Jiaozhi

Jiaozhi
Chinese name
Chinese	Giao ngón chân
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jiāozhǐ Wade–Giles Chiāo1-chǐh4 Middle Chinese Middle Chinese *kˠau-t͡ɕɨX(ZS)
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese	Giao chỉ
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jiāozhǐ Wade–Giles Chiāo1-chǐh4
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese Alpha bet	Giao Chỉ
Chữ Hán	Giao ngón chân

HistoryofVietnam (bynames of Vietnam)

~2879–2524 BC Xích Quỷ(mythological) ~2524–258 BC Văn Lang 257–179 BC Âu Lạc 204–111 BC Nam Việt 111 BC – 40 AD Giao Chỉ 40–43 Lĩnh Nam 43–299 Giao Chỉ 299–544 Giao Châu 544–602 Vạn Xuân 602–679 Giao Châu 679–757 An Nam 757–766 Trấn Nam 766–866 An Nam 866–968 Tĩnh Hải quân 968–1054 Đại Cồ Việt 1054–1400 Đại Việt 1400–1407 Đại Ngu 1407–1427 Giao Chỉ 1428–1804 Đại Việt 1804–1839 Việt Nam 1839–1945 Đại Nam 1887–1954 Đông Dương 1945– Việt Nam Main template History of Vietnam

Jiaozhi(standard Chinese,pinyin:Jiāozhǐ), or Vietnamese:Giao Chỉ, was a historical region ruled by variousChinese dynasties,corresponding to present-day northernVietnam.The kingdom ofNanyue(204–111 BC) set up theJiaozhi Commandery(Chinese:Giao ngón chânQuận,Giao chỉQuận;Vietnamese:Quận Giao Chỉ,chữ Hán:Quận giao ngón chân ) an administrative division centered in theRed River Deltathat existed through Vietnam'sfirstandsecondperiods of Chinese rule. During theHan dynasty,thecommanderywas part of a province of the same name (later renamed toJiaozhou) that covered modern-day northern and central Vietnam as well asGuangdongandGuangxiin southern China. In 670 AD, Jiaozhi was absorbed into theAnnan Protectorateestablished by theTang dynasty.Afterwards, official use of the name Jiaozhi was superseded by "Annan" (Annam) and othernames of Vietnam,except during the brieffourth period of Chinese rulewhen theMing dynastyadministered Vietnam as theJiaozhi Province.

Name

Chinese chroniclers assigned variousfolk etymologiesfor the toponym.

• InBook of Rites's subsection Royal Regulations, giao ngón chân was used to describe the physical characteristics ofNanman- southern neighbours of theZhou.LateEastern HanscholarZheng Xuan(127 - c. 200 CE) interpreted giao ngón chân as "the appearance of feet turning in towards each other".Giao ngón chân was subsequently translated as either "feet turned in towards each other" (James Legge)or "toes... crossed" (James M. Hargett).
• Book of Later Hanalso quoted the same passage from Book of Rites yet gave giao ngón chân 's etymology as: "[According to] their customs, men and women bathe in the same river; hence the appellationJiāozhǐ".
• Tang period's encyclopediaTongdianalso stated that: "The southernmost people [have] tattooed foreheads ( viết bức hoành ) and intersecting toes ( giao ngón chân ); [according to] their customs, men and women bathe in the same river. [By] tattooed foreheads ( viết bức hoành ) it means they engrave their flesh withblue/greendye; [by] crossed toes ( giao ngón chân ), it means that each foot's big toe is spread widely outwards and crosses one another when [a person] stands [with feet] side-by-side. "
• Song period's encyclopaediaTaiping YulanquotedYing Shao's "HanOfficials' Etiquettes "that"Emperor Xiaowuleveled theHundred Yuein the South [...] establishedJiaozhi(Giao chỉ); [...] [People] started out in the North, thencrossed(Giao jiāo) at the South, for their descendants [they laid their] basis (jī cơ ) &foundation(zhǐ chỉ) [there] ".

