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John Buscema

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John Buscema
Buscema in a 1975 Marvel publicity photo
BornGiovanni Natale Buscema
(1927-12-11)December 11, 1927
Brooklyn,New York,U.S.
DiedJanuary 10, 2002(2002-01-10)(aged 74)
Port Jefferson, New York,U.S.
Area(s)Penciller,Inker
Notable works
The Avengers
Conan the Barbarian
Fantastic Four
Silver Surfer
Tarzan
Thor
AwardsAlley Award,1968, 1969
Shazam Award,1974
Eagle Award,1977
Inkpot Award,1978
Eisner AwardHall of Fame, 2002

John Buscema(/bjuːˈsɛmə/bew-SEM-ə;[1]bornGiovanni Natale Buscema,Italian:[dʒoˈvanninaˈtaːlebuʃˈʃɛːma];December 11, 1927 – January 10, 2002)[2]was an Americancomic bookartistand one of the mainstays ofMarvel Comicsduring its 1960s and 1970s ascendancy into an industry leader and its subsequent expansion to a majorpop-cultureconglomerate.His younger brotherSal Buscemais also a comic book artist.

Buscema is best known for his run on the seriesThe AvengersandTheSilver Surfer,and for over 200 stories featuring thesword-and-sorceryheroConan the Barbarian.In addition, hepencilledat least one issue of nearly every major Marvel title, including long runs on two of the company's top magazines,Fantastic FourandThor.

He was inducted into theWill Eisner Comic Book Hall of Famein 2002.[3]

Biography

[edit]

Early life and career

[edit]
Timely Comics'Man Comics#1 (Dec. 1949), one of Buscema's earliest recorded comic-book covers

Born inBrooklyn,New York City, fromSicilianparents who emigrated fromPozzallo,Ragusa,[4]John Buscema showed an interest in drawing at an early age, copyingcomic stripssuch asPopeye.[5]In his teens, he developed an interest in bothsuperherocomic books and suchadventurecomic strips asHal Foster'sTarzanandPrince Valiant,Burne Hogarth'sTarzan,Alex Raymond'sFlash Gordon,andMilton Caniff'sTerry and the Pirates.[6]He showed an interest incommercial illustrationof the period, by such artists asN. C. Wyeth,Norman Rockwell,Dean Cornwell,Coby Whitmore,Albert Dorne,andRobert Fawcett.[7]

Buscema graduated fromManhattan'sHigh School of Music and Art.He took night lessons atPratt Instituteas well aslife drawingclasses at theBrooklyn Museum.[8]While training as aboxer,he began painting portraits of boxers and sold some cartoons toThe Hobo News.[5]Seeking work as a commercial illustrator while doing various odd jobs, Buscema found himself instead entering the comic book field in 1948,[9]landing a staff job undereditor-in-chiefandart directorStan LeeatTimely Comics,[10]the forerunner ofMarvel Comics.The Timely "bullpen", as the staff was called, included such fellow staffers as established veteransSyd Shores,Carl Burgos,Mike Sekowsky,George Klein,andMarty Nodell.Fellow newcomerGene Colan,hired roughly two months earlier,[11]recalled that "... John never seemed very happy in comics... there always seemed to be something else he really wanted to do."[12]

His first recorded credit is penciling the four-page story "Till Crime Do You Part" in Timely'sLawbreakers Always Lose#3 (Aug. 1948).[13]He contributed to the "real-life" dramatic seriesTrue AdventuresandMan Comics(the premiere issue of which sported one of Buscema's earliest recorded comic book covers), as well as toCowboy Romances,Two-Gun Western(for which he drew at least one story of the continuing character theApache Kid),Lorna the Jungle Queen,andStrange Tales.[13]Until the bullpen was dissolved a year-and-a-half later, as comic books in general and superhero comics in particular continued their post-war fade in popularity, Buscemapenciledandinkedin a variety of genres, includingcrime fictionandromance fiction.[11]

1950s

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Buscema married in 1953.[14]He continued to freelance for Timely, by now known asAtlas Comics,as well as for the publishersAce Comics,Hillman Periodicals,Our Publications/Orbit,Quality Comics,St. John Publications,andZiff-Davis.[13]

