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Jixi

Coordinates:45°17′42″N130°58′08″E/ 45.295°N 130.969°E/45.295; 130.969
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Jixi
Gà chợ phía tây
Kisih, Kihsi
a trunk road in Jiguan District
a trunk road in Jiguan District
Location of Jixi City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey) and China
Location of Jixi City (yellow) in Heilong gian g (light grey) and China
Jixi is located in Heilongjiang
Jixi
Jixi
Location of the city centre in Heilong gian g
Coordinates (Jixi municipal government):45°17′42″N130°58′08″E/ 45.295°N 130.969°E/45.295; 130.969
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceHeilong gian g
County-level divisions6 districts
2 county-level cities
1 county
Township divisions459
Incorporated (town)September 1, 1941
Incorporated (city)March 7, 1957
Municipal seatJiguan District
Government
• TypePrefecture-level city
• MayorZhang Changrong (Trương thường vinh)
CPCJixi SecretaryKang Zhiwen (Khang chí văn)
Area
Prefecture-level city22,488.47 km2(8,682.85 sq mi)
• Urban
2,208.5 km2(852.7 sq mi)
• Metro
899.1 km2(347.1 sq mi)
Elevation
230 m (750 ft)
Population
(2020 census)[1]
Prefecture-level city1,502,060
• Density67/km2(170/sq mi)
Urban
683,232
• Urban density310/km2(800/sq mi)
Metro
560,118
• Metro density620/km2(1,600/sq mi)
• Majornationalities
GDP
Prefecture-level cityCN¥51.5 billion
US$8.3 billion
• Per capitaCN¥ 28,223
US$ 4,531
Time zoneUTC+8(China Standard)
Postal code
158100
Area code0467
ISO 3166 codeCN-HL-03
Administrative division code230300
License Plate PrefixHắc G
ClimateDwb
Websitewww.jixi.gov.cn
Jixi
"Jixi", as written in Chinese
Chinese name
Simplified ChineseGà tây
Traditional ChineseKê tây
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJīxī
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡤᡳᡥᡳ
RomanizationGisi
Russian name
RussianЦзиси

Jixi(simplified Chinese:Gà tây;traditional Chinese:Gà tây;pinyin:Jīxī) is a city in southeasternHeilong gian g Province,People's Republic of China.At the 2020 census, 1,502,060 people resided within its administrative area of 22,488.47 square kilometres (8,682.85 sq mi) and 560,118 in its built-up (or metro) area made up of 3 out of 6 urban districts (including Jiguan, Hengshan and Chengzihe). Jixi is on theMuling Riverabout 30 km (19 mi) from the border withRussia'sPrimorsky Kraiand 120 km (75 mi) fromLake Xingkai.The mayor of Jixi is Zhang Changrong (Trương thường vinh) since June 2015. The area is one of the importantcoal miningbases in China. A crater on asteroid253 Mathildewas named after the city.

History

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Ancient times

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Jixi was ruled by theJurchenandGoguryeopeople. By theShang dynasty,dwellers here had begun to communicate with people in the Central Plain. It was in theHan dynastythat primitive agriculture in this region had made great progress. During theTang dynasty,Jixi was under the control of theBalhae.As theManchusconquered the territories occupied by theMing dynastyin 1644, the basin of theAmur Riverwas blocked in order to protect the Manchu people's place of origin. In this period, the population of the Jixi region experienced a sharp decrease. In 1662, theKangxi Emperorordered the general ofNingutato dominate the territory. Since a large number of people engaged in reclaiming wasteland and collectingginseng,Jixi and the wholeUssuri Riverbasin gradually became the base for medicinal materials.

