpanishfleets access to the harbour. On 25 August Carteaux began the siege of Toulon. Carteaux handled the siege ineptly, concentrating his efforts on the relatively unimportant town ofOllioules.During these battles, Carteaux's artillery commander,Elzéar Auguste Cousin de Dommartin,was severely wounded and the Army was left with no capable artillery commander. Despite this, Carteaux focused his efforts on the construction of a battery in a gully near Ollioules, which he imagined would be able to bring fire to bear on the Anglo-Neapolitan ships. Once the battery was completed, it became apparent that the harbour was beyond its range. On 8 September a 6,000 man detachment from theArmée d'Italieunder the command ofJean François Cornu de La Poypearrived to the east of Toulon and began operations independently of Carteaux' force.

Seeing the lack of progress of Carteaux and the ineptitude of his artillery, the officials from theCommittee of Public Safety,Augustin RobespierreandAntoine Christophe Salicetidesignated the young Artillery captainNapoleon Bonaparteas Carteaux new artillery commander.With the backing of the all-powerful Robespierre and Saliceti, the dynamic Bonaparte quickly devised a plan for the capture of forts l'Eguillette and Balaguier. Bonaparte correctly surmised that the capture of these would allow accurate fire to be brought to bear on the Anglo-Neapolitan fleet and force it to abandon Toulon. Carteaux was not convinced and ordered a half-hearted attack under the command ofHenri François Delaborde.This attack not only failed, it also brought the importance of the position to the attention of the Anglo-Neapolitans, who immediately began strengthening their positions.

Following this dismal failure, Carteaux allowed Bonaparte to begin construction of several batteries with which to bombard the newly reinforced Anglo-Neapolitan fortresses. Bonaparte virtually took control of the operation, despite Carteaux's protests that the army was his command. Late in October, Napoleon sent a letter to theConvention,complaining about the quality of his superiors, calling them abunch of fools.As a result, Carteaux was relieved of his command on 11 November 1793 and for a while was imprisoned. He was replaced in rapid succession by La Poype andFrançois Amédée Doppetwho were then replaced byJacques François Dugommier.

Despite his imprisonment, Carteaux survived theReign of Terrorand was later sent to fight in theWar in the Vendée.When Bonaparte was electedFirst Consul,he appointed Carteaux as Administrator of theLoterie Royale de France.Carteaux died in 1813.