Buscema's mid-1950s work includesDell Comics'Roy RogersComics#74–91 (Feb. 1954 – July 1955) and subsequentRoy Rogers and Trigger#92–97 and #104–108 (Aug. 1955 – Jan. 1956 & Aug.–Dec. 1956); and theCharlton ComicsseriesRamar of the JungleandNature Boy— the latter, Buscema's firstsuperherowork, with a character created by himself andSupermanco-creatorJerry Siegel.[13]

Buscema next produced a series ofWestern,war,andsword and sandalfilm adaptations for Dell'sFour Colorseries. Buscema recalled, "I did a bunch of their movie books... that was a lot of fun. I worked from stills on those, except forThe Vikings.... I think one of the best books I ever did wasSinbad the Sailor."[15]

He drew at least one issue of the radio, film, and TV character theCisco Kidfor Dell in 1957,[13]as well as one- to eight-page biographies ofevery U.S. presidentthroughDwight Eisenhowerfor that company'sone-shotLife Stories of American Presidents.[16]

During a late 1950s downturn in the comics industry, Buscema drew occasionalmystery,fantasy,andscience-fictionstories for Atlas Comics'Tales to Astonish,Tales of Suspense,andStrange Worlds,andAmerican Comics Group'sAdventures into the Unknown,andForbidden Worlds[13]before leaving comics to do freelance commercial art.[17]He began a freelance position for the New York Cityadvertisingfirm the Chaite Agency, which employed such commercial artists asBob PeakandFrank McCarthy.[17]

1960s

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The Avengers#41 (June 1967), Buscema's first issue of a signature series. Cover art by Buscema andinkerGeorge Roussos.

Buscema spent approximately eight years in the commercial-art field, freelancing for the Chaite Agency[Note 1]and the studio Triad, doing a variety of assignments: layouts,storyboards,illustrations, paperback book covers, etc. in a variety of media. Buscema called this time "quite a learning period for me in my own development of techniques".[18]

He returned to comic books in 1966 as a regular freelance penciller forMarvel Comics,debuting overJack Kirbylayouts on the "Nick Fury,Agent ofS.H.I.E.L.D."story inStrange Tales#150 (Nov. 1966), followed by three "Hulk"stories inTales to Astonish#85–87 (Nov. 1966 – Jan. 1967).[13]He then settled in as regular penciller ofThe Avengers,which would become one of his signature series, with #41 (June 1967).Avengers#49–50, featuring Hercules and inked by Buscema, are two of his "best-looking [issues] of that period", said comics historian and one-time Marvel editor-in-chiefRoy Thomas,who wrote those issues.[19]Thomas and Buscema introduced new versions of theBlack Knight[20]and theVision[21]during their collaboration onThe Avengers.

In order to adapt to the Marvel Comics style of superhero adventure, Buscema "synthesized the essence of [Jack] Kirby's supercharged action figures, harrowing perspectives, monolithic structures, mega-force explosions, and mythological planetscapes into a formula that he instantly integrated into his own superbly crafted vision," wrote comics artist and historianJim Steranko."The process brought Buscema's art to life in a way that it had never been before. Anatomically balanced figures of Herculean proportions stalked, stormed, sprawled, and savaged their way across Marvel's universe like none had previously".[22]

Buscema would pencil an average of two comics a month in collaboration with such inkers asGeorge Klein,Frank Giacoia,Dan Adkins,Joe Sinnott,his younger brotherSal Buscema,Tom Palmer,and, occasionally, Marvelproduction managerand sometime inker-cartoonistJohn Verpoorten.John Buscema named Frank Giacoia, Sal Buscema, and Tom Palmer as his favorite inkers.[23]

The Silver Surfer#4 (July 1969). Cover art by Buscema and inkerSal Buscema.One of Buscema's most famous covers.[24]