Early modern period

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In the second half of the 19th century, asCzarist Russiaadvanced throughSiberiaand reached theSea of Okhotsk,the Qing officials like General Tepuqin (Đặc phổ khâm) made a proposal to open Manchuria for farming in order to oppose the conquest of Russia, and so theQinggovernment forsook the policy of blockading on the Northeast region of China. A large number of theHan Chinese,especially from theShandong PeninsulaandZhili,migrated intoManchuria.The Qing government set upMishanPrefecture in this territory in 1908.Coalresources were discovered constantly in Jixi during this period. In September 1914, a merchant named Yuan Dazhang (Viên đại chương) fromMukdenwas approved to set up the Mixi Coal Mine Company, which represents the regular production of coal in Jixi. However, construction ofChinese Eastern Railwayone of the provisions brought a nucleus of Russian Jews to northern Manchuria. In January 1924, Muling Coal Mine Corporation was operated jointly by the Jewish businessman Solomon L. Skidelsky and the Jilin Province government. The headquarters of the company was located on Ashihe Street, Nangang District, Harbin.[2]The output of Muling Colliery has reached 1.6 million tons in 1931. Since TheJapanese invasion of Manchuriabegan on September 19, 1931, the whole of Manchuria was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident, and in 1932, a sympathetic government,Manchukuo,was established. The Jixi region then became a colony of theJapanese.On December 15, 1935, Jixi Railway Station's construction was completed bySouth Manchuria Railway(SMR). On September 1, 1941, theManchukuogovernment established Jining County (Kê ninh huyện). The first mayor of the county was Kubota Yutaka (Lâu bảo điền phong).[3]The Japanese settlers brutally slaughtered more than 100 thousand miners in the Jixi mining area, leaving several mass graves in Didao.[4]On August 9, 1945, Togashi Ichiro (Phú 樫 một lang), the conductor ofDidaoColliery, ordered the destruction of the coalpits inHengshan,Didaoand Muling as theSovietRed Armyclosed in.[5]

Modern era

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On August 12, 1945, the Soviet Army captured Jining County, and the Military Headquarters commanded the Jixi mining area to resume production. On October 18, 1947, Jixi Mining Bureau was founded in order to control the collieries and the Coal Mine Machinery Factory. On July 30, 1949, the Northeast Executive Committee allowed Jining County to change its name to Jixi County, which was administered bySong gian gProvince.[5]On June 19, 1954, Jixi County was administered byHeilong gian gProvince as the Song gian g Province became part of Heilong gian g province.

During the FirstFive-Year Plan of China,several industrial projects including Chengzihe No.9 subvertical and the Chengzihe Coal Washery were constructed. By 1956, the population of Jixi had reached 234,154, and the output of coal rose to 5 million tons per year.[5]On December 18, 1956,the State Councilof China decided to set up Jixi City (Prefectural-Level) instead of Jixi County, administering 5 districts includingJiguan,Didao,Mashan,HengshanandLishu.On March 7, Jixi City was formally established. In 1970, Chengzihe District was established. In 1983,Jidong Countywas put under Jixi's administration. The coal-mining industry was developing rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s. By 1991, the total coal output of Jixi ranked second in theChinese Mainland.In the 1980s, Mishan andHulinwere incorporated into Jixi's jurisdiction. Jixi has reached its current domain.[5]

Geography

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Jixi is located at the southern edge of the San gian g or Three Rivers Plain. Bordering prefecture cities are:

It also borders Russia'sPrimorsky Kraito the southeast. The city is located within latitude 44° 51'−46° 36' N and longitude 130° 24'−133° 56' E, and has an administrative area of 22,351 square kilometres (8,630 sq mi). Much of the prefecture area sits within the conjunction region between theChangbai Mountainsand theWanda Mountains.Within its borders,Lake Xingkaiis the largest lake with an area of 4,380 square kilometres (1,691 sq mi), while theMuling River,Songacha Riverand theUssuri Riverare the largest rivers in the prefecture.

Climate

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Jixi has amonsoon-influenced,humid continental climate(KöppenDwb/Dwa),[6]with bitter but dry winters, and warm, humid summers. However, due to the relative proximity to theSea of Japan,summer is comparatively cool and refreshing while the climate here is affected and coordinated by the marine climate. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) in January to 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 4.52 °C (40.1 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in July to 68% in February, the city receives abundant sunshine, with 2,564 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −34.7 °C (−30 °F) to 37.6 °C (100 °F).

