Jimmy Swaggart
![]() |
Jimmy Swaggart | |
---|---|
![]() Swaggart in 2009 | |
Born | Jimmy Lee Swaggart March 15, 1935 Ferriday, Louisiana,U.S. |
Occupations |
|
Years active | 1955–present |
Television | The Jimmy Swaggart Telecast(1971–present) SonLife Broadcasting Network(2007–present) |
Spouse |
Frances Swaggart (m.1952) |
Children | Donnie Swaggart |
Relatives | Mickey Gilley(cousin) Jerry Lee Lewis(cousin) |
Website | jsm |
Jimmy Lee Swaggart(/ˈswæɡərt/;born March 15, 1935) is an AmericanPentecostaltelevangelist.
Jimmy Swaggart Ministries owns and operates the SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN). Swaggart is the senior pastor of the Family Worship Center inBaton Rouge,Louisiana.
Early life[edit]
Jimmy Lee Swaggart was born on March 15, 1935, inFerriday, Louisiana,[1]to fiddle player and Pentecostal preacher Willie Leon (known as "Sun" or "Son" ) Swaggart and Minnie Bell Herron, daughter of sharecropper William Herron. Swaggart's parents were related by marriage, as Son Swaggart's maternal uncle, Elmo Lewis, was married to Minnie Herron's sister, Mamie. The extended family had a complex network of interrelationships: "cousins and in-laws and other relatives married each other until the clan was entwined like a big, tight ball of rubber bands".[2][3][4]
Swaggart is the cousin ofrockabillypioneerJerry Lee Lewisandcountry musicstarMickey Gilley.[5]He also had a sister, Jeanette Ensminger (1942–1999). With his parents, Swaggart attended smallAssemblies of Godchurches in Ferriday and Wisner.[citation needed]
In 1952, aged 17, Swaggart married 15-year-old Frances Anderson, whom he met in church in Wisner, Louisiana while he was playing music with his father, who pastored the Assembly of God Church there. They have a son named Donnie. Swaggart worked several part-time odd jobs to support his young family and also began singingSouthern Gospelmusic at various churches.[citation needed]
According to his autobiographyTo Cross a River,Swaggart, along with his wife and son, lived in poverty during the 1950s as he preached throughout ruralLouisiana,struggling to survive on an income of $30 a week (equivalent to $330 in 2023). Being too poor to own a home, the Swaggarts lived in church basements, homes of pastors, and small motels.Sun RecordsproducerSam Phillipswanted to start agospelline of music for the label (perhaps to remain in competition withRCA VictorandColumbia,who also had gospel lines at the time) and wanted Swaggart for Sun as the first gospel artist for the label. Swaggart's cousin, Jerry Lee Lewis, had previously signed with Sun and was reportedly earning $20,000 per week at the time. Although the offer meant a promise for significant income for him and his family, Swaggart turned Phillips down, stating that he was called to preach the gospel.[6]
Career[edit]
Ordination and early career[edit]
Preaching from a flatbed trailer donated to him, Swaggart began full-time evangelistic work in 1955. He began developing a revival-meeting following throughout the American South. In 1960, he began recording gospel music record albums and transmitting on Christian radio stations. In 1961, Swaggart was ordained by the Assemblies of God; a year later he began his radio ministry. In the late 1960s, Swaggart founded what was then a small church named the Family Worship Center inBaton Rouge, Louisiana;the church eventually became district-affiliated with the Assemblies of God.[citation needed]
In 1971, Swaggart began transmitting a weekly 30-minute telecast over various local television stations in Baton Rouge and also purchased a local AM radio station, WLUX (nowWPFC). The station broadcast Christian feature stories, preaching and teaching to variousfundamentalistand Pentecostal denominations and playingblack gospel,Southern gospel,and inspirational music. Swaggart sold many of his radio stations gradually throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.[citation needed]