Among Buscema's works during this period fans and historians call theSilver Age of comic booksareThe Avengers#41–62 (June 1967 – March 1969) andThe Avengers Annual#2 (Sept. 1968); the first eight issues ofThe Sub-Mariner(May–Dec. 1968);The Amazing Spider-Man#72–73, 76–81, 84–85 (ranging from June 1969 – June 1970 providing layouts finished by eitherJohn Romita Sr.orJim Mooney), and two issues he himself finished over Romita layouts. Buscema drew the first appearance of theProwlerinThe Amazing Spider-Man#78 (Nov. 1969).[25]

In August 1968, Buscema and Stan Lee launched a new title,TheSilver Surfer.[26]That series about a philosophical alien roaming the world trying to understand both the divinity and the savagery of humanity was a personal favorite of Marvel editor-in-chief Stan Lee,[27]who scripted. Buscema penciled 17 of its 18 issues — the first seven as a 25¢ "giant-size" title at a time when comics typically cost 12¢. "Beautifully drawn by John Buscema, this comic book represented an attempt to upgrade the medium with a serious character of whom Lee had grown very fond," assessed comics historianLes Daniels.[28]Roy Thomas said Buscema consideredSilver Surfer#4 (Feb. 1969), featuring a battle between the Silver Surfer and Thor, "as the highpoint of his Marvel work".[29]Characters Buscema co-created inThe Silver Surferinclude the long-running arch-demonMephistoin issue #3 (Dec. 1968).[30]

Toward the end of the decade, Buscema drew some fill-in issues of superhero series and returned to familiar 1950s genres with a spate of supernatural mystery stories inChamber of DarknessandTower of Shadows,and romance tales inMy LoveandOur Love.He then returned to his signature seriesThe Avengersfor 11 issues inked by Tom Palmer.[13]

1970s

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The creative team of Roy Thomas and John Buscema introduced new characters such asArkoninThe Avengers#75 (April 1970),[31]Red Wolfin #80 (Sept. 1970),[32]and theSquadron Supremein #85 (Feb. 1971).[33]With Jack Kirby's departure from Marvel in 1970, Buscema succeeded him on both of Kirby's titles:Fantastic Four(penciling issues #107–141, followingJohn Romita Sr.) andThor[Note 2](#182–259).[13]He additionally launched the feature "Black Widow"inAmazing Adventuresvol. 2, #1 (Aug. 1970).[34]

Marvel editor-in-chiefStan Lee,who collaborated with Buscema on many stories up to this time, wrote,

One thing I loved about Big John is the fact that I didn't have to spend time writing synopses for him.... He'd always growl over the phone, 'Don't bother sending me any outlines, Stan. I hate to waste time reading them. Just tell what you've got in mind over the phone. I'll remember it.' So I'd tell him the story I wanted, and I have a hunch he didn't even write any notes while I spoke — because I spoke too fast — but it didn't matter. He remembered every last detail and the stories always came out perfect — at least as far as I was concerned.[35]

Buscema began pencilingConan the Barbarianwith #25 (April 1973) followingBarry Smith's celebrated run, and debuted as the Conan artist of the black-and-white comics-magazine omnibusSavage Sword of Conanwith issue #1 (Aug. 1974). He would eventually contribute to more than 100 issues of each title,[13]giving him one of the most prolific runs for an artist on a single character. He additionally drew theConanSunday and dailysyndicatednewspapercomic stripupon its premiere in 1978,[36]and even contributed some storyboard illustrations for the 1982 Conan movie,[37]as well as painting four covers for the Conan magazines. In 2010,Comics Bulletinranked Buscema's work onConan the Barbarianseventh on its list of the "Top 10 1970s Marvels".[38]

For about ten years, he would produce an average three to four books' worth of pencils a month, such asNova(1976)[39]andMs. Marvel(1977). In addition to his regular assignments he would pencil covers and fill-in issues of titles includingCaptain America,Captain Britain(Marvel UK),Daredevil,The Frankenstein Monster,Howard the Duck,Master of Kung Fu,Red SonjaandWarlock.He also drew a story for thescience-fictionanthologyWorlds Unknown.[13]

