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Joe Hockey

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The Honourable
Joe Hockey
21stAmbassador of Australia to
the United States
In office
29 January 2016 – 30 January 2020
Prime MinisterMalcolm Turnbull
Scott Morrison
Preceded byKim Beazley
Succeeded byArthur Sinodinos
Treasurer of Australia
In office
18 September 2013 – 21 September 2015
Prime Minister
Preceded byChris Bowen
Succeeded byScott Morrison
Manager of Opposition Business
In office
3 December 2007 – 16 February 2009
Leader
Preceded byAnthony Albanese
Succeeded byChristopher Pyne
Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations
In office
30 January 2007 – 3 December 2007
Prime MinisterJohn Howard
Preceded byKevin Andrews
Succeeded byJulia Gillard
Minister for Human Services
In office
26 October 2004 – 30 January 2007
Prime MinisterJohn Howard
Preceded byJocelyn Newman
Succeeded byIan Campbell
Minister for Small Business and Tourism
In office
26 November 2001 – 26 October 2004
Prime MinisterJohn Howard
Preceded byIan Macfarlane
Succeeded byFran Bailey
Member of theAustralian Parliament
forNorth Sydney
In office
2 March 1996 – 23 October 2015
Preceded byTed Mack
Succeeded byTrent Zimmerman
Personal details
Born
Joseph Benedict Hockey

(1965-08-02)2 August 1965(age 58)
North Sydney,New South Wales, Australia
Political partyLiberal
Other political
affiliations		Coalition
Spouse
Melissa Babbage
​
(m.1994)​
Children3
Alma materUniversity of Sydney
Signature

Joseph Benedict Hockey(born 2 August 1965) is an Australian former politician and diplomat. He was the Member of Parliament forNorth Sydneyfrom1996until 2015. He was theTreasurer of Australiain theAbbott governmentfrom 18 September 2013 until September 2015 when he resigned from Cabinet, having refused an alternative offer from the incomingPrime Minister,Malcolm Turnbull.[1][2]He previously served as theMinister for Human ServicesandMinister for Employment and Workplace Relationsin theHoward government.He also served asAmbassador of Australia to the United Statesfrom January 2016 until January 2020.

Hockey's parliamentary resignation triggered a2015 North Sydney by-electionwhere he was succeeded byTrent Zimmerman,who had previously worked for Hockey as a staffer.[3]His appointment as Ambassador of Australia to the United States was announced on 8 December 2015 to replaceKim Beazley,whose term ended in early 2016,[4][5][6][7]and he assumed that position on 29 January 2016.[8]His term as ambassador ended on 30 January 2020, and he was succeeded byArthur Sinodinosthe week after.[9]

Early life and career[edit]

Hockey was born the youngest of four siblings inNorth Sydneyto Australian mother, Beverley, andBethlehem Armenianfather, Richard Hokeidonian, who was born inMandatory Palestine.His father's surname was anglicised to "Hockey" in 1948 after his arrival in Australia.[10][11]He was named afterJoseph Benedict Chifley,the post-war prime minister whose immigration policies allowed for his father to enter Australia.[12]

Hockey attendedSt Aloysius' College, Milsons Pointand theUniversity of Sydney,residing atSt John's College,graduating with a Bachelor of Arts and aBachelor of Laws.While at university he was President of theUniversity of Sydney Students' Representative Council,and assisted in invitingPope John Paul IIto visit the University of Sydney during the 1986 Australian papal visit.[10][13]In 1987, Hockey protested atBob Hawke's introduction ofuniversity fees.[14]Hockey's term as SRC president, besides the protests, included the renovation of the club's headquarters, a cutback on the expenses ofHoni Soit,the closure of the SRC Women's Room, but the opening of a free legal advice service.[15]: 47 Towards the end of his term as SRC President, theAustralian Labor Party's Deputy Prime MinisterLionel Bowenphoned Hockey and invited him to join the ALP. Hockey researched the philosophies ofJohn Stuart Milland decided to join theLiberal Party.[15]: 48–49 Upon graduating, Hockey worked as a banking and finance lawyer atCorrs Chambers Westgarthand subsequently as the Director of Policy to thePremier of New South Wales,before entering politics.