Shifting to television[edit]
By 1975, the television ministry had expanded to more stations around the United States, and he began to use television as his primary preaching forum. In 1978, the weekly telecast was increased to an hour.[citation needed]
In 1980, Swaggart began a daily weekday telecast featuring Bible study and music, and the weekend, hour-long telecast included a service from either Family Worship Center (Swaggart's church) or an on-location crusade in a major city. In the early 1980s, the broadcasts expanded to major cities nationwide. By 1983, more than 250 television stations broadcast the telecast.[citation needed]
Promotion of RENAMO[edit]
Throughout the 1980s, Jimmy Swaggart Ministries was one of many American Evangelical leaders who promoted the South African-backed Mozambican National Resistance, akaRENAMO,which was accused of committing systematicwar crimesduringMozambique's 15-year-long civil war.In addition to moral support and publicity, Swaggart Ministries was repeatedly accused of providing funding and material support to the group. In September 1985, government forces supported by Zimbabwe captured RENAMO's main headquarters inside Mozambique, Casa Banana. Among the materials left behind by retreating rebels were piles of Swaggart's 1982 publication, "How to Receive The Baptism in the Holy Spirit", translated into Portuguese.[7]During the 1988 trial of Australian missionary Ian Grey, who coordinated much of the private support to RENAMO, it was claimed by the defendant that Swaggart Ministries worked through Shekinah Ministries to provide support to RENAMO. That year, extensive media coverage of Swaggart and his businesses in the wake of a sex scandal largely excluded these allegations.[8]In 1991, Covert Action Magazine and the government of Zimbabwe both accused Swaggart ministries of continuing to fund RENAMO.[9]
Prostitution scandals[edit]
In 1988, Swaggart was accused of patronizing a prostitute. He was suspended and ultimatelydefrockedby the Assemblies of God. Three years later, Swaggart was implicated in another scandal involving prostitution. As a result, Swaggart's ministry became non-affiliated, nondenominational, and significantly smaller than it was in the ministry's pre-scandal years.[10][11][12]
Swaggart's sex scandals received national media attention.[13][14][15][16]
1988 prostitution scandal[edit]
Swaggart's first prostitution scandal occurred in retaliation for an incident in 1986 when he accused fellow Assemblies of God minister Marvin Gorman of having several affairs. Gorman was defrocked from the Assemblies of God, and his ministry was all but ended.[17]Gorman filed a successful lawsuit against Swaggart for defamation and conspiracy to ruin his reputation; he was awarded damages amounting to $10 million in 1991.[18]Following an appeal, the parties settled the matter for $1.75 million.[19]
As a retaliatory measure, Gorman hired his son Randy and son-in-law Garland Bilbo to watch theTravel InnonAirline HighwayinMetairie,asuburbofNew Orleans.[20]At the Travel Inn, the two men photographed Swaggart outside Room 7 with Debra Murphree,[11][21]a local prostitute. Gorman arrived at the Travel Inn a short while later and confronted Swaggart.[22]