Buscema contributed as well to Marvel's black-and-white comics magazines, including the features "Ka-Zar"inSavage Tales#1 (May 1971) and "Bloodstone"inRampaging Hulk#1 (Jan. 1977), andDoc Savage#1 and 3 (Aug. 1975, Jan. 1976). Other magazine work ran the gamut fromhorror(Dracula Lives!,Monsters Unleashed,Tales of the Zombie) tohumor(Crazy,Pizzaz).[13]

Buscema left theThortitle for a time to launch the Marvel version of theEdgar Rice BurroughscharacterTarzanin 1977.[40]Other licensed projects include a 72-pageThe Wizard of Ozmovie adaptation in an oversized "Treasury Edition"format with DeZuniga inking.[13][41][42]ForPower Records,which produced children's book-and-record sets, Buscema drewStar Trekand Conan the Barbarian comics.[43]He contributed some superhero drawings forPro,theNFLofficial magazine (1970), and penciled some chapters of the first issue ofMarvel Comics Super Specialfeaturing the rock groupKiss(1977).[13]

In 1978, small-press publisher Sal Quartuccio releasedThe Art of John Buscema,[44]a retrospective that included an interview, previously unpublished sketches and drawings, and a cover that was also sold as a poster.

Buscema capped off the decade penciling writerDoug Moench's three-issueWeirdworldepic-fantasy tale "Warriors of the Shadow Realm" inMarvel Super Special#11–13 (June–Oct. 1979).[13]Pacific Comicsreleased an accompanying portfolio of six signed, colored plates from the story.[45]

Teaching

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In the mid-1970s, Buscema ran the John Buscema Art School, which advertised for students in the pages of many Marvel titles. Stan Lee made appearances as a guest lecturer at Buscema's school, and some of the school's graduates (includingBob HallandBruce Patterson)[46]went on to become professional cartoonists. Buscema later said that teaching the class was "very gratifying" but that having to make the 60-mile drive after a day's work was too exhausting, and ultimately forced him to give it up.[47]Buscema then collaborated with Lee on the bookHow to Draw Comics the Marvel Way(Marvel Fireside Books,1978), a primer on comic book art and storytelling based on the comic art classes Buscema had given a few years prior,[47]and has remained in print for over 25 years,[48]in its 33rd printing as of 2007.

1980s

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After drawing the first issue ofThe SavageShe-Hulk(Feb. 1980),[49]Buscema abandoned regular superhero work in order to spearhead art duties on all threeConantitles. The popularity of the character spurred the release of aConan moviein 1982; Buscema provided pencils and inks for a 48-page movie adaptation.[13]

He continued to tackle other high-profile projects such as a Silver Surfer story forEpic Illustrated#1 (Spring 1980), aKing Arthurstory inMarvel Preview#22 (Summer 1980), theSt. Francis of AssisibiographyFrancis, Brother of the Universe(1980), the secondSuperman and Spider-Manteam-up (1981),[50][51]and an adaptation of the 1981 movieRaiders of the Lost Ark.[13]

He leftKing Conanin 1982 after nine issues, although he remained with Marvel's Robert E. Howard franchise with a revival of theKullseries for 10 issues, and leftThe Savage Sword of Conanin 1984 with #101 with a series of stories that he plotted himself. After pencilling theConan the Destroyermovie adaptation in 1984 and theConan of the Islesgraphic novel in 1987, he leftConan the Barbarianwith #190 in 1987, ending a 14-year association with the character.[13]

After nearly five years away from superheroes, except for the first two issues of the X-Men-related, four-issue miniseriesMagik(Dec. 1983 – March 1984), Buscema returned to familiar ground as regular penciller onThe Avengersfrom #255–300 (May 1985 – Feb. 1989). He was regular penciller onFantastic Fourfor its 300th issue, during a 15-issue stint from #296–309 (Nov. 1986 – Dec. 1987). Additionally, he fit in the three-issue film adaptationLabyrinth(Nov. 1986 – Jan. 1987) and the four-issue miniseriesMephisto(April–July 1987), starring a character he created with Stan Lee inThe Silver Surfer.[13]

