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John 19

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John 19
John 19:1-7 on theversoside ofPapyrus 90,written AD 150-175.
BookGospel of John
CategoryGospel
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part4

John 19is the nineteenthchapterof theGospel of Johnin theNew Testamentof theChristianBible.The book containing this chapter isanonymous,but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed thatJohncomposed thisGospel.[1]This chapter records the events on the day of thecrucifixionofJesus,untilhis burial.[2]

Text

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John 19:17-18,25-26 onPapyrus 121(3rd century)

The original text was written inKoine Greek.This chapter is divided into42 verses.

Textual witnesses

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Some earlymanuscriptscontaining the text of this chapter are:

Old Testament references

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New Testament references

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Places

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The events recorded in this chapter took place inJerusalem.

Structure

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Swedish-based commentatorRené Kiefferdivides this chapter into two sections:

  • Verses 1-16a deal with Jesus' trial before Pilate, and are continuous with the events reported in the latter part ofchapter 18
  • Verses 16b-42 deal with his crucifixion, death and burial.

He further divides the first section into four parts: verses 1-3 (humiliation before Pilate), verses 4-7 (Pilate coming out of his headquarters with the mocked royal Jesus), verses 8-11 (Jesus' dialogue with Pilate) and verses 12-16a (the "decisive scene" determining Jesus' fate). Kieffer goes on to divide the second section into three parts: a narrative in verses 16b-30 leading to the death of Jesus, a theological commentary in verses 31-37, and a narrative concerning Jesus' burial in verses 38-42.[6]

Verses 1-3: Jesus' humiliation before Pilate

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Verse 1

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So then Pilate took Jesus and scourged [Him].[7]

Heinrich Meyernotes thatPilate"caused thescourgingto be carried out ", but this would have been done by his soldiers.[8]The action was "inflicted withoutsentence[or] legality ".[8]According toScottish Free ChurchministerWilliam Nicoll,the scourging was meant as a compromise by Pilate, undertaken "in the ill-judged hope that this minor punishment might satisfy the Jews".[9]Pilate stated three times (in John 18:39, 19:4 and 19:6) that he foundno faultin Jesus.[6]

Verse 2

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And the soldiers twisted acrown of thornsand put it on His head, and they put on Him a purple robe.[10]

Again, Meyer notes that thiscontumeliousaction of the soldiers was undertaken under Pilate's watch.[8]

Verse 3

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Then they said, "Hail, King of the Jews!" And they struck Him with their hands.[11]

In theNew Century Version,"they came to him many times and said...".[12]This additional wording reflects the insertion ἤρχοντο πρὸς αὐτὸν (ērchonto pros auton) in many early texts, but which was missing in theTextus Receptus.Karl Lachmann,Constantin von Tischendorf,Meyer andWestcott and Hortall adopt the additional wording.[8][13]

Cross references:Matthew 27:29,Matthew 27:30;Mark 15:18;John 18:22.

Verse 5

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Then Jesus came out, wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe. And Pilate said to them, "Behold the Man!"[14]

"Behold the Man":Ecce homoinVulgateLatin;in the originalGreek:Ἴδε ὁ ἄνθρωπος,(Ide ho anthrōpos). Meyer reflects that the words are "short [but] significant".[8]

Verse 6

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Therefore, when the chief priests and officers saw Him, they cried out, saying, "Crucify Him, crucify Him!" Pilate said to them, "You take Him and crucify Him, for I find no fault in Him".[15]
  • "Crucify Him, crucify Him!": The words of the chief priests and officers in theReceived TextareGreek:σταύρωσον, σταύρωσον,staurōson, staurōson,[16]meaning "crucify! crucify!", with the word "him" being implied or added in English texts. The Jews did not possess the right of execution, nor was crucifixion a Jewish form ofcapital punishment.[8]
  • "No fault": or nocrime(Revised Standard Version).[17]

Verse 7

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The Jews answered him, "We have a law, and according to our law He ought to die, because He made Himself the Son of God."[18]

Critical texts refer to "the law", κατὰ τὸν νόμον (kata ton nomon), but theTextus Receptusreads "according toourlaw ".[19]Alfred Plummer, in theCambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges,argues that "our" is not original.[20]

Leviticus 24:16( "the law" ) states:

And whoever blasphemes the name of the Lord shall surely be put to death. All the congregation shall certainly stone him, the stranger as well as him who is born in the land. When he blasphemes the name of the Lord, he shall be put to death.