Climate data for Jixi (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1)
10.9
(51.6)
19.3
(66.7)
29.8
(85.6)
34.5
(94.1)
37.4
(99.3)
37.6
(99.7)
36.5
(97.7)
31.9
(89.4)
28.2
(82.8)
18.5
(65.3)
8.7
(47.7)
37.6
(99.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.4
(13.3)
−5.4
(22.3)
2.4
(36.3)
12.8
(55.0)
20.2
(68.4)
24.9
(76.8)
27.2
(81.0)
25.9
(78.6)
21.1
(70.0)
12.5
(54.5)
0.5
(32.9)
−8.9
(16.0)
10.2
(50.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −15.6
(3.9)
−11.2
(11.8)
−3.0
(26.6)
6.7
(44.1)
14.0
(57.2)
19.2
(66.6)
22.1
(71.8)
20.8
(69.4)
14.9
(58.8)
6.5
(43.7)
−4.5
(23.9)
−13.6
(7.5)
4.7
(40.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −19.8
(−3.6)
−16.0
(3.2)
−8.1
(17.4)
1.1
(34.0)
8.2
(46.8)
14.0
(57.2)
17.7
(63.9)
16.4
(61.5)
9.5
(49.1)
1.4
(34.5)
−8.6
(16.5)
−17.4
(0.7)
−0.1
(31.8)
Record low °C (°F) −33.3
(−27.9)
−29.3
(−20.7)
−22.7
(−8.9)
−8.9
(16.0)
−2.6
(27.3)
4.6
(40.3)
10.8
(51.4)
8.1
(46.6)
−2.4
(27.7)
−13.1
(8.4)
−23.0
(−9.4)
−29.6
(−21.3)
−33.3
(−27.9)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 6.1
(0.24)
4.3
(0.17)
11.9
(0.47)
23.0
(0.91)
63.2
(2.49)
91.2
(3.59)
115.7
(4.56)
118.1
(4.65)
54.4
(2.14)
33.8
(1.33)
17.1
(0.67)
8.8
(0.35)
547.6
(21.57)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 5.2 4.4 6.9 8.3 12.8 14.1 14.4 13.5 9.7 7.9 6.9 7.0 111.1
Average snowy days 8.5 6.9 10.0 4.7 0.2 0 0 0 0.1 2.7 7.9 9.4 50.4
Averagerelative humidity(%) 64 59 55 51 58 70 78 80 71 61 62 66 65
Mean monthlysunshine hours 179.6 197.9 230.1 221.6 236.0 241.0 229.8 223.1 233.9 204.8 168.1 157.2 2,523.1
Percentpossible sunshine 63 67 62 54 51 52 49 52 63 61 60 58 58
Source:China Meteorological Administration[7][8][9]

Administrative divisions and population

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View northeast from Jixi city centre

The prefecture-level city of Jixi has direct jurisdiction over 6districts(Khu;), 1county(Huyện;xiàn) and 2county-level cities(Huyện cấp thị;xiànjí shì):

Map
# Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010 census)[10] Area (km2) Density (/km2)
1 Jiguan District Mào gà khu Jīguān Qū 365,385 145.5 2,511
2 Hengshan District Hằng Sơn khu Héngshān Qū 160,180 575.27 278
3 Didao District Tích nói khu Dīdào Qū 103,646 507.24 204
4 Lishu District Cây lê khu Líshù Qū 76,361 391.99 195
5 Chengzihe District Thành tử hà khu Chéngzǐhé Qū 127,290 178.29 714
6 Mashan District Ma vùng núi Máshān Qū 30,097 410.21 73
7 Hulin City Hổ lâm thị Hǔlín Shì 317,884 9,328.71 34
8 Mishan City Mật sơn thị Mìshān Shì 407,451 7,722.38 53
9 Jidong County Gà đông huyện Jīdōng Xiàn 273,871 3,228.88 85