Political career[edit]

Hockey, early 1990s

Hockey worked as a policy advisor to PremierJohn Faheybefore the1995 New South Wales state election.[16]Hockey became the president of the NSWYoung Liberalsand had a position inNick Greiner's state government, reforming the financial and business structure of the state.[17]

Howard government[edit]

Hockey was preselected as aLiberal Party of Australiacandidate for the1996 electionin theDivision of North Sydneywhen aged just 29. He faced little preselection competition, since the seat's incumbentindependent,Ted Mack,was thought to be unbeatable. However, Mack did not renominate; had his intentions been known earlier, it was widely believed at the time that Hockey would have faced a more rigorous preselection contest for what has traditionally been a "blue ribbon" Liberal seat.[6]As it was, Hockey all but assured himself of becoming the seat's next member with his preselection victory. "Traditional" two-party matchups during Mack's tenure had shown North Sydney as a fairly safe Liberal seat, and it had been a foregone conclusion that the seat would revert to the Liberals once Mack retired. In 1993, for instance, the Liberals would have held the seat on a traditional two-party margin of 9.5 percent–just on the edge of being safe. As expected, Hockey regained the seat for the Liberals on 65.6 percent of the two-party preferred vote. He actually won 57.8 percent of the primary vote, more than enough to win the seat outright without the need for preferences.

When contesting the 1996 election, Hockey bought a bus which he painted in the colours of theNorth Sydney Bears,which had the effect of positioning Hockey as an Independent and showed Hockey's local ties. Hockey would park the bus everywhere in his electorate to raise awareness. Robert Orrell, Hockey's campaign manager in 1995, states that Hockey presented himself as a Liberal in "John Howard"areas likeLane Covewhich had recently been redistributed from Howard's seat ofBennelong.He branded himself as an independent in areas likeNorth SydneyandMcMahons Point.[15]: 89–90 Hockey made use of his parents’ reputation within the local community and his business connections to successfully connect with supporters and volunteers - giving out umbrellas and other souvenirs. A key issue in the 1996 election was the issue of aircraft noise:Laurie Brereton,the ALP transport minister, had closed east–west runways and opened north–south runways atSydney Airport,diverting aircraft noise from Labor seats to Liberal seats.[15]: 91–92 

Soon after his election in 1996,[18]He was appointed the chair of the Sydney Airport Community Forum.[19]During this time, Hockey formed a friendship withAnthony Albanese,and Albanese took Hockey to his electorate to see the inequalities of the airport routing. Following this, Hockey worked to address inconsistencies in the airport noise amelioration program.[15]: 98–99 Hockey and fellow "small-l liberals"Chris GallusandSusan Jeanesfounded the short-lived John Stuart Mill Society to combat the conservativeLyons Forum.[15]: 102 Hockey made his maiden speech in September 1996,[20]highlightingmodern liberalism,[15]: 103–104 composed of recognition of the rights of the individual, parliamentary democracy, and committing to improve society through reform. Hockey highlighted his father's heritage,[15]: 240 and highlighted barriers against women achieving success.[15]: 103–104 In the lead-up to the1998 election,which Hockey characterised as "the GST election", despite being the minister in charge of the GST, Hockey stopped campaigning shortly before the election because he felt that talking about the GST was losing him votes.[21]He was awarded the Minister for Financial Services and Regulation portfolio from 1998 to 2001[22]andMinister for Small BusinessandTourism(2001–04).[citation needed]

In January 2000, Hockey had done an interview with theJohn Lawsprogram about theGST,confirming theAustralian Competition & Consumer Commission(ACCC)'s position of businesses being able to round up or down the price of goods and services when needed. This caused controversy, andThe Daily Telegraphprinted a story that declared that voters could be charged more than the 10% GST promised.[15]: 114–117 

WhenHIH Insurancewent bankrupt in March 2001, Joe Hockey was the minister responsible for theAustralian Prudential Regulation Authority(APRA), which oversaw HIH. Although Hockey's office had sought written assurances from HIH that everything was fine, the public felt that Hockey was to blame. Upon learning that the estimated damages were between $4-$8 billion, Hockey took this to the Cabinet and sought a bail out.Peter Costelloadvised that APRA should sort out HIH.[15]: 124–129 After the collapse of HIH Insurance, Hockey became concerned about theNRMA,and calledAustralian Securities & Investments Commission(ASIC), the ACCC, APRA and theAustralian Taxation Officeand instructed them to investigate NRMA Insurance thoroughly.[15]: 132 

As part of his work as Tourism Minister, Hockey produced aWhite Paperanalysing thetourism industry.[23][24][25]

With the return of the Howard government in 2004, he was appointedMinister for Human Servicesand was elevated to the Cabinet in January 2007, when appointedMinister for Employment and Workplace Relations.[citation needed]Although North Sydney has long been a blue-ribbon Liberal seat, Hockey was the first person in over 60 years to be promoted to cabinet while holding the seat.

