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Jiu gian g

Coordinates:29°39′40″N115°57′14″E/ 29.661°N 115.954°E/29.661; 115.954
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeJiu gian g (disambiguation).
Jiu gian g
Cửu Giang thị
Kiukiang
Prefecture-level city
Top to bottom, left to right:Jiu gian g Culture and Art Center, Pagoda of Suo gian g Pavilion, Jiu Jiang victory monument, looking at Wulaofeng from Mount Lushan's Pokou, Suo gian g pavilion, Bali Hunan lake, Ruqin lake
Location of Jiujiang City jurisdiction in Jiangxi
Location of Jiu gian g City jurisdiction in Jiangxi
Coordinates (Jiu gian g municipal government):29°39′40″N115°57′14″E/ 29.661°N 115.954°E/29.661; 115.954
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceJiangxi
SeatMunicipal seat
Government
•Party SecretaryLiu Wenhua
•MayorYang Wenbin
Area
•Prefecture-level city18,823 km2(7,268 sq mi)
• Urban
598 km2(231 sq mi)
• Metro
598 km2(231 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
20 m (70 ft)
Highest elevation
(Jiuling Mountains)
1,794 m (5,886 ft)
Population
(2020 census)
•Prefecture-level city4,600,276
• Density240/km2(630/sq mi)
•Urban
2,814,240
• Urban density4,700/km2(12,000/sq mi)
•Metro
1,164,268
• Metro density1,900/km2(5,000/sq mi)
GDP[2]
•Prefecture-level cityCN¥190.3 billion
US$30.5 billion
• Per capitaCN¥ 39,505
US$ 6,343
Time zoneUTC+8(China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-JX-04
Websitewww.jiu gian g.gov.cn/english/
Jiu gian g
ChineseCửu Giang
PostalKiukang
Literal meaningNine Rivers
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiǔjiāng
Wade–GilesChiu-chiang
IPA[tɕjòʊtɕjáŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationGáu-gōng
JyutpingGau2-gong1
Southern Min
Tâi-lôKáu-kang

Jiu gian g,formerly transliteratedKiukiangandKew-Keang,is aprefecture-level citylocated on the southern shores of theYangtze Riverin northwestJiangxi Provincein thePeople's Republic of China.It is the second-largest prefecture-level city in Jiangxi and its borders includePoyang Lake,the largest freshwaterlakein China. Jiu gian g is the fourth largest port on the Yangtze River[3][4]and was one of the first five cities that were opened to foreign trade along the Yangtze River following the implementation ofDeng Xiaoping'sOpening-Up Policy.It isJiangxi's only international trade port city.

Its population was 4,600,276 inhabitants at the2020 census,1,164,268 of whom resided in the built-up area (metro) made up of three urban districts (akaXunyang,Lianxi,andChaisang).[5]In 2007, the city was named China's top ten livable cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.[6]In 2022, the State Council of China granted Jiu gian g the title of Famed National Historical and Cultural City for its rich history and multiculture background in theRepublic of Chinaera.

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Map including Jiu gian g (labeled as CHIU-CHIANG (KIUKIANG) (walled)Cửu Giang) (AMS,1954)
  • Others:
  • Bureau and Administration Committees
  • Mount Lu Scenic Area Administration Bureau
  • Mount Lu West Sea Scenic Area Management Committee
  • Bali Lake New Area Management Committee
  • Poyang Lake Ecological Science and Technology City Management Committee
  • Towns and Sub-district Offices
  • There are 235 towns and 11 sub-district offices
Map

History

[edit]
The mountain range to the South of Jiu gian g

Ancient history

[edit]

In ancient times it was told that nine rivers converged near where Jiu gian g sprang up to become Jiangxi's main water port today. From theXiato theShangdynasty, the capitals of several states were located in area of Jiu gian g.[citation needed]In theSpring and Autumn period(770–476 BCE) Jiu gian g bordered between the states ofWu(downstream, to the east) andChu(upstream, to the west).