Nationality

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The 2000 national survey ethnic composition proportion

Nationality Population Ratio
Han Chinese 1,852,345 95.19%
Korean 50,580 2.6%
Manchu 33,512 1.7%
Mongol 4,184 0.22%
Hui 3,270 0.17%
Miao 408 0.02%
Xibe 356 0.02%
Zhuang 308 0.02%
Tujia 229 0.01%
Else 865 0.05%

Transportation

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Railway

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Jixi is linked by rail to the line fromJiamusitoMudan gian gand has branch lines running to the Russian border areas. In Jixi Railway Station, there are multiple daily departures to other cities in China such asBeijing,Harbin,Qiqiharand Mudan gian g. Jixi is also famous as the home of the last remaining working steam locomotive in China.[11]

Highway

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Jixi is linked to the national highway network through theG11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway,theFangzheng-Hulin Highway and the busiest section in the city, the Jixi-Hulin-Jiansan gian g Expressway. This section connects the four major districts in Jixi including Jiguan District, Jidong, Mishan and Hulin.

Air

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Jixi Xingkaihu Airportopened in 2009 and serves as the main civilian airport for Jixi. It takes about 30 minutes to reach downtown from the airport. Domestic flights are available to several cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Qingdao.

Economy

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  • GDP and economic data

Statistically, Jixi's GDP reached RMB 41.95 billion in 2010, representing a steady growth of 16.1% from a year earlier, ranked seventh among the 13 prefectures and prefecture-level cities in the province.[12]In 2010, value-added industrial output generated by enterprises with designated size or above rose 42.6% to RMB 9.51 billion.[12]In 2010, the foreign trade value of Jixi totaled US$710.01 million, up 41.7% year on year. Russia is the largest export destination.[12]

  • Economic Features

The most important pillar industry in Jixi is coal mining. The economy of Jixi is mainly constructed around rich coal resources. Jixi is estimated to have about 8 billion tons of coal reserves, ranking 2nd out of 13 prefectures and prefecture-level cities in Heilong gian g Province. Coal chemical industry, metallurgy and machinery are predominant. The environmental protection industry, agriculture and tourist industries are also developing rapidly in recent years. However, Coal still accounts for the main part of the entire economic system. Other pillar industries in Jixi include pharmaceuticals, food manufacturing, non-metal products and electricity production and supply. Large industrial companies are hosted in Jixi such as Huawei Wood and Heilong gian g Rixin Food, which is mainly engaged in edible fungus processing. The food company has annual processing capacity of 2,500 tons of edible fungus. Thegraphitereserves of Jixi amount to 780 million tons, ranking first in all of Asia.[13]With the Khanka Lake being shared with Russia and the Muling River running through the city, Chinese medicinal herbs and freshwater resources are also rich.[13]

Tourism

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Tourist sites in Jixi City itself include Jixi Museum in the west end of the city, and Huayan Temple (Hoa nghiêm chùa) which almost faces the museum across Wenhua Road. Within roughly an hour's drive is the Qi Lin Shan (Kỳ Lân Sơn) scenic area.

A few hours east of the city within the Jixi administrative region is the Russian lake and river border, a number of points along which are popular summer destinations for tourists in particular:

Hutou Fortress

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Hutou Fortress was a Japanese military base of theKwantung Armyin northeast China on the Sino-Soviet border which is known as "Oriental Maginot Line". The Japanese built a large scale military fortress in Hutou, since it was regarded, by the leader of Kwantung Army, as a dagger facing the defensive line between Vladivostok and Khabarovsk.[14]On August 26, 1945, the Soviet Red Army finally captured the Fort. As the Hutou battle ended, Japan's unconditional surrender came 11 days later. Only 53 of the 1,400 Japanese soldiers survived one of the last campaigns of the Second World War. A Study on the Hutou Fortress Battle between Japan and the Soviet Union took place in 2009, by the Social Science Academy of Heilong gian g Province, entitled "The end of World War II".