In 2004 as Human Services Minister, Hockey proposed an "Access Card"and spent $3 million advertising the card before submitting the legislation to parliament.[26]

Hockey regularly appeared on the Seven Network's morning programSunrisein the "Big Guns of Politics" section debating the Opposition Leader,Kevin Rudd,drawing 20,000–30,000 additional viewers who would tune in specifically for that segment,[27]until the arrangement was mutually terminated on 16 April 2007 following controversy over plans to stage a pre-dawnAnzac Dayservice in Vietnam.[28][29]Hockey credits this show for introducing him to an audience who had no interest in politics.[15]: 141–142 

Opposition[edit]

In December 2007, Hockey was made Shadow Minister for Health and Ageing and Manager of Opposition Business in the House. In September 2008 he became Shadow Minister for Finance, Competition Policy and Deregulation. He became Shadow Treasurer in February 2009 whenJulie Bishopstepped down from the portfolio.[30]

Prior to his appointment as shadow treasurer there had been a move to get Hockey to transfer to New South Wales state politics to replaceBarry O'Farrellas state Liberal leader and lead the Coalition to victory at the 2011 state election, which would have made Hockey the Premier of New South Wales. Hockey, however, denied any interest to move into state politics.[31]The push to get Hockey into state politics came to an end when he was promoted to shadow treasurer as that placed him within striking distance of becoming federal leader.[32]

Hockey's popularity among voters grew under the leadership ofMalcolm Turnbulland, in October 2009, polls showed him as the preferred Liberal leader. However, Hockey announced that he had no intention to challenge for the leadership.[33]

On 9 November 2009, Hockey gave a speech, "In Defence of God", at theSydney Institute.

Australia has embraced religious diversity. It must always remain so, and as a member of parliament I am a custodian of that principle of tolerance. That is why it is disturbing to hear people rail against Muslims and Jews, or Pentecostals and Catholics. Australia must continue, without fear, to embrace diversity of faith provided that those gods are loving, compassionate and just. "[34][35]

Hockey at a press conference on the ground atDocklands Stadium,Melbourne

ANewspollreleased on 30 November 2009 placed Hockey at 33%, Turnbull at 30% andTony Abbottat 19%, when voters were asked who would be the "best person to lead" the Liberal Party.[36][37]Speculation flourished that Hockey would challenge Turnbull for the leadership of the Liberal Party, and Hockey consulted senior party dignitaries such as Howard and Costello about whether he should run.[38]

Hockey faced a dilemma. He had been a consistent supporter of the ETS. Running against Turnbull, a fellow moderate in the Liberal Party, would mean taking the leadership with the support of the party's right wing andclimate change sceptics.[39]

On 1 December 2009, Hockey chose to include his candidacy in aparty room ballotto determine the leadership of the Liberal Party. The ballot was between Hockey, Turnbull and Abbott. Hockey was eliminated in the first round of the ballot, with the eventual winner being Abbott. Following the change of leadership, Hockey remained Shadow Treasurer.

He toldABCTV'sQ&Aaudience on 7 March 2011 that corporate Australia had fallen behind in female boardroom representation and if companies failed to meet a reasonable target within a period of time then "more punitive measures" needed to be taken by parliament.[40]He later said that "quotas must be a last resort".[41]

Hockey gave a speech to theGrattan Instituteon 11 March 2010 called "In Defence of Liberty".[42]The speech defended anti-terrorism laws and rejected a hypotheticalbill of rights,while criticising increased police powers.[43]A series of "In Defence..." speeches by Hockey followed over 2010 and 2011: "In Defence of Enterprise" to the EIDOS Institute on 14 April 2010;[44]"In Defence of Opportunity" to the Sydney Institute on 9 March 2011;[45]and "In Defence of Youth" to theUniversity of New Englandon 27 July 2011.[46]This series of speeches were seen as Hockey's bid for the Liberal leadership.[47]

Biographer Madonna King points out "Australia's Future Engagement in the Asian Century" (25 October 2011)[48]and "The Future of Free Markets, Global Trade and Commerce" (7 December 2011)[49]as other key speeches from this three-year period of Joe Hockey trying to show what he stood for.[15]: 241–243 

On 17 April 2012, Hockey gave a speech at the Institute of Economic Affairs in London. He warned Australians that the time to become self-sufficient was at hand and that the government could not afford to give "universal payments" to Australians.[50]The speech was controversial in Australia,[15]: 244–248 sparking discussion on the ABCLatelineprogram[51]and an article inThe Australian.[15]: 244–248 The speech was said to change the public's perception of Hockey from "avuncular" to "hard-head".[15]: 244–248 and foreshadowing Hockey's first budget.[15]: 297 

On 26 April 2012, Hockey gave a speech, "The Future of Australian Diversity", at the Islamic Council of Victoria. "To judge Islam based on the actions of extremists and terrorists would be no different than judging Christianity on the actions of those who have over the centuries committed atrocities in the name of Christianity."[52]

Abbott government[edit]

Main articles:2014 Australian federal budgetand2015 Australian federal budget

The Coalition won government at the2013 election,and Hockey was named Treasurer.