According toMichel Ferlus,the Sino-VietnameseJiaoin Jiāozhǐ ( giao ngón chân ), together with the ethnonym and autonym of theLao people(lǎo liêu ), and the ethnonymGēlǎo( ngật lão ), aKra populationscattered fromGuizhou(China) to North Vietnam, would have emerged from*k(ə)ra:w.The etymon*k(ə)ra:wwould have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæwkɛːw^A1,a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory.InPupeo(Kra branch),kewis used to name theTay(Central Tai) of North Vietnam.

jiāoGiao<MCkæw <OC*kraw [k.raw]

lǎoLiêu<MClawX <OC*C-rawʔ [C.rawˀ]

Frederic Pain proposes that*k(ə)ra:wmeans 'human being' and originates fromAustroasiatic:he further links it to a local root *trawʔ,which is associated withtaro,is ancestral to various Austroasiatic lexical items such as "Monic (Spoken Monkraoor Nyah-kurtraw), Palaungic (Tung-wakraɷʔor Semklao), or Katuic (Ongrawor Soueiʰraw< proto-Katuic *craw) ", and possibly evoked" a particular (most probably tuber-based) cultivation practice used by small Mon-Khmer horticultural communities—as opposed to more complex and advanced cereal-growing (probably rice-based) societies "

Meanwhile, James Chamberlain claims thatJiaooriginated from a word also ancestral toLao,thus meaning Jiao & Lao are cognates.Chamberlain, like Joachim Schlesinger, claim that the Vietnamese language was not originally based in the area of theRed Riverin what is now northern Vietnam. According to them, the Red River Delta region was originally inhabited byTai-speakers.They claim that the area become Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD,or even as late as the tenth century, as a result of immigration from the south, i.e., modernnorth-central Vietnam.According toHan-Tangrecords, east of Jiaozhi and the coast ofGuangdong,Guangxiwas populated byTai-Kadaispeakers (whom Chinese contemporaries calledLǐLý andLǎoLiêu ).Catherine Churchman proposes that the Chinese character liêu transliterated a native term and was shortened from older two-character combinations (which were used transcribe the endonym's initial consonantal cluster); noting that the older two-character combinations cưu liêuQiūlǎo,Hồ liêuHúlǎo,and khuất liêuQūlǎohad been pronounced *kɔ-lawʔ,*ɣɔ-lawʔ,and *kʰut-lawʔrespectively inMiddle Chinese,she reconstructs the endonym *klao,which is either related to the wordklao,meaning "person", in theKra languages,or is a compound, meaning "our people", of prefixk-for "people" andProto-Taifirst person plural pronoun *rəu"we, us".Even so, Michael Churchman acknowledged that "The absence of records of large-scale population shifts indicates that there was a fairly stable group of people in Jiaozhi throughout the Han–Tang period who spoke Austroasiatic languages ancestral to modern Vietnamese."

Jiaozhi, pronouncedKuchiin theMalay,became theCochin-Chinaof thePortuguesetradersc. 1516,who so named it to distinguish it from thecityand theKingdom of Cochinin India, their first headquarters in theMalabar Coast.It was subsequently called "Cochinchina".

History

Early Mentions

Numerous Chinese sources, dated to theSpring & AutumnandWarring Statesperiods, mentioned a place calledJiao(zhi)to the south ofAncient China.Book of Rites is the earliest extant source to associate the name Jiaozhi with theNanman.However, Vietnamese historianĐào Duy Anhlocates Jiaozhi (which was mentioned in ancient texts) only south of Mount Heng ( Hành Sơn ) (aka hoắc sơn Mount Huo or trụ trời sơnMount Tianzhu), within the lower part ofYangtze's drainage basin, and nowhere farther than todayAnhui provincein China (i.e. not in todaynorthern Vietnam); accordingly, Đào definesJiao(zhi)as "lands in the south which bordered [ancient Chinese's] territories".

Van Lang

See also:Văn Lang

The native state ofVăn Langis not well attested, but much later sources nameGiao Chỉas one of the realm's districts (bộ). Its territory purportedly comprised present-dayHanoiand the land on the right bank of theRed River.According to tradition, theHung kingsdirectly ruled Mê Linh while other areas were ruled by dependent Lac lords.The Van Lang kingdom fell to theÂuunder princeThục Phánaround 258 BC.

Âu Lạc

See also:Âu Lạc

Thục Phánestablished his capital atCo Loain Hanoi'sDong Anhdistrict.The citadel was taken around 208 BC by theQingeneralZhao Tuo.