Scenic Spot ofKhanka Lake

Ussuri River

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Ussuri Riveris the largest tributary ofAmur River(Heilong River) on its right and an important boundary river between China and Russia. The length of Ussuri River is 905 km (562 mi), with adrainage areaof 187,000 km2(72,000 sq mi). The river goes through the valley between theWanda Mountainsin China and the Sichote-Alin in Russia. Its beauty and natural landscapes are incomparable in China and it is among the few unpolluted rivers in China.[15]

Zhenbao Island

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Zhenbao Islandstands for the Island of Treasure in Chinese Language. On March 2, 1969, Sino-Soviet battlesZhenbao Islandtook place resulting in large-scale armed conflict. Now it has become a Nature Reserve and a National Forest Park.

Influence of ethnic Koreans

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Cold Noodle (Naengmyeon)

The Jixi region is known for its Korean ethnic minority. Cold Noodle (Naengmyeon in Korean, Leng Mian in Chinese), a traditional Korean dish made from wheat or buckwheat, is particularly associated with Jixi. The contemporary dish is a fusion of Korean and Northeastern Chinese flavors and derives its name from its distinctly cold taste. The noodles are often served with dried bean curd, Campanulaceae, and Pollack, amongst other ingredients. Also consumed by locals is Korean-style dog meat and fish-kettle.

Sister cities

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Domestic

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International

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References

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Bibliography

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  1. Đào trí (Tao Chi); đường khắc dư (Don Yu) (1990).Gà tây quặng vụ cục chí(in Chinese). Jixi: Gà tây quặng vụ cục chí biên soạn ủy ban [Jixi Mining Bureau Chi Compilation Committee].
  2. Gà chợ phía tây địa phương chí biên soạn ủy ban (1996).Gà chợ phía tây chí(in Chinese). Phương chí nhà xuất bản.ISBN7-80122-082-X.

Notes

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  1. ^"China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  2. ^Jews in China,Archie Ossin, 2001.
  3. ^デジタル bản Nhật Bản người danh đại từ điển +Plus の giải thích lâu bảo điền phong (2)【くぼた-ゆたか】(in Japanese).
  4. ^Lý bỉnh mới vừa (2005).Vạn người hố: Ngàn vạn oan hồn ở kêu gọi.Zhonghua Book Company.ISBN7-101-04738-6.
  5. ^abcdGà chợ phía tây địa phương chí biên soạn ủy ban (1996).Gà chợ phía tây chí(in Chinese). Phương chí nhà xuất bản.ISBN7-80122-082-X.
  6. ^Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007)."Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification".Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633-1644.
  7. ^Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng – WeatherBk Data(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved5 July2023.
  8. ^ Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved5 July2023.
  9. ^ Trung Quốc mặt đất quốc tế trao đổi trạm khí hậu tiêu chuẩn giá trị nguyệt giá trị số liệu tập ( 1971-2000 năm ).China Meteorological Administration.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-09-21.
  10. ^"China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  11. ^Cuối cùng máy hơi nước xe.Đông Bắc võng[Northeast Net] (in Chinese (China)).
  12. ^abcGà chợ phía tây 2010 năm chủ yếu kinh tế chỉ tiêu hoàn thành tình huống(in Chinese (China)). Jixi City People's Government. Archived from the original on 2012-04-03.Retrieved2011-02-22.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  13. ^abProfiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks
  14. ^Cương kỳ triết phu [Tetsuo Okazaki] (1993).Ngày tô đầu hổ quyết chiến bí lục -- Quan Đông quân đầu hổ pháo đài bị chiếm đóng kỷ thực.Harbin Institute of TechnologyPress.ISBN978-7-5603-0630-8.
  15. ^Ussuri River-TouroChina.auArchived2011-07-06 at theWayback Machine
  16. ^Sisterhood Cities(in Korean)
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