In 2014, the "end of the age of entitlement" was used to justify the government refusing financial assistance toHoldenin South Australia andSPC Ardmonain Victoria and explaining why they could not participate inBarnaby Joyce's proposal for a bail out of farmers.[53][54]Hockey's approach has been described by sociology lecturer Verity Archer as being like former US PresidentRichard Nixon's, "using claims of a budget emergency" to cut welfare.[55]

In April 2014, Hockey faced criticism for saying "the poorest people either don't have cars, or actually don't drive very far" when seeking an increase in thefuel excise tax.[56][57]

In May 2014, Fairfax media published a story stating thatpolitical donorsto the North Sydney Forum were able to have "VIP" meetings with Hockey, under the title "Treasurer for Sale".[58]

Hockey delivered the2014 budgeton 13 May 2014. Theausterebudget faced widespread criticism and was overwhelmingly rejected by the Australian public as reflected in all opinion polls after its release.[59][60][61]Michael Pascoe, writing for the Sydney Morning Herald, regards Hockey as being saddled with policies that were fiscally irresponsible, but designed to win support, giving as an example the scrapping of theprice on carbon.[62]Hockey was considered by his colleagues to have made a poor case for the economic reforms in the 2014 budget.[57]The Guardian writes that criticism of the budget as "unfair" harmed Hockey's public image.[63]

After theFebruary 2015 Liberal party leadership spill motion,there were calls for Hockey to be replaced as Treasurer.[63]

In the lead-up to the 2015 budget, Abbott stated that no matter how the budget was received, Hockey would continue as Treasurer.[64]Hockey delivered the2015 budget.This was considered a vast contrast to the 2014 budget.[57]

In June 2015, Hockey was criticised over his response tohousing affordabilityissues, where he advised first home buyers to "get a good job that pays good money".[65]

In August 2015,Peter FitzSimons,chair of theAustralian Republican Movement,announced that Joe Hockey would help lead a parliamentary friendship group aimed at a referendum on an Australian republic before 2020.[66]This led to criticism of Hockey by members of the Coalition, who regarded the renewed push for a republic to be a distraction from the government's priorities.[67]Later in August, a leak stated that two cabinet ministers were urging Abbott to reassign Hockey as treasurer.[68]

After Malcolm Turnbull ousted Abbott at the2015 Liberal leadership spill,there was growing speculation that Turnbull would not retain Hockey as Treasurer in his new government, even though as mentioned above they are both members of the Liberal Party's moderate wing. Although Turnbull offered Hockey a different role in his government, Hockey declined[69]and on 20 September 2015 announced his intention to leave Parliament.[69][70]Hockey gave his final speech to parliament on 21 October 2015.[71]

Parliamentary resignation and US Ambassador role[edit]

Hockey resigned from parliament on 23 October 2015[72]which triggered the2015 North Sydney by-electionwhich was won byTrent Zimmerman.[3]It was announced on 8 December 2015 that Hockey would become the nextAmbassador of Australia to the United StateswhenKim Beazley's term ended in early 2016.[5][6][7]In his new role as Ambassador, Hockey wrote a response to aNew York Timeseditorial about cuts to climate change research atCSIRO.[73]Inthe first 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency,Malcolm Turnbulland Trump had a phone conversation regarding the agreement for the US to take detained refugees from Manus Island that Turnbull had struck withBarack Obama.Trump described the deal as "dumb" on Twitter. Hockey met withSteve BannonandReince Priebusfor discussions.[74]

Hockey's term as ambassador was extended for a year but ended on 30 January 2020, and was replaced as ambassador by formerLiberal PartySenatorArthur Sinodinosthe week after. His farewell party was held on 17 January 2020 inWashington, D.C.,and was attended by Abbott and Australian golferGreg Norman.[75]

Post-political career[edit]

At the start of 2020, Hockey planned to continue staying and working in the United States for several years after his role as ambassador to the United States.[76]It was previously reported that he was planning to take up a part-time position as a guest lecturer on public policy and politics in an American university.