Pilate was bound by Romanprecedentto pay respect to the law of subject nationalities.[20]

Verse 9

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[Pilate] went again into the Praetorium, and said to Jesus, "Where are You from?" But Jesus gave him no answer.[21]

A second private examination by Pilate.[9][20]

Verse 19

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The acronymINRI ( "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in Latin)written in three languages (as inJohn 19:20) on the cross,Ellwangen Abbey,Germany.
Now Pilate wrote a title and put it on the cross. And the writing was:
JESUS OF NAZARETH, THE KING OF THE JEWS.[22]

Verse 19 in Greek

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Textus Receptus/Majority Text:

ἔγραψεν δὲ καὶ τίτλον ὁ Πιλάτος, καὶ ἔθηκεν ἐπὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ· ἦν δὲ γεγραμμένον,
Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων.

Transliteration:

egrapsen de kai titlon ho Pilatos, kai ethēken epi tou staurou; ēn de gegrammenon,
IĒSOUS O NAZŌRAIOS O BASILEUS TŌN IOUDAIŌN.

Verse 19 in Latin

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Biblia Sacra Vulgata:

scripsit autem et titulum Pilatus et posuit super crucem erat autem scriptum
Iesus Nazarenus rex Iudaeorum

Verse 20

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Then many of the Jews read this title, for the place where Jesus was crucified was near the city; and it was written in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.[23]

Verse 21

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Therefore the chief priests of the Jews said to Pilate, "Do not write, 'The King of the Jews,' but, 'He said," I am the King of the Jews. "'"[24]

Verse 22

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Pilate answered, "What I have written, I have written."[25]

Verse 22 in Greek

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Textus Receptus/Majority Text:

ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Πιλάτος, Ὃ γέγραφα, γέγραφα

Transliteration:

apekrithē o Pilatos o gegrapha gegrapha

Verse 22 in Latin

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Biblia Sacra Vulgata:

respondit Pilatus quod scripsi scripsi

Verse 23

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Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took His garments and made four parts, to each soldier a part, and also the tunic.
Now the tunic was without seam, woven from the top in one piece.[26]

Verse 24

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They said therefore among themselves, "Let us not tear it, but cast lots for it, whose it shall be,"
that the Scripture might be fulfilled which says:
"They divided My garments among them,
And for My clothing they cast lots. "
Therefore the soldiers did these things.[27]

The Greek λαγχάνειν (lagchanein) is properly translated not as "to cast lots", but "to obtain by lot". In this action, John sees a fulfilment ofPsalm 22:18, theSeptuagintversion of which is quoted here.[9]

Verse 25

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Now there stood by the cross of Jesus
His mother,
and His mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and
Mary Magdalene.[28]

Verse 26

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When Jesus therefore saw His mother, and the disciple whom He loved standing by,
He said to His mother,
"Woman, behold your son!"[29]

Verse 27

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Then He said to the disciple,
"Behold your mother!"
And from that hour that disciple took her to his own home.[30]

"That hour" may indicate that "they did not wait at the cross to see the end and the disciple took her to his own home"; εἰς τὰ ἴδια, seeJohn 1:11,John 16:32.Mary would live with John and his natural mother, Salome, who is also Mary's sister.[31]

Verse 28

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After this, Jesus, knowing that all things were now accomplished, that the Scripture might be fulfilled, said,
“I thirst!”[32]

Referring to:Psalm 69:21

Verse 29

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Now a vessel full of sour wine was sitting there; and they filled a sponge with sour wine,
put it on hyssop, and put it to His mouth.[33]

Verse 30

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So when Jesus had received the sour wine, He said,
"It is finished!"
And bowing His head, He gave up His spirit.[34]

Verse 30 in Greek

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Textus Receptus/Majority Text:

ὅτε οὖν ἔλαβε τὸ ὄξος ὁ Ἰησοῦς, εἶπε,
Τετέλεσται·
καὶ κλίνας τὴν κεφαλήν, παρέδωκε τὸ πνεῦμα.