According toSwaggart: The Unauthorized Biography of an American Evangelist,Gorman secured a promise from Swaggart that he would publicly apologize to Gorman and start the process of Gorman's reinstatement to the Assemblies of God. Gorman offered to remain silent if Swaggart would state publicly that he lied about Gorman's affairs. Gorman waited almost a year, then hand-delivered a note to Swaggart informing him his time was up; Swaggart did not respond. On February 16, 1988, Gorman contacted James Hamil, one of the 13-man Executive Presbytery of the Assemblies of God, to expose Swaggart's assignation with the prostitute.[23]The presbytery leadership of the Assemblies of God suspended Swaggart from broadcasting his television program for three months.[citation needed]
According to theAssociated Press,Murphree failed apolygraph testadministered by aNew York City Police Departmentpolygraph expert.[24]The test administrator concluded that Murphree had failed to tell the truth on all key questions concerning her statement. The test was administered after Murphree offered to sell the story to theNational Enquirerfor $100,000. Murphree failed questions about whether she was paid or promised money to "set up" Swaggart, and whether she made up the story to make money from it.[25]In place of Murphree's interview,Enquirereditor Levy published an accounting of Swaggart's family where they allegedly expressed their fears over Swaggart's health.[26]Murphree, who blamed her failed polygraph on "cocaine use" the day before the test was given, went on to have her interview published byPenthousemagazine.[27]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/JimmySwaggart1988.jpeg/220px-JimmySwaggart1988.jpeg)
On February 21, 1988, without giving any details regarding his transgressions, Swaggart delivered what came to be known as his "I have sinned" speech on live television. He spoke tearfully to his family, congregation, TV audience, and ended his speech with a prayer: "I have sinned against You, my Lord, and I would ask that Your Precious Blood... would wash and cleanse every stain until it is in the seas of God's forgetfulness never to be remembered against me anymore."[11][28]
The national presbytery of the Assemblies of God extended Swaggart's suspension to their standard two-year suspension for sexual immorality. His return to the pulpit coincided with the end of the three-month suspension originally ordered by the denomination. Believing that Swaggart was not genuinely repentant in submitting to their authority, the hierarchy of the Assemblies of Goddefrockedhim, removing his credentials and ministerial license.[29]
Swaggart then became an independent and non-denominational Pentecostal minister, establishing Jimmy Swaggart Ministries, based at the Family Worship Center inBaton Rouge, Louisiana,and the Sonlife Broadcasting Network (SBN) which can be seen in the United States and other countries.[30][better source needed]
1991 prostitution scandal[edit]
On October 11, 1991, Swaggart was found in the company of a prostitute for a second time. He was pulled over by a police officer inIndio, California,for driving on the wrong side of the road. With him in the vehicle was a woman named Rosemary Garcia. According to Garcia, Swaggart had stopped to propose sex to her on the side of the road. She later told reporters: "He asked me for sex. I mean, that's why he stopped me. That's what I do. I'm a prostitute."[31]This time, rather than confessing his sins to his congregation, Swaggart told those at Family Worship Center, "The Lord told me it's flat none of your business."[32]Swaggart's son Donnie then announced to the audience that his father would be temporarily stepping down as head of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries for "a time of healing and counseling".[33]
Later career[edit]