Imperial history

[edit]

Tao Yuanming(365–429 CE), a famous Chinese philosopher,recluseand poet, lived at the base ofMount Lu.He was once appointed magistrate of nearbyPengze Countyand after 83 days resigned owing to the politics involved in administering justice. He retired back to his village to pen an essay called "Peach Blossom Spring".In 757,Li Bai(701–762 CE) was implicated in theAn–Shi disturbancesand exiled at Jiu gian g.Bai Juyi(772–846 CE) wrote a poem called "Lute Song", which is about his sadness and isolation offorced exileas a middle rank official to reside in such a small and remote town. In the 13th centuryZhu Xiwas a Confucian philosopher who practiced at theWhite Deer Grotto Academy,on Mount Lu's eastern flanks.

Jiu gian g has also been known as Jiangzhou ( Giang Châu ) and Xunyang ( Tầm Dương ) in former times. During theJin dynasty (266–420)it was known as Sin Yang[citation needed],theLiang dynasty(502–557) ofSouthern and Northern Dynasties erait was called Jiangzhou. After reunification, theSui dynastysaw its name as Jiu gian g, and the Song dynasty (960–1127) called it Ting Jiang. TheMing dynasty(1368–1644), gave it Jiu gian g which has retained its name to this day. It was aTaiping rebellionstronghold for five years (1850–1864) after they[who?]devastated the town to only leave one street with buildings intact. The city served as the capital of Taiping's Jiangxi province during this time.

British concession and European settlement history

[edit]
The Jiu gian g waterfront circa 1873.
Former Abbey
Former Japanese Consulate
Former Catholic School
Former Mobil Firm

The arrival of the Europeans

[edit]

A member ofLord Elgin's committee arriving in 1858 to survey Chinese ports for treaty status noted: "We found it to the last degree deplorable." A single dilapidated street, composed only of a few mean shops, was all that existed of this once thriving populous city. The remainder of the vast area composed within its massive walls 9–10 kilometers in circumference, contained nothing but ruins, weeds and kitchen gardens. After Jiu gian g becoming an open treaty port in 1862, it was exporting Jiangxi's vast rice crop. In 1904, more than 160,000 kilos of opium were moved through its customs house. The New York Methodist Mission Society's superintendent, Virgil C. Hart, arrived in Kiukiang in 1866 and bought a piece of property just east of the city wall. This is where the city's first Methodist church and Western hospital was built, with the hospital renamed the No. 1 Hospital, and the oldest/continuous operating hospital in Jiangxi Province.[8]In 1896 Drs.Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)and Ida Kahn (Kahn Cheng) arrived back in Jiu gian g, being China's first two native female Western-educated doctors; having graduated from theUniversity of MichiganMedical School. They were provided with funds collected by Dr. I. N. Danforth (from Chicago residents), to build the Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Hospital and administered entirely by the native Chinese. This was later renamed Jiu gian g Women's and Children's Hospital, and the nursing education by Drs. Stone and Kahn would later be the impetus for the founding ofJiu gian g Universityand Jiu gian g Medical School.[9]

It became one of the three centers of the tea trade in China along withHankouandFuzhou.The Russians had two brick tea producing factories, but ceased operations after 1917. On October 16, 1927, there was an explosion of ammunition on the Chinese troopshipKuang Yuangnear Jiu gian g.[10]The British surrendered their concession in 1927 after being robbed and its Chinese workers mutineered their posts to the marauding crowds. An economic recession had set in over the decades as Indian and Chelonian tea made for greater competition. A military advance was being staged upriver in Wuhan by theKuomintangin 1927 and all the remaining expatriate community fled on British and American warships towards safer waters of Shanghai, to never return.[citation needed]Jiu gian g languished as a port and much of its export trade was siphoned off with the connecting ofNanchangto coastal rail lines built in 1936–37.