Buscema reteamed with Lee on the Silver Surfer himself with the 1988 graphic novelSilver Surfer: Judgment Day,self-inked and done entirely as full-page panels.[52]That year he and inkerKlaus Jansondrew aWolverinesolo feature in the biweekly anthologyMarvel Comics Presents,followed by self-inked Wolverine series in that title. He pencilled the first 14 issues (Nov. 1988 – mid-Nov. 1989) of the first Wolverine ongoing series, self-inked on #7–8.[13]Bill Sienkiewicz,who inked the last five issues of that run, recalled Buscema's pencil work as "the sturdiest foundation an inker or an embellisher could possibly hope to build on, and their beauty was not in their attention to fastidiously rendered minutiae, but instead were marvels of deceptive simplicity. Each page an example of grace, elegance and power."[53]

Later career

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Buscema began his sixth decade in the field by joining Roy Thomas for a return toThe Savage Sword of Conanwith #191 (Nov. 1991) for a 20-issue run.Conan the Rogue,agraphic novelBuscema plotted, pencilled, inked, and colored over a period of five years in his spare time appeared that same year.[54][55]He both penciled and inked the graphic novelWolverine: Bloody Choices(Nov. 1993).[13]

Buscema returned tocrime fictionwithThe Punisher War Zone#23–30 (Jan.–Aug. 1994, self-inking #26–29), that title's 1993summer annual,and the 1994 graphic novelA Man Named Frank,aparallel-universePunisherWesterntale. He pencilled the Punisher portions of 1994'sArchie Meets the Punisherteam-up. No longer attached to a regular series after hisPunisherrun, he penciled and inkedThe Avengers Annual#23 (1994) and five more black-and-white Conan adventures, serving as that Marvel franchise's final artist onThe Savage Sword of Conanwith #235 (July 1995) and on the short-lived spin-offConan the Savagewith #10 (May 1996). Through 1999, he penciled a variety of superhero comics; both penciled and inked a black-and-white short story forShadows and Light(1998); and made a final return to Conan with theDeath Covered in Goldthree-issue miniseries (1999).[13]

Buscema worked withDC Comicsfor the first time in 2000, initially doing both pencils and inks on a "Batman Black and White"short story inBatman: Gotham Knights#7 (Sept. 2000). He reunited with Stan Lee on the 2001 one-shotJust Imagine Stan Lee and John Buscema Creating Superman.[13]

He finished the pencils on 2003'sSuperman: Blood of my Ancestors,begun byGil Kane,who had since died, and had just signed on for a five-issue miniseries with Roy Thomas,JLA: Barbarians,[13]though he died after finishing the first issue.[56][57]

An 11 x 17-inchlithographprint of the late 1960s/early 1970s Avengers, penciled by Buscema and painted inwatercolorbyAlex Rossfor the publisherDynamic Forces,was Buscema's last professional work.[58]

Buscema's passion for drawing was such that he continued to draw and sketch in his spare time, often on the back of comic book art pages, and these images form a considerable body of work in their own right. His brother Sal Buscema recalled,

This guy used to eat, sleep and breathe drawing. It didn't matter what was going on around him. He would get bored with it and start sketching.... He just couldn't stop drawing. [His back-of-board sketches were] better than some of the stuff that he did on the front.... He'd get a spark of inspiration and turn the page over and draw whatever was in his skull.[59]

Personal life

[edit]

Buscema, who lived inPort Jefferson, New York,[2]onLong Island,at the time of his death, was married to Dolores Buscema, with whom he had a son, John Jr., and a daughter, Dianne.[56]His granddaughterStephanie Buscemais a freelance illustrator and cartoonist, who started out as an inker for her grandfather.[60]

Cancer and death

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Buscema was diagnosed withstomach cancer,and died on January 10, 2002, at the age of 74.[56][57]He was buried with an artist'spenin his hand.[58]

Awards

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In 2002,[68]Spain's Haxtur Awards inaugurated theSpecial John Buscema Award.