As of 2007[update],Jimmy Swaggart Ministries mainly comprised Family Worship Center,The Jimmy Swaggart Telecast,[34][better source needed]radio and television programs calledA Study in the Word,SonLife Radio Network,[35][better source needed]a website, and a 24/7 cable and satellite television network, SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN).[citation needed]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rev._Jimmy_Swaggart_02.jpg/220px-Rev._Jimmy_Swaggart_02.jpg)
Swaggart's wife Frances hosts a television program,Frances and Friends,shown daily on SBN.[36][better source needed]Swaggart also hosts a daily Bible study program on SBN,The Message of the Cross.[citation needed]His son, Donnie Swaggart, preaches at Family Worship Center and also preaches in churches across America and abroad.[37][better source needed]Donnie's son, Gabriel Swaggart, has served as the ministry'syouth pastorwho leadsCrossfire,Family Worship Center's youth ministry.[38][better source needed]SBN also delivers live broadcasts of all of its weekly services at Family Worship Center, as well as live broadcasts of all of itscamp meetings.[citation needed]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Donnie_Swaggart.jpg/220px-Donnie_Swaggart.jpg)
As of 2024, Swaggart remains senior pastor of Family Worship Center.[39]
Ministries[edit]
Radio[edit]
Swaggart started SonLife Radio on the noncommercialFM band.Unlike his previous stations, SonLife was commercial-free and it did not sell time to outside ministries; the preaching and teaching were all produced in-house. The music which it played was primarilySouthern Gospel.SonLife Radio is also streamed on theInternet.[40][better source needed]
List of radio stations[edit]
The network's flagship station isWJFMinBaton Rouge, Louisiana.[41]
Call sign | Frequency | City of license | State | Power (W) |
ERP (W) |
Height (m(ft)) |
Class | FCC info |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WJIK | 89.7 FM | Fulton | Alabama | — | 2,100 | 166 m (545 ft) | A | FCC (WJIK) |
WQUA | 102.1 FM | Citronelle | Alabama | — | 15,000 | 130 m (430 ft) | C3 | FCC (WQUA) |
KJSM-FM | 97.7 FM | Augusta | Arkansas | — | 100,000 | 189 m (620 ft) | C1 | FCC (KJSM-FM) |
KNHD | 1450 AM | Camden | Arkansas | 1,000 | — | — | C | FCC (KNHD) |
KUUZ | 95.9 FM | Lake Village | Arkansas | — | 20,000 | 92 m (302 ft) | C3 | FCC (KUUZ) |
KSSW | 96.9 FM | Nashville | Arkansas | — | 6,000 | 100 m (330 ft) | A | FCC (KSSW) |
KPSH | 90.9 FM | Coachella | California | — | 230 | 190 m (620 ft) | A | FCC (KPSH) |
WGSG | 89.5 FM | Mayo | Florida | — | 20,000 | 76 m (249 ft) | C3 | FCC (WGSG) |
WFFL | 91.7 FM | Panama City | Florida | — | 310 H 304 V |
63 m (207 ft) | A | FCC (WFFL) |
WBMF | 88.1 FM | Crete | Illinois | — | 90 | 114 m (374 ft) | A | FCC (WBMF) |
WAWF | 88.3 FM | Kankakee | Illinois | — | 1,250 | 87 m (285 ft) | A | FCC (WAWF) |
WWGN | 88.9 FM | Ottawa | Illinois | — | 4,100 H 1,400 V |
148.4 m (487 ft) | B1 | FCC (WWGN) |
KBDD | 91.9 FM | Winfield | Kansas | — | 48,000 | 150 m (490 ft) | C2 | FCC (KBDD) |
KJGM | 88.3 FM | Bastrop | Louisiana | — | 63,000 | 82 m (269 ft) | C1 | FCC (KJGM) |
WJFM[a] | 88.5 FM | Baton Rouge | Louisiana | — | 25,500 | 85 m (279 ft) | C2 | FCC (WJFM) |
KTOC-FM | 104.9 FM | Jonesboro | Louisiana | — | 25,000 | 72 m (236 ft) | C3 | FCC (KTOC-FM) |
KCKR | 91.9 FM | Church Point | Louisiana | — | 12,500 | 141.9 m (466 ft) | C3 | FCC (KCKR) |
KDJR | 100.1 FM | De Soto | Missouri | — | 2,000 | 106 m (348 ft) | A | FCC (KDJR) |
WTGY | 95.7 FM | Charleston | Mississippi | — | 6,000 | 100 m (330 ft) | A | FCC (WTGY) |
WJNS-FM | 92.1 FM | Bentonia | Mississippi | — | 4,800 | 111.3 m (365 ft) | A | FCC (WJNS-FM) |
KNBE | 88.9 FM | Beatrice | Nebraska | — | 7,500 | 146 m (479 ft) | C3 | FCC (KNBE) |
KNFA | 90.7 FM | Grand Island | Nebraska | — | 1,300 | 58.3 m (191 ft) | A | FCC (KNFA) |