The establishment of the British concession

[edit]
Further information:British Concession of Jiu gian g
Former Taiwan Bank of Japan

After China's defeat in the Second Opium War, China and Britain signed theTreaty of Tientsin.At the beginning of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (1861), the British counsellor,Harry Parkes,went to the new port on the Yangtse River by naval vessel according to the treaty to investigate the situation and select the site of concession to be opened. After the concession sites of Zhen gian g and Hankou were delimit, on March 22,Harry Parkesreturned to Jiu gian g from Hankou and decided to open up a commercial port in Jiu gian g.[11]

In the 11th year of xianfeng (1861), Zhang Jixin, general minister of Jiangxi province, signed with Harry Parkers the treaty of opening up the British concession in Jiu gian g, the Treaty of Land Lease in Jiu gian g. The concession was located in a narrow area on the west of Jiu gian g, between the Yangtze River and Gantang Lake, to the west of Longkai River, with a length of 150 zhang from east to west and a depth of 60 zhang from south to north, covering an area of 150 acres. The southern part of the concession includes part of PenPu Port.[12]

The development of Kuling in Mount Lu

[edit]
Kuling poster in the 1920s

In the early 20th century,Kulingon top ofMount Lubecame the summer resort for international residents because of its beautiful geological landscape and nice climate. At the golden age, over 4000 foreigners from America and European countries lived in this small town in summer time.[13]

Kuling, on the slopes of a wide valley of Mount Lu, was established in 1895 by the missionariesEdward Selby Little,Dr. Edgerton Haskell Hartand three others, as a sanitarium and rest resort for Western missionaries in southern China. They built their houses in the colonial style of architecture, and added churches, schools, and sports facilities. It was named by Little, as a pun: it is wonderfullycoolingafter the summer heat in the plains below. It was also a word that sounded conveniently Chinese to the local people, and has been adopted by them. Kuling was run by the missionaries in a Kuling Council that sold the plots of the land and with the proceeds paid for local services and security. In 1910, Caroline Maddock Hart and four others met to found the Nurses Association of China; with Caroline Maddock Hart being its first president.

Jiu gian g, a port city on theYangtze River

Modern history

[edit]

In 1938, Jiu gian g was occupied by Japanese forces during theWuhan campaign.Following its capture, the city was the site of a "mini-Nanjing Massacre,"where male residents were executed and women raped.[14]Many of the city's urban districts and suburban villages were razed, including the city's ceramics factories and boats used for transportation.[15]

Until 1949 Jiu gian g had very little industry except for local handicrafts. Manufacturing is Jiu gian g's backbone today with auto, machinery, petrochemical, shipbuilding and textiles as its cornerstones. After the completion of theYangtze River Bridgein 1992 and theBeijing to Kowloon (Hong Kong)and Wuhan to Shanghai rail systems laid, a convenient ground corridor was provided and a regional airport now serves most of China's capital cities.

In 2005, an earthquake hitRuichang.Kuling American School Associationdonated 200 sets of desks and chairs and more than 50 sets of Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary to a local primary school near Ruichang.[16][17]

Economy

[edit]

Economic and Technological Development Zones

[edit]
  • Jiu gian g Free Trade (Tariff-free) Zone[18]
  • Jiu gian g National Economical and Technological Development Zone[19]
  • Jiu gian g Gongqingcheng National High-tech Industrial Development Zone[20]

Latest Ranking in the Chinese Cities

[edit]

In 2021, Jiu gian g's GDP is 373.528 Billion Yuan. Jiu gian g's GDP ranks 70th among all Chinese cities.[21]

Demography

[edit]

The city administers a total population of approximately 4,600,276 at the 2020 census of whom approximately 2,814,240 are urban living in the urban area.[5]The population density is 240 per km2.Han Chinesemake up 99.8% of the population. Registered residents include 25 ethnic minorities. Six of them are major minorities in Jiu gian g. They are:Hui,Miao,Zhuang,Tujia,andShe.

Jiu gian g dialect is unlike typicalGandialect of Jiangxi. Jiu gian g dialect is a variety ofLower Yangtze Mandarinand is close to Wu languages.[22]

Climate

[edit]

Jiu gian g ahumid subtropical climate(KöppenCfa). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from as low as −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) (though an unofficially has reached as low as −10 °C (14.0 °F) on 10 January 1931)[23]to as high as 40.9 °C (105.6 °F).