Bibliography

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DC Comics

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Dell Comics

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Marvel Comics

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Simon & Schuster

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  • How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way,withStan Lee,teaching book,Marvel Fireside Books,1978,ISBN978-0671530778

Notes

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  1. ^This advertising agency, not to be confused with New York City's similarly namedLawrence G. ChaitAgency orChiat \ Day,was responsible for, among other things, theone-sheetfor theJames BondmovieThunderball,per"Exhibitions & Events: 'Poster Galore'".British Film Institute. Archived fromthe originalon February 4, 2010.
  2. ^Also calledThe Mighty Thorper"Thor(I) •The Mighty Thor(I) (1966–1996) ".Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators.Series is namedThorin theindicia[copyright] information, but most covers have the title [trademark]The Mighty Thor.

References

[edit]
  1. ^How To Draw Comics The Marvel Way part=1.Event occurs at 1:34 – via YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  2. ^abSocial Security Death Indexfor Buscema, John N.,Social Security Number108-20-9641.
  3. ^"2002 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac.Archivedfrom the original on April 20, 2010.
  4. ^Crepaldi, Silvia (March 2017)."Tina Colombo racconta suo zio John Buscema, disegnatore per la Marvel / Tina Colombo talks about her uncle, Marvel illustrator John Buscema".Freetime(in Italian). p. 97.Archivedfrom the original on April 7, 2017.Retrieved2017-04-07.Mio nonno Giovanni... sposò mia nonna Concetta, pozzallese e si trasferì a Pozzallo dove faceva il barbiere. Emigrò in America come tanti, ma partì solo... / My grandfather Giovanni... married my grandmother Concetta and moved to Pozzallo where he was a barber. He emigrated to America like so many others...
  5. ^abQuartuccio, Sal; Keenan, Bob (1978).The Art of John Buscema.New York, New York: Sal Q Productions. p. Preface.
  6. ^Spurlock, David J.;Buscema, John (2001).John Buscema Sketchbook.Lebanon, New Jersey: Vanguard Productions. pp. 60–61.ISBN1-887591-18-4.
  7. ^Spurlock, p. 27
  8. ^Irving, Christoper (August 2002). "The Life of Legendary 'Big' John Buscema".Comic Book Artist(21). Raleigh, North Carolina:TwoMorrows Publishing:5–B.
  9. ^"John Buscema".Lambiek Comiclopedia.December 28, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on February 19, 2014.
  10. ^Sanderson, Peter(2008). "1940s". In Gilbert, Laura (ed.).Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History.London, UK:Dorling Kindersley.p. 39.ISBN978-0756641238.After answering a newspaper ad, John Buscema was hired by editor Stan Lee to be a staff artist.
  11. ^abSteranko, Jim,in Spurlock, p. 5
  12. ^Field, Tom (2005).Secrets in the Shadows: The Art & Life of Gene Colan.Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 92.ISBN978-1893905450.
  13. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxJohn Buscemaat theGrand Comics DatabaseBuscema/sort/chrono/ Archivedfrom the original December 5, 2011.
  14. ^Quartuccio, Preface
  15. ^Peel, John (September–October 1984). "John Buscema".Comics Feature(31).
  16. ^Life Stories of American Presidents#1 (Nov. 1957)at theGrand Comics Database
  17. ^abSteranko, p. 6
  18. ^Spurlock, p. 35
  19. ^Thomas, Roy(June 2002). "'Big John' & 'Roy the Boy'".Alter Ego.3(15). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 5 (Conan cover side of flip-book magazine).
  20. ^DeFalco, Tom"1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 128
  21. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 132: "The new Vision, drawn by John Buscema, was a synthezoid – an android with synthetic human organs – who could control his density and discharge blasts of solar energy."
  22. ^Steranko, in Spurlock, pp. 6–7
  23. ^Cooke, Jon B. (January 1998)."John Buscema Interview".The Jack Kirby Collector(18). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing.Archivedfrom the original on December 4, 2010.RetrievedNovember 25,2008.
  24. ^Thomas, Roy (June 2002). "Drawing Was His Life!".Alter Ego.3(15): 31 (Buscema self-portrait cover side of flip-book magazine).