Nanyue

See also:Nanyue

Zhao Tuodeclared his independent kingdom ofNanyuein 204 and organized his Vietnamese territory as the twocommanderiesof Jiaozhi andJiuzhen(Vietnamese:Cửu Chân;present-dayThanh Hóa,Nghệ An,andHà Tĩnh). Following a native coup that killed the Zhao king and hisChinesemother, the Han launchedtwo invasionsin 112 and 111 BC that razed the Nanyue capital atPanyu(Guangzhou). When Han dynasty conqueredNanyuein 111 BC, the Han court divided it into 9 commanderies, one commandery called Jiaozhi was the center of Han administration and government for all 9 areas. Because of this, the entire areas of 9 commanderies was sometime called Jiaozhi. From Han to Tang, the names Jiaozhi and Jiao county at least was used for a part of the Han-era Jiaozhi. In 670, Jiaozhi was absorbed into a larger administrative called Annan (Pacified South). After this, the name Jiaozhi was applied for theRed River Deltaand most or all of northern Vietnam (Tonkin).

Han dynasty

See also:First Chinese domination of Vietnam,Second Chinese domination of Vietnam,andSouthward expansion of the Han dynasty

Chinese provinces in the late Eastern Han dynasty period, 189 CE

TheHan dynastyreceived the submission of the Nanyue commanders in Jiaozhi andJiuzhen,confirming them in their posts and ushering in the "First Era of Northern Domination"inVietnamese history.Thesecommanderieswere headed bygrand administrators(taishou) who were later overseen by the inspectors (Thứ sử,cishi) ofJiaozhouor"Jiaozhi Province"(Giao Chỉ bộ), the first of whom wasShi Dai.

Under the Han, the political center of the former Nanyue lands was moved from Panyu (Guangzhou) south to Jiaozhi. The capital of Jiaozhi was first Mê Linh (Miling) (within modernHanoi'sMe Linhdistrict) and thenLuy Lâu,withinBac Ninh'sThuan Thanhdistrict.According to theBook of Han’s "Treatise on Geography", Jiaozhi contained 10counties:Leilou( luy 𨻻), Anding ( yên ổn ), Goulou ( cẩu 屚), Miling ( mê linh ), Quyang ( khúc dương ), Beidai ( bắc mang ), Jixu ( kê từ ), Xiyu ( tây với ),Longbian( long biên ), and Zhugou ( chu cấu ).Đào Duy Anhstated that Jiaozhi's territory contained all ofTonkin,excluding the regions upstream of theBlack RiverandMa River.SouthwesternGuangxiwas also part of Jiaozhi.The southwest area of present-dayNinh Bìnhwas the border of Jiuzhen. Later, the Han dynasty created another commandery namedRinan(Nhật Nam) located south of Jiuzhen, stretching from theNgang PasstoQuảng Nam Province.

One of the Grand Administrators of Jiaozhi wasSu Ding.In AD 39, two sistersTrưng Trắcand Trưng Nhị who were daughters of the Lac lord of Mê Linh, led anuprisingthat quickly spread to an area stretching approximate modern-day Vietnam (Jiaozhi,Jiuzhen,HepuandRinan), forcing Su Ding and the Han army to flee. All of Lac lords submitted to Trưng Trắc and crowned her Queen.In AD 42 the Han empire struck back by sending an reconquest expedition led byMa Yuan.Copper columns of Ma Yuanwas supposedly erected by Ma Yuan after he had suppressed the uprising of theTrưng Sistersin AD 44.Ma Yuan followed his conquest with a brutal course of assimilation,destroying the natives'bronze drumsin order to build the column, on which the inscription "If this bronze column collapses, Jiaozhi will be destroyed" was carved, at the edge of the Chinese empire.Following the defeat of Trưng sisters, thousands of Chinese immigrants (mostly soldiers) arrived and settled in Jiaozhi, adopted surname Ma, and married with localLac Vietgirls, began the developing of Han-Viet ruling class while local Lac ruling-class families who had submitted to Ma Yuan were used as local functionaries in Han administration and were natural participants in the intermarriage process. In 100,Cham peoplein Xianglin county (near modern-dayHuế) revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes. The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers. The Han respond by putting down the rebellion, executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two-year tax respite.In 136 and 144, Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the Imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, then rebellion in Jiaozhi. The governor of Jiaozhi, according to Kiernan, "lured them to surrender" with "enticing words."

In 115, the Wuhu Li ofCangwudistrict revolted against the Han. In the following year, thousand of rebels from Yulin and Hepu besieged Cangwu.Empress Dowager Dengdecided to avoid conflict and instead sent attendant censor Ren Chuo with a proclamation to grant them amnesty.