Climate data for Jiu gian g (1991–2014 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.8
(89.2) 		34.1
(93.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.6
(101.5) 		40.9
(105.6) 		40.9
(105.6) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		40.9
(105.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		29.8
(85.6) 		33.7
(92.7) 		32.6
(90.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		21.7
(71.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		24.8
(76.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		7.3
(45.1) 		17.8
(64.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		15.0
(59.0)
Record low °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−6.7
(19.9)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 80.7
(3.18) 		99.2
(3.91) 		147.6
(5.81) 		166.6
(6.56) 		186.0
(7.32) 		229.3
(9.03) 		170.0
(6.69) 		123.3
(4.85) 		74.3
(2.93) 		73.5
(2.89) 		73.5
(2.89) 		54.0
(2.13) 		1,478
(58.19)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 12.6 12.4 15.9 14.5 13.9 14.1 10.7 11.2 8.1 8.5 10.3 9.4 141.6
Average snowy days 3.6 2.2 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.5 8
Averagerelative humidity(%) 76 75 75 74 74 79 74 77 76 72 74 72 75
Mean monthlysunshine hours 86.0 90.3 109.6 135.3 148.8 133.9 197.0 188.7 158.0 152.5 124.4 113.0 1,637.5
Percentpossible sunshine 26 29 29 35 35 32 46 47 43 43 39 36 37
Source:China Meteorological Administration[24][25]

Industry

[edit]

Primary industries and tertiary sector include:[26]

  • Manufacturing
  • Petrochemical Refinement
  • Tourism
  • Import/Export (through river port)
  • Agricultural Chemical Production

Transport

[edit]

Road

[edit]

Source:[27]

Rail

[edit]

[28]

Air

[edit]

[29]

Port

[edit]

Jiu gian g Port is the largest port in Jiangxi Province located at the junction of the Yangtze River, Poyang Lake and the Beijing-Kowloon Railway. From west to east, this port consists of five docks namely Ruichang, Chengxi, Chengqu, Hukou and Pengze. As an important port situated on the lower and middle reaches of Yangtze River and one of the 5 main ports on the river, many domestic and international marine routes have been established, In the main, the freight handled consists of mineral building materials, coals, metal and nonmetal ores and petroleum. [30]

Yangtze Bridges

[edit]

At present, Jiu gian g has two Bridges built across the Yangtze River. They areJiu gian g Yangtze River BridgeandJiu gian g Yangtze River Expressway Bridge.The third bridge across the Yangtze River in Jiu gian g is under construction. The fourth bridge across the Yangtze River in Jiu gian g is being designed [31] [32]

Colleges and universities

[edit]
Jiangxi Vocational College of Finance and Economics

International relations

[edit]

Former Diplomatic Representatives in Jiu gian g

[edit]

Twin towns — Sister cities

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Jiu gian g istwinnedwith: [46]