WJCA | 102.1 FM | Albion | New York | — | 3,700 | 129 m (423 ft) | A | FCC (WJCA) |
WYRR | 88.9 FM | Lakewood | New York | — | 420 | 102 m (335 ft) | A | FCC (WYRR) |
WJYM | 730 AM | Bowling Green | Ohio | 1,000 day 359 night |
— | — | D | FCC (WJYM) |
KAJT | 88.7 FM | Ada | Oklahoma | — | 31,000 | 73 m (240 ft) | C2 | FCC (KAJT) |
KMFS | 1490 AM | Guthrie | Oklahoma | 1,000 | — | — | C | FCC (KMFS) |
KREK | 104.9 FM | Bristow | Oklahoma | — | 5,000 | 107 m (351 ft) | A | FCC (KREK) |
KSSO | 89.3 FM | Norman | Oklahoma | — | 5,600 | 50 m (160 ft) | A | FCC (KSSO) |
WAYB-FM | 95.7 FM | Graysville | Tennessee | — | 6,000 | 100 m (330 ft) | A | FCC (WAYB-FM) |
KNRB | 100.1 FM | Atlanta | Texas | — | 50,000 | 150 m (490 ft) | C2 | FCC (KNRB) |
KYTM | 99.3 FM | Corrigan | Texas | — | 6,000 | 86 m (282 ft) | A | FCC (KYTM) |
Notes:
- ^Flagship station;for WJFM translators, seeWJFM § Translators
Translators[edit]
Call sign | Frequency (MHz) |
City of license | State | Class | ERP (W) |
FCC info |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W209CN | 89.7 | Andalusia | Alabama | D | 10 | FCC (W209CN) |
W205BX | 88.9 | Eufaula | Alabama | D | 13 | FCC (W205BX) |
K250BQ | 97.9 | Camden | Arkansas | D | 250 | FCC (K250BQ) |
K209DT | 89.7 | El Dorado | Arkansas | D | 38 | FCC (K209DT) |
K219AO | 91.7 | Fairmont | California | D | 89 | |
W213BF | 90.5 | Key West | Florida | D | 50 | FCC (W213BF) |
W215BM | 90.9 | Dublin | Georgia | D | 13 | FCC (W215BM) |
W212BL | 90.3 | LaGrange | Georgia | D | 10 | FCC (W212BL) |
W214BG | 90.7 | Waycross | Georgia | D | 38 | FCC (W214BG) |
W206AN | 89.1 | Carlinville | Illinois | D | 80 | FCC (W206AN) |
W204BG | 88.7 | Effingham | Illinois | D | 19 | FCC (W204BG) |
W217BJ | 91.3 | Freeport | Illinois | D | 55 | FCC (W217BJ) |
W201BL | 88.1 | Jacksonville | Illinois | D | 27 | FCC (W201BL) |
K208DW | 89.5 | DeSoto Parish | Louisiana | D | 20 | FCC (K208DW) |
K220ID | 91.9 | Grayson | Louisiana | D | 10 | FCC (K220ID) |
K232FN | 94.3 | Many | Louisiana | D | 250 | FCC (K232FN) |
K216EX | 91.1 | Minden | Louisiana | D | 38 | FCC (K216EX) |
K218EY | 91.5 | Morgan City | Louisiana | D | 160 | FCC (K218EY) |
K211DY | 90.1 | Natchitoches | Louisiana | D | 10 | FCC (K211DY) |
K219FA | 91.7 | Alexandria | Minnesota | D | 50 | FCC (K219FA) |
K213DN | 90.5 | Morris | Minnesota | D | 27 | FCC (K213DN) |
K201GD | 88.1 | Kirksville | Missouri | D | 10 | FCC (K201GD) |
K219FD | 91.7 | Mountain Grove | Missouri | D | 50 | FCC (K219FD) |
K207DG | 89.3 | Rosati | Missouri | D | 140 | FCC (K207DG) |
K218DC | 91.5 | Springfield | Missouri | D | 250 | FCC (K218DC) |
K213DK | 90.5 | Willow Springs | Missouri | D | 50 | FCC (K213DK) |
W202BS | 88.3 | Columbia | Mississippi | D | 13 | FCC (W202BS) |
W208BC | 89.5 | Corning | New York | D | 10 | FCC (W208BC) |
W220DD | 91.9 | Morehead City | North Carolina | D | 50 | FCC (W220DD) |
W202BR | 88.3 | Rockingham | North Carolina | D | 10 | FCC (W202BR) |
W209BN | 89.7 | Chambersburg | Pennsylvania | D | 10 | FCC (W209BN) |
W212BK | 90.3 | Franklin | Pennsylvania | D | 10 | FCC (W212BK) |
W207BM | 89.3 | Lock Haven | Pennsylvania | D | 55 | FCC (W207BM) |
W218BN | 91.5 | Mansfield | Pennsylvania | D | 10 | FCC (W218BN) |
W204BQ | 88.7 | Andrews | South Carolina | D | 55 | FCC (W204BQ) |
W202CG | 88.3 | Clinton | South Carolina | D | 27 | FCC (W202CG) |
W204BR | 88.7 | Manning | South Carolina | D | 50 | FCC (W204BR) |
W215CK | 90.9 | Winnsboro | South Carolina | D | 10 | FCC (W215CK) |
K209DX | 89.7 | Brookings | South Dakota | D | 250 | FCC (K209DX) |
K207EW | 89.3 | Mitchell | South Dakota | D | 250 | FCC (K207EW) |
K211EC | 90.1 | Watertown | South Dakota | D | 100 | FCC (K211EC) |
K214FC | 90.7 | Yankton | South Dakota | D | 92 | FCC (K214FC) |