Hockey made unsubstantiated claims of fraud in the Presidential vote of the2020 United States elections.[77]Hockey's basis for the claim was a 93% Democratic vote inWashington, D.C.,where he had been living for several years. However, the Democratic vote in Washington, D.C., regularly reaches the level cited by Hockey.[78]Hockey wrote an opinion piece in TheSydney Morning HeraldsupportingJoe Bidenfor President of the United States.[79]

In October 2022 Hockey released his autobiography:

  • Hockey, Joe (2022).Diplomatic A Washington memoir.Leo Shanahan.HarperCollins.ISBN978-1-4607-1314-3.OCLC1351982318.[80]

Personal life[edit]

Hockey met Melissa Babbage, his future wife, in 1991 at aYoung Liberalsstate convention.[15]: 54 In 1994, Hockey married Babbage, an investment banker, later head of foreign exchange and global finance atDeutsche Bank.As of 2014, the couple had three children and lived inHunters Hill, New South Wales.[81][82]Upon the birth of his youngest child, Hockey became the first federal Minister to takepaternity leave.[83]He has walked theKokoda Track[84]and has climbedMount Kilimanjaroto raise funds for medical equipment.[85]Hockey and his wife became owners of a 200 hectare cattle farm in Malanda, nearCairns,Queensland.In 2012, he lost more than 20 kg followinggastric sleevesurgery.[86]

In 2014, Hockey launched defamation proceedings againstFairfax Mediaover an article published in its newspapers,The Sydney Morning Herald,The AgeandThe Canberra Times,titledTreasurer for sale,[87]which he said falsely implied that he accepted bribes paid to influence his decisions and that he corruptly sold privileged access to a select group of Liberal Party donors. A trial was held to determine whether the allegations were defensible in March 2015 in theNSW Supreme Courtbefore Justice Richard White, where Hockey argued that false allegations of the nature contained in the article, and the conduct of Fairfax during the proceedings, evidenced a malicious intent to smear his otherwise good reputation and consequently would justify the award of aggravated damages. Hockey was represented by Bruce McClintock SC. Fairfax was defended byDr Matt Collins QC.In June 2015, the judge partially ruled in favour of Hockey, ruling that where the headline had been seen without the article, it was defamatory, and awarded Hockey $200,000 in damages.[88]Fairfax was ordered to pay 15% of Hockey's court costs.[89]

See also[edit]

  • WorkChoices– part of Hockey's portfolio as Workplace Relations Minister

References[edit]

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  7. ^abJoe Hockey announced as Australia's next ambassador to the United States: SMH 8 December 2015
  8. ^Joe Hockey sworn in as US ambassador by Barack Obama
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  78. ^Karp, Paul (5 November 2020)."Joe Hockey and George Christensen back unfounded 'fraud' claims about Biden comeback".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved8 November2020.
  79. ^Hockey, Joe (20 January 2021)."Why Joe Biden is exactly the right man to mend America".The Sydney Morning Herald.Retrieved20 January2021.
  80. ^Reviews:
  81. ^Snow, Deborah; Davies, Anne (24 May 2014)."Meet the real Joe Hockey".The Age.Fairfax Media.Retrieved24 May2014.
  82. ^Eriksson, Boel."A baby boy for Joe Hockey".North-shore-times.whereilive.au.Retrieved27 April2010.
  83. ^Writer, Larry. "HEY, DAD!."Australian Women's Weekly79, no. 12 (December 2009): 63-66. Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCOhost (accessed 7 November 2015).
  84. ^Kokoda deaths: Trekkers warned of 'punitive' conditionsFairfax Digital, 24 April 2009
  85. ^The Ultimate Burn – Mount Kilimanjaro TrekHumpty Dumpty FoundationArchived4 May 2010 at theWayback Machine
  86. ^Maiden, Samantha (27 January 2013)."Hockey a stick, not a ball now".dailytelegraph.au.Retrieved7 February2015.
  87. ^Trute, Peter (17 March 2015)."'Smeared' Hockey seeks vindication ".The Daily Telegraph.Retrieved23 March2015.
  88. ^"Fairfax 'Treasurer for Sale' headline wins Joe Hockey $200k in defamation case".9news.au. 30 June 2015.Retrieved21 September2015.
  89. ^Bridie Jabour (22 July 2015)."'Treasurer for sale' defamation case: Fairfax must pay 15% of Hockey's costs | Australia news ".The Guardian.Retrieved21 September2015.

External links[edit]

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Parliament of Australia
Preceded by Member for North Sydney
1996–2015 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded byas Minister for Social Security Minister for Human Services
2004–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations
2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Shadow Minister for Health and Ageing
2007–2008 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Shadow Minister for Finance and Deregulation
2008–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Shadow Treasurer of Australia
2009–2013 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Treasurer of Australia
2013–2015 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Australian Ambassador to the United States
2016–2020 		Succeeded by
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