Tourism

[edit]
Nanshan Park
  • Mount Lu:one of the most famous mountains in China. It is located in the south of the urban center and listed as aWorld Heritage Site.[47]
  • Mount Lu Geopark:is located on Mount Lu. In 1996, Mount Lu became a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site.In 2004, the Mount Lu Geopark became a member ofGlobal Geoparks Network.Mount Lu Geopark is a place of striking beauty. It has spectacular peaks, lakes, cliffs, waterfalls and important Buddhist and Taoist temples.[48]
  • Kuling:as a homonym for cooling. It is a mountain town in the Mount Lu National Park. It was established in 1895 by the missionariesEdward Selby Little,Dr.Edgerton Haskell Hartand three others, as a sanitarium and summer resort for Western missionaries in southern China.[49]
  • British Concession Museum:located on Bin gian g road. It was established by local government from transforming buildings left from the formerBritish Concession of Jiu gian g.[50][circular reference]
  • Yuliang South Road Historical and Cultural Block:a street combines Chinese and Western cultures. Beside the street are:[51]
    • the old Catholic school
    • the old monastery
    • the Catholic church
    • Taling Park
    • the old Perkins Villa
    • Nengren temple
    • Western Goods Exhibition Window
  • Lushan Hotspring:located in Hotspring town,Lushan City.Lushan Cityis a county-level city belong to Jiu gian g.[52]
  • Haiyun Sand Beach:located in Balihu Park. It is the only high standard man-made beach inJiangxiProvince. It is a famous scenic spot and entertainment resort in Jiu gian g.[53]
  • Xunyang River Scenic Area:located on Bin gian g Road inXunyang District.It is near shoreline of the Yangtze River. Covering an area of some 765 acres (around 509,490 sqm), with distance of 5.2 km long from east to west. It is only 4.5 km away from Jiu gian g Station, 1.6 km away from Fuzhou-Yinchuan Expressway, and about an hour's drive from Changbei Airport. Its rich tourism resources include river, ancient building, garden and museum as follows:[54]
  • Mount Lu West Sea:is located about 90 kilometers to the south of Mount Lu. It is National 5-Star Scenic Spot. There are thousands of islands in the area just like Maldives. In 2007, between June and August, American reality program Survivor filmed its fifteenth season,Survivor: China,in the area. The program host Jeff Probst claimed that this was the first American television series filmed entirely in China.[55]
  • Nanshan Park (Nam Sơn công viên): completed in early 2013. This park, home to a new pagoda, is covered in flora and lights up the Jiu gian g sky at night.[56]
  • Yanshui Pavilion: located in city center, near Gantang lake. It is a well known scenic spot in Jiu gian g.[57]
  • Donglin Temple:a Buddhist temple located at foot of Mount Lu. It is built byHuiyuan (Buddhist),founder ofPure Land Buddhism.Pure Land Buddhism later spread to Japan and gained its prominence there. In 1175,Hōnenestablished Pure Land Buddhism as an independent sect in Japan known asJōdo-shū.Pure Land schools have nearly 40 percent of Japanese Buddhism practitioners, only second toChanschools.[58][59]
    • The temple provide free vegetarian lunch and free guest house. Visitors can stay at guest house in temple for free up to three days. The guest house is gender separated, and visitors have to share room with others.[59]
  • Donglin Buddha:the world's tallest statue ofAmitabha Buddha.Total cost is about 1 billion Yuan. Surface of the Buddha is plated with 48 kilograms of gold. Buddha height is 48 meters tall, representing the forty-eighth vows of Amitabha Buddha. Total height is 81 meters.[60][61]
  • Mount Lu Four Seasons Flower City (Botanical Garden): located in Bali lake New Area. It is Jiu gian g's largest flower plant park.[62]
  • Stone Bell Hill: just downriver from Jiu gian g is Hukou where the Yangtze River and waters of Boyang Lake converge with an abrupt color change. People have been coming here for centuries to listen to the stone-bell sound resonating from the cliffs overlooking this spot. A few theories are provided why this rare geographical phenomenon happens. Li Daoyuan from the Northern Wei period (386–534) theorizes that it is because the hill has a bell-shaped appearance and hollow inside, thus providing the sound when struck. Or it may be because of the water lapping within the limestone nooks and fissures around its base, as famous litterateur from the same time Su Shui discovered. Su Dongpo also did three trips around its perimeter, before settling on this last explanation for its unique sound also. Many Chinese literati's have left more than twenty calligraphy masterpieces carved upon its rocks, with some dating back to the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE).[63]