In 157, Lac leaderChu Đạtin Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate, then marched north with an army of four to five thousand. The governor of Jiuzhen, Ni Shi, was killed. The Han general of Jiuzhen, Wei Lang, gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt, beheading 2,000 rebels.

In 159 and 161, Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tributes to the Han government.

In 166, a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi, bringing tributes to the Han, which "were likely bought from local markets" of Rinan and Jiaozhi.

In 178, Wuhu people underLiang Longsparked a revolt against the Han inHepuand Jiaozhi. Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam,Guangxiand central Vietnam as well, attracting all non-Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join. In 181, the Han empire sent general Chu Chuan to deal with the revolt. In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded, and his rebellion was suppressed.

In 192,Cham peoplein Xianglin county led byKhu Liênsuccessful revolted against the Han dynasty. Khu Liên found the independent kingdom ofLâm Ấp.

Jiaozhi emerged as the economic center of gravity on the southern coast of the Han empire. In 2 AD, the region reported four times as many households asNanhai(modern Guangdong), while its population density is estimated to be 9.6 times larger than that of Guangdong. Jiaozhi was a key supplier of rice and produced prized handicrafts and natural resources. The region's location was highly favorable to trade. Well connected to central China via theLing Canal,it formed the nearest connection between the Han court and theMaritime Silk Road.

By the end of the second century AD,Buddhism(brought from India via sea by Indian Buddhists centuries earlier) had become the most common religion of Jiaozhi.

Three Kingdoms

During theThree Kingdomsperiod,Jiaozhi was administered fromLongbian(Long Biên) byShi Xieon behalf of theWu.This family controlled several surrounding commanderies, but upon the headman's deathGuangzhouwas formed as a separate province from northeasternJiaozhouand Shi Xie's son attempted to usurp his father's appointed replacement. In retaliation,Sun Quanexecuted the son and all his brothers and demoted the remainder of the family to common status.

Ming dynasty

Main article:Jiaozhi Province

During theFourth Chinese domination of Vietnam,theMing dynastyrevived the historical name Jiaozhi and created theJiaozhi Provincein northern Vietnam. After repelling the Ming forces,Lê Lợidismissed all former administrative structure and divided the nation into 5dao.Thus, Giao Chỉ and Giao Châu have never been names of official administrative units ever since.

Sino-Roman contact

See also:Sino-Roman relations

GreenRoman glasscup unearthed from anEastern Han dynasty(25–220 AD) tomb,Guangxi,China

In 166 CE An-tun (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) of the state ofTa Ch'insent missinaries from beyondRinanto offer present of ivory, rhinoceros horn, and tortoise to the Han court.Hou Han shu records:

In the ninth Yanxi year [AD 166], during the reign ofEmperor Huan,the king ofDa Qin[the Roman Empire], Andun (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,r.161–180), sent envoys from beyond the frontiers through Rinan... During the reign of Emperor He [AD 89–105], they sent several envoys carrying tribute and offerings. Later, the Western Regions rebelled, and these relations were interrupted. Then, during the second and the fourth Yanxi years in the reign of Emperor Huan [AD 159 and 161], and frequently since, [these] foreigners have arrived [by sea] at the frontiers of Rinan [Commandery in modern central Vietnam] to present offerings.

TheBook of Liangstates:

The merchants of this country [the Roman Empire] frequently visit Funan [in theMekongdelta], Rinan (Annam) and Jiaozhi [in theRed River Deltanear modernHanoi]; but few of the inhabitants of these southern frontier states have come to Da Qin. During the 5th year of the Huangwu period of the reign of Sun Quan [AD 226] a merchant of Da Qin, whose name was Qin Lun came to Jiaozhi [Tonkin]; the prefect [taishou] of Jiaozhi, Wu Miao, sent him toSun Quan[the Wu emperor], who asked him for a report on his native country and its people. "

The capital of Jiaozhi was proposed byFerdinand von Richthofenin 1877 to have been the port known to the geographerPtolemyand the Romans asKattigara,situated near modernHanoi.Richthofen's view was widely accepted until archaeology atÓc Eoin theMekong Deltasuggested that site may have been its location. Kattigara seems to have been the main port of call for ships traveling to China from the West in the first few centuries AD, before being replaced byGuangdong.