W217BG | 91.3 | Pikeville | Tennessee | D | 10 | FCC (W217BG) |
K216DN | 91.1 | Bonham | Texas | D | 45 | FCC (K216DN) |
K216FD | 91.1 | Columbus | Texas | D | 40 | FCC (K216FD) |
K219FH | 91.7 | Midland | Texas | D | 50 | FCC (K219FH) |
K216FC | 91.1 | Palestine | Texas | D | 170 | FCC (K216FC) |
Television[edit]
In 1973, Swaggart proposed to television producers inNashville, Tennesseea television program including a fairly large music segment, a short sermon, and time for talking about current ministry projects. They accepted, and within weeks theJimmy Swaggart Telecastwas being broadcast around the United States.[citation needed]
In 1981, Swaggart launched a daily television program titledA Study in the Word.From the beginning, the primary cable channels which the program was aired on wereCBN Cable(nowFreeform),TBN,and the oldPTL Network(nowthe Inspiration Network).[citation needed]
In 1988, Swaggart lost some of his broadcast and merchandise rights following his first prostitution scandal.[22][42]
In 1991, Swaggart's career as a standard televangelist came to an end after more local TV stations cancelled their contracts with him following his second prostitution scandal.[43][44][45]
Jimmy Swaggart Bible College[edit]
In autumn 1984, Swaggart opened Jimmy Swaggart Bible College (JSBC). The college originally provided education and communication degrees.[citation needed]
JSBC enrollment dropped drastically in 1988 when students left as a result of Swaggart's scandal, followed by accreditation issues.[46]
In 1991, JSBC was renamed the World Evangelism Bible College and enrollment dropped to 370 students. The college shut down programs in music, physical education, secretarial science, and communications that October and disbanded its basketball team. In November "the college laid off three Bible professors and an English professor, effective at the end of the fall semester".[47]
Print[edit]
Swaggart has written about 50 Christian books offered through his ministry.[48]He is the author of theExpositor's Study Bible,[49]13 study guides and 38 commentaries on the Bible. The ministry also publishes a monthly magazine,The Evangelist.[citation needed]
Swaggart publishedReligious Rock n Roll: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing,in 1985.[50]
Music[edit]
In 1980, Swaggart received aGrammy Awardnomination for Best Gospel Performance, Traditional for his albumWorship.[51]
Family[edit]
Since October 10, 1952, Swaggart has been married to Frances Swaggart (néeAnderson, born August 9, 1937). They have one son, Donnie (born October 18, 1954), named after Jimmy Swaggart's brother who died in infancy. He has three grandchildren and several great-grandchildren.[52]
Donnie Swaggart and his son, Gabriel Swaggart, are also preachers, making four generations of the Swaggart family to have become involved in ministerial work.[53][54]
In popular culture[edit]
Swaggart's prostitution scandals inspired theOzzy Osbournesong "Miracle Man" on Osbourne's fifth studio albumNo Rest for the Wicked(1988).[55]
During his 1988 concerts,Bruce Hornsbywould begin his song "Defenders of the Flag" fromScenes from the Southsidewith a tongue-in-cheek dedication to Swaggart.[56]
Similarities were noted between heelWorld Wrestling FederationcharacterBrother Loveand Swaggart.[57]
"Jesus He Knows Me",a 1991 song byGenesis,is a satire on televangelists such as Swaggart,Robert Tilton,andJim Bakker.[58]
Canadian rock bandthe New Pornographerstook their name from a 1986 speech by Swaggart in which he lambasted rock music as "the new pornography."[59][60]
American avant-garde musicianKristin Hayter(as Lingua Ignota) released the EPEpistolary Grieving for Jimmy Swaggarton the 5th of November in 2021.