Notable residents

[edit]
  • Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)(1873–1954), one of the first western trained Chinese female physicians. Founder of Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Hospital (now called Jiu gian g Women and Children's Hospital) in Jiu gian g.[64][65]
  • Lo-Yi Chang (1907–1988), was born inKuling,Mount Lu.She was spouse ofT.V. Soong,then Premier of the Republic of China. She has made a significant contribution to the promotion of China overseas.[66]
  • Pearl S. Buck(1892–1973), was the first American woman won Nobel Prize in Literature, for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China, in 1938. She also won Pulitzer Prize in 1932. She spent her childhood with her family inKulingin summer time. Her father built a stone villa in Kuling in 1897, and lived there until his death in 1931.[67][68]
  • Masato Matsuura[ja]( tùng phổ chính nhân ) (1942– ), born in Jiu gian g. He was a Japanese politician. He served asHōfumayor and president of National Mayors Association of Japan.[69][70]In 2018, thenHōfumayor and president of National Mayors Association of Japan (NMAJ), Masato Matsuura ( tùng phổ chính nhân ), led a delegation of NMAJ visitedformer Japanese consulate of Jiu gian g.Masato Matsuura said:I was born in the former Japanese consulate of Jiu gian g. Jiu gian g is my second hometown. I am deeply attached to the beautiful landscape here.[71]
  • Chiang Yee(1903–1977), born in Jiu gian g. He was a Chinese poet, author, painter and calligrapher. His translation ofCoca Colais remembered by all Chinese.[72]
  • Mervyn Peake(1911–1968), born inKuling,Mount Lu.He was an English writer, artist, poet, and illustrator. He was well known for being the illustrator ofAlice's Adventures in Wonderland.[73]
  • Maggie Mac Neil(2000- ), born in Jiu gian g and adopted to Canada at an early age[74]
  • Sylvia Wu(1915–2022), born in Kiukiang and later became a Los Angeles restaurateur and a writer.
  • Ilien Tang(died 1920), Methodist missionary educator born in Jiu gian g[75]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^Giang Tây tỉnh thống kê cục, quốc gia thống kê cục Giang Tây điều tra tổng đội (August 2016).《 Giang Tây thống kê niêm giám －2016》.Trung Quốc thống kê nhà xuất bản.ISBN978-7-5037-7809-4.Archived fromthe originalon 2018-05-11.Retrieved2017-06-05.
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  4. ^""Trăm năm lão cảng" Giang Tây Cửu Giang cảng củng cố trăm triệu tấn đại cảng địa vị ".Sohu.Retrieved22 July2021.
  5. ^ab"Cửu Giang thị thứ bảy thứ cả nước dân cư tổng điều tra công báo"(PDF).Jiu gian g Statistics Bureau Website.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 3 November 2021.Retrieved22 July2021.
  6. ^"China's Top 10 Most Livable Cities".hnloudi.gov.cn.Hunan Loudi Official Government. 2012-03-28. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-04-10.Retrieved2014-08-04.
  7. ^Cộng Thanh Thành thị bị xếp vào tỉnh thẳng quản huyện cải cách thí điểm(in Simplified Chinese).People.cn.29 May 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 12 June 2018.Retrieved7 June2018.
  8. ^"Man On A Mission" by Stanley Crawford
  9. ^"The Middle Kingdom's Miracle Maidens" by Stanley Crawford
  10. ^"1,200 Die as Yangtse Troopship Blows Up".The New York Times.October 17, 1926.
  11. ^Bickers, R., & Jackson, I. (2016). Introduction: law, land and power: treaty ports and concessions in modern China. In Treaty Ports in Modern China (pp. 11–32). Routledge.
  12. ^Bickers, R. (2013). 8. British Concessions and Chinese Cities, 1910s–1930s. In New Narratives of Urban Space in Republican Chinese Cities (pp. 155–195). Brill.
  13. ^Nield, R. (2015). China’s Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840–1943. Hong Kong University Press.
  14. ^Mitter, Rana (2013).Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945.Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 165.
  15. ^Harmsen, Peter (2018).Storm Clouds Over the Pacific, 1931–1941 (War in the Far East).Casemate. pp. 150–151.
  16. ^"Cổ lĩnh chi phù trường học ngoại tịch bạn cùng trường xa cách 60 nhiều năm trọng du Lư Sơn".Jiu gian g News Network.Retrieved22 July2021.
  17. ^"Kuling American School Association nước Mỹ học đường".Kuling American School Association Website.Retrieved22 July2021.
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