Transliteration:

ote oun elaben to oxos o Iēsous eipen
tetelestai
kai klinas tēn kephalēn paredōken to pneuma

Verse 30 in Latin

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Biblia Sacra Vulgata:

cum ergo accepisset Iesus acetum dixit
consummatum est
et inclinato capite tradidit spiritum

Verse 31

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Therefore, because it was the Preparation Day, that the bodies should not remain on the cross on the Sabbath (for that Sabbath was a high day), the Jews asked Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away.[35]

Preparation Day was the day before the Passover.[36]Verse 42 refers to this day as "the Jews' Preparation Day". Plummer suggests that "the addition of 'the Jews' may point to the time when there was already a Christian ‘preparation-day'".[20]

Verse 37

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And again another Scripture says, "They shall look on Him whom they pierced".[37]

This is the last of a series of texts, commencing fromJohn 13:18:"that the Scripture may be fulfilled, 'He who eats bread with Me has lifted up his heel against Me',[38]in which the evangelist confirms that the events of the passion fulfill theOld Testamentscriptures.The quoted passage isZechariah 12:10b, "then they will look on Me whom they pierced", with the word "me" changed to "him".LutherancommentatorJohann Bengelargues that John quotes this passage "for the sake of itsallusionto the piercing [not for that to the looking] ".[39]

Verse 39

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And Nicodemus, who at first came to Jesus by night, also came, bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred pounds.[40]

Bengel notes thatNicodemus,who had shown hisfaithin dialogue with Jesus inchapter 3,here "manifested [it] by an altogether distinguished work of love".[39]

Verse 40

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Then took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury.[41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  2. ^Halley, Henry H.Halley's Bible Handbook:an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962.
  3. ^abKirkpatrick 1901,p. 838.
  4. ^abc"Biblical concordances of John 19 in the 1611 King James Bible".
  5. ^Kirkpatrick 1901,p. 839.
  6. ^abKieffer, R.,59. John,in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001),The Oxford Bible CommentaryArchived2017-11-22 at theWayback Machine,pp. 994-996
  7. ^John 19:1:NKJV
  8. ^abcdefMeyer, H. A. W.,Meyer's NT Commentaryon John 19, accessed 15 June 2019
  9. ^abcNicoll, W. R. (1897 ff),The Expositor's Greek Testamenton John 19, accessed 14 June 2019
  10. ^John 19:2:NKJV
  11. ^John 19:3:NKJV
  12. ^John 19:3:NCV
  13. ^John 19:3:1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament
  14. ^John 19:5:NKJV
  15. ^John 19:6:NKJV
  16. ^John 19:6:Textus Receptus
  17. ^John 19:6:RSV
  18. ^John 19:7}: NKJV
  19. ^John 19:7:Textus Receptus 1550
  20. ^abcdPlummer, A. (1902),Cambridge Bible for Schools and Collegeson John 19, accessed 5 September 2022
  21. ^John 19:9:NKJV
  22. ^John 19:19:NKJV
  23. ^John 19:20:NKJV
  24. ^John 19:21:NKJV
  25. ^John 19:22:NKJV
  26. ^John 19:23NKJV
  27. ^John 19:24:NKJV
  28. ^John 19:25:NKJV
  29. ^John 19:26:NKJV
  30. ^John 19:27NKJV
  31. ^Marcus Rods. II: The Gospel of St. John. In: The Expositor's Greek Testament (Volumes 1). W. Robertson Nicoll (Editor). 1956. ASIN: B002KE6V1Q
  32. ^John 19:28:NKJV
  33. ^John 19:29:NKJV
  34. ^John 19:30:NKJV
  35. ^John 19:31:NKJV
  36. ^John 19:42:New Living Translation
  37. ^John 19:37
  38. ^John 13:8
  39. ^abBengel, J. A.,Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testamenton John 19, third edition, accessed 5 December 2020
  40. ^John 19:39
  41. ^John 19:40KJV

Bibliography

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Preceded by
John 18
Chapters of the Bible
Gospel of John
Succeeded by
John 20