References[edit]
- ^Curtis, Ian (June 2006).Jesus: Myth or Reality?.iUniverse.ISBN978-0-595-39764-8.
- ^Saved by Song: A History of Gospel and Christian Music,Don Cusic, University of Mississippi Press, 2012, p. 321
- ^Roots of the Rich and Famous,Robert R. Davenport, Taylor Publishing, 1998, p. 131
- ^Swaggart: The Unauthorized Biography of an American Evangelist,Ann Rowe Seaman, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001, pp. 33–35
- ^Unconquered: The Saga of Cousins Jerry Lee Lewis, Jimmy Swaggart, and Mickey Gilley488 pages Brown Books Publishing Group (May 1, 2012), EnglishISBN978-1-61254-041-2
- ^Jimmy Swaggart; Robert Paul Lamb (1984).To Cross a River(3rd ed.). Baton Rouge, La.: Jimmy Swaggart Ministries.ISBN978-0-88270-221-6.
- ^"The Conflict with Renamo, 1976-1992 «August 1990» Dossier MZ-0020: 126. Rightwing Christian Group Denies Renamo Connection".Mozambique History Net.
- ^Diamond, Sara (1990).Spiritual Warfare The Politics of the Christian Right.Black Rose Books. p. 199.ISBN978-0-921689-64-5.
- ^Political Developments and Prospects for Peace in Mozambique and Review of the Electorial [sic] Process in Angola Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, October 8, 1992 · Volume 4.USGPO. 1993. p. 109.ISBN9780160411410.
- ^Djupe, Paul A.; Olson, Laura R. (2008).Encyclopedia of American religion and politics.Checkmark Books. p. 430.ISBN978-0-8160-7555-3.RetrievedMarch 13,2011.
- ^abcKaufman, Joanne (March 7, 1988)."The Fall of Jimmy Swaggart".People.RetrievedOctober 18,2013.
- ^"Jimmy Swaggart | Biography, Ministries, & Scandals".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedFebruary 23,2020.
- ^"Jimmy Swaggart and the Snare of Sin".Washington Post.February 25, 1988.
- ^"Swaggart Says He Has Sinned; Will Step Down".The New York Times.February 22, 1988.
- ^"Woman Riding in Swaggart Car Says She's a Prostitute".Los Angeles Times.October 12, 1991.
- ^"Scandals Emptied Pews Of Electronic Churches".The New York Times.March 3, 1991.
- ^Andrews, Travis M. (January 9, 2017)."The Rev. Marvin Gorman, who prompted Jimmy Swaggart's downfall in the '80s, dies at 83".The Washington Post.RetrievedAugust 28,2020.
- ^Marcus, Frances Frank (September 13, 1991)."Swaggart Found Liable For Defaming Minister".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 28,2020.
- ^"A Fair, Sympathetic Account of the Rise and Fall of Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart".Chicago Tribune.December 26, 1999.RetrievedAugust 28,2020.
- ^Seaman, Ann Rowe (1999).Swaggart: The Unauthorized Biography of an American Evangelist.New York City: Continuum. p. 331.ISBN978-1-4411-3645-9.
- ^Applebome, Peter (February 25, 1988)."Scandal Spurs Interest in Swaggart Finances".The New York Times.RetrievedMay 27,2014.
- ^abHarris, Art (February 25, 1988)."Jimmy Swaggart and the Snare of Sin".The Washington Post.RetrievedAugust 28,2020.
- ^Seaman, p.337
- ^Associated Press.Ocala Star-Banner,February 27, 1988.[full citation needed]
- ^Toronto Star,February 27, 1988.[full citation needed]
- ^Levy, Paul F. (March 15, 1988). "Swaggart Family: We're Terrified Jimmy's Caught AIDS".National Enquirer.
- ^"Prostitute Says Swaggart Had Sex With Her".Associated Press News.May 26, 1988.
- ^Swaggart, Jimmy."Reverend Jimmy Swaggart: Apology Sermon".americanrhetoric.RetrievedJanuary 25,2007.