  25. ^Manning, Matthew K. (2012). "1960s". In Gilbert, Laura (ed.).Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging.London, UK:Dorling Kindersley.p. 49.ISBN978-0756692360.In this tale written by [Stan] Lee and drawn by the team of John Buscema and Jim Mooney, window washer Hobie Brown became fed up with his dead-end job and used his inventive mind to craft the identity and weapons of the Prowler.
  26. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 131: "When Stan Lee was told to expand the Marvel line, he immediately gave the Surfer his own title... Since Jack Kirby had more than enough assignments, Lee assigned John Buscema the task of illustrating the new book."
  27. ^Lee, Stan(1975).Son of Origins of Marvel Comics.New York, New York:Simon & Schuster/Fireside Books.p. #?.ISBN978-0671221669.
  28. ^Daniels, Les(1991).Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics.New York, New York:Harry N. Abrams.p. 139.ISBN9780810938212.
  29. ^DeFalco, Tom (August 2002). "Memories of Brother John".Comic Book Artist(21). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 34-B (caption).
  30. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 133: "Created by editor Stan Lee and artist John Buscema, Mephisto hated the Surfer the moment he became aware of him."
  31. ^Sanderson, Peter"1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 145
  32. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 146: "Red Wolf was Marvel's first Native American super hero."
  33. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 148
  34. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 146:Amazing Adventurescontained a series about the genetically enhanced Inhumans and a series about intelligence agent the Black Widow... writer Gary Friedrich and artist John Buscema teamed up for the adventures of the Black Widow, the former Russian spy turned American superhero. "
  35. ^Irving, p. 6B
  36. ^Thomas, "'Big John'", p. 14
  37. ^Thomas, "'Big John'", p. 15
  38. ^Sacks, Jason (September 6, 2010)."Top 10 1970s Marvels".Comics Bulletin.Archived fromthe originalon August 1, 2013.RetrievedAugust 3,2013.
  39. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 176: "Seeking to create a new teenage Marvel super hero in the tradition of Spider-Man, writer Marv Wolfman and artist John Buscema presented Richard Rider, alias Nova."
  40. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 179: "Writer Roy Thomas and artist John Buscema created Marvel's newTarzanseries, based on author Edgar Rice Burroughs' character. "
  41. ^Abramowitz, Jack (December 2012). "The Secrets of Oz Revealed".Back Issue!(61). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 29–32.
  42. ^McAvennie, Michael (2010). "1970s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.).DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle.London, UK:Dorling Kindersley.p. 165.ISBN978-0-7566-6742-9.The Yellow Brick Road from Munchkin Land to the Emerald City was also wide enough to accommodate DC and Marvel as they produced their first-ever joint publication... Roy Thomas scripted a faithful, seventy-two page adaptation of Dorothy Gale's adventure, while John Buscema's artwork depicted the landscape of Oz in lavish detail.
  43. ^Bails, Jerry;Ware, Hames."Buscema, John".Who's Who in American Comic Books 1929–1999.BailsProjects.Archivedfrom the original on July 27, 2011.
  44. ^"Quartuccio, Sal".East Lansing, Michigan:Michigan State University Libraries,Special Collections Division, Reading Room Index to the Comic Art Collection: "Qualities" to "Quartz".Archivedfrom the original on August 13, 2011.RetrievedAugust 23,2011.
  45. ^Maillot, Michael."The John Buscema Checklist".Mike.Jersey.free.fr (fan site).Archivedfrom the original on July 20, 2011.
  46. ^"Cables of Champions",Champions#10 (Marvel Comics, Jan. 1977).
  47. ^abBoatz, Darrel L. (November 1988). "John Buscema".Comics Interview.No. 62.Fictioneer Books.p. 25.
  48. ^Spurlock, pp. 19–20
  49. ^DeFalco "1980s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 197: "With the help of artist John Buscema, [Stan] Lee created Jennifer Walters, the cousin of Bruce Banner."
  50. ^Manning, Matthew K. "1980s" in Dolan, p. 194: "In an oversized treasury edition carrying a hefty $2.50 price tag, the Man of Steel paired for the second time with Marvel's iconic web-slinger... The issue came