In terms of archaeological finds, aRepublican-eraRoman glasswarehas been found at aWestern Hantomb inGuangzhoualong theSouth China Sea,dated to the early 1st century BC.In addition, from a site near theRed Riverin the northern Vietnamese province ofLao Cai(borders withYunnan), a glass bowl dated from late first century BC to early first century AD was recovered along with 40 ancient artifacts including sevenHeger type I drums.At Óc Eo, then part of theKingdom of Funannear Jiaozhi, Roman golden medallions made during the reign ofAntoninus Piusand his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found.This may have been the port city of Kattigaradescribed by Ptolemy,laying beyond theGolden Chersonese(i.e.Malay Peninsula).

See also

• Kang Senghui,a Buddhist monk ofSogdianorigin who lived in Jiaozhi during the 3rd century
• Tonkin,an exonym for northern Vietnam, approximately identical to the Jiaozhi region
• Cochinchina,an exonym for (southern) Vietnam, yet cognate with the term Jiaozhi

Sources

Articles

• Borell, Brigitte (2012). "The Han period glass dish from Lao Cai, Northern Vietnam".Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology.32.
• Chamberlain, James R. (2016). "Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam".Journal of the Siam Society.104.
• Churchman, Michael (2010)."Before Chinese and Vietnamese in the Red River Plain: The Han–Tang Period"(PDF).Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies.4.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 9 March 2021.Retrieved29 August2020.
• Ferlus, Michel (2009)."Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia".42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.31:1–6 – viaHAL.
• Masanari, Nishimura (2005). "Settlement patterns on the Red River plain from the late prehistoric period to the 10th century AD".Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association.25:99–107.doi:10.7152/bippa.v25i0.11920(inactive 3 April 2024).{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
• Noriko, Nishino (2017)."An Introduction to Dr. Nishimura Masanari's Research on the Lung Khe Citadel".Asian Review of World Histories.5(2): 11–27.doi:10.1163/22879811-12340003– viaBrill.
• Pain, Frédéric (2008)."An Introduction to Thai Ethnonymy: Examples from Shan and Northern Thai".Journal of the American Oriental Society.128(4): 641–662.JSTOR25608449– viaJSTOR.
• Taylor, K. (2017)."What Lies Behind the Earliest Story of Buddhism in Ancient Vietnam?".The Journal of Asian Studies.77(1): 107–122.doi:10.1017/S0021911817000985– viaCambridge University Press.

Books

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• Li, Tana (2011). "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han period Tongking Gulf". In Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.).The Tongking Gulf Through History.University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 39–53.ISBN9780812205022.
• Fan,Chengda (2011). Hargett, James M. (ed.).Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea: The Natural World and Material Culture of Twelfth-Century China.University of Washington Press.ISBN978-0-29599-079-8.
• Hill, John E. (2009).Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE.Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge.ISBN978-1-4392-2134-1.
• Kiernan, Ben(2019).Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present.Oxford University Press.
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• Reid, Anthony (1993),Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce,vol. 2: Expansion and Crisis, New Haven: Yale University Press
• Richthofen, Ferdinand von (1944), "China", in Hennig, Richard (ed.),Terrae incognitae: eine Zusammenstellung und kritische Bewertung der wichtigsten vorcolumbischen Entdeckungsreisen an Hand der daruber vorliegenden Originalberichte,Band I,Altertum bis Ptolemäus,Leiden: Brill, pp. 387, 410–411
• Schafer, Edward Hetzel(1967),The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South,Los Angeles: University of California Press
• Schliesinger, Joachim (2018a).Origin of the Tai People 5―Cradle of the Tai People and the Ethnic Setup Today Volume 5 of Origin of the Tai People.Booksmango.ISBN978-1641531825.
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• Taylor, Keith Weller (1983).The Birth of the Vietnam.University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-07417-0.
• Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009),"Jiaozhi",Historical Dictionary of Medieval China,Lanham:Scarecrow Press, p. 251,ISBN978-0-8108-6053-7
• Yu, Ying-shih (1986), "Han foreign relations", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.),The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–463
• Yule, Henry (1995).A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson.Routledge.ISBN978-0-7007-0321-0.
• Young, Gary K. (2001).Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC - AD 305.London & New York: Routledge.ISBN0-415-24219-3.
• Zürcher, Erik (2002): "Tidings from the South, Chinese Court Buddhism and Overseas Relations in the Fifth Century AD." Erik Zürcher in:A Life Journey to the East. Sinological Studies in Memory of Giuliano Bertuccioli (1923-2001).Edited by Antonio Forte and Federico Masini. Italian School of East Asian Studies. Kyoto. Essays: Volume 2, pp. 21–43.

External links

• "The Southern Silk Roads" on Silk Roads Programme