- ^King, Peter H. (April 9, 1988)."Swaggart Rejects Terms of Penance, Is Defrocked".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedAugust 28,2020.
- ^Dept., JSM Web."Family Worship Center – Jimmy Swaggart Ministries – Baton Rouge".RetrievedApril 15,2017.
- ^"Prostitute Says Swaggart Picked Her Up For Sex".Associated Press.October 12, 1991.RetrievedAugust 28,2020.
- ^"Swaggart: God Says 'It's None Of Your Business'".Seattle Times.Associated Press. October 17, 1991. Archived fromthe originalon February 19, 2020.
- ^"Swaggart Plans to Step Down".The New York Times.Associated Press. October 15, 1991.RetrievedAugust 28,2020.
- ^"Jimmy Swaggart Ministries – TV Programming".Archived fromthe originalon January 23, 2007.RetrievedJanuary 28,2007.
- ^"Jimmy Swaggart Ministries – SonLife Radio".Archived fromthe originalon February 2, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 22,2007.
- ^"Frances & Friends".Francesandfriends.RetrievedFebruary 22,2022.
- ^"Donnie Swaggart - Evangelist".Donnieswaggart.RetrievedFebruary 22,2022.
- ^"CrossFire".Crossfireyouthministry.
- ^"JSM Ministers - Family Worship Center".jsm.
- ^"SonLife Broadcasting Network | SBN | Jimmy Swaggart Ministries".sonlifetv.RetrievedMarch 28,2019.
- ^WJFMfcc government. Accessed September 6, 2016
- ^"Ministry Makes $150 Million a Year: Rich Life Style Reflects Swaggart Empire's Wealth".Los Angeles Times.March 14, 1988.
- ^"Can Jimmy Swaggart Survive His Second Fall from Grace?".Orlandosentinel.October 27, 1991.
- ^"Jimmy Swaggart Losing International Television Ministry".Associated Press.
- ^"Jimmy Swaggart's television broadcast empire going dark".Upi.
- ^"Enrollment Expected to Drop 72% at Jimmy Swaggart Bible College".Los Angeles Times.July 23, 1988.
- ^"Jimmy Swaggart Bible College May Shed Evangelist's Name".Associated Press.December 13, 1991.
- ^"Books by Jimmy Swaggart (Author of The Expositor's Study Bible KJVersion/Concordance)".Goodreads.RetrievedMarch 15,2012.
- ^Swaggart, Jimmy (August 9, 2005).The Expositor's Study Bible KJVersion/Concordance.Jimmy Swaggart Ministries.ISBN978-0-9769530-0-5.
- ^"Religious Rock n Roll: Wolf In Sheep's Clothing".Religiousrock blogspot.January 26, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon December 6, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 22,2022.
- ^"Jimmy Swaggart: One Nomination".Grammy.RetrievedFebruary 22,2022.
- ^About Jimmy Swaggart Ministriesjsm. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
- ^"SonLife Broadcasting Network – SBN – Jimmy Swaggart Ministries".Jsm.RetrievedApril 15,2017.
- ^"JSM Ministers – Pastors – Jimmy Swaggart Ministries – Family Worship Center".Jsm.RetrievedApril 15,2017.
- ^Häger, Andreas, ed. (September 6, 2018)."Biblical Language in Ozzy Osbourne's Solo Albums".Religion and Popular Music: Artists, Fans, and Cultures.Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 73.ISBN978-1-350-00371-2.
- ^"Hornsby's Musicianship Wins Over Miami Crowd".sun-sentinel.July 15, 1988.RetrievedNovember 8,2020.
- ^"Wrestlers having grudge match".Lakeland Ledger. October 28, 1988.RetrievedDecember 2,2021.
- ^Irwin, Corey (April 9, 2023)."When Genesis Skewered Televangelism With 'Jesus He Knows Me'".Ultimate Classic Rock.
- ^"The New Pornographers Mutual Appreciation Pop Society".exclaim Canada.RetrievedJuly 26,2022.
- ^"JIMMY SWAGGART BLASTS ROCK PORN".Los Angeles Times.August 3, 1986.RetrievedJuly 26,2022.
External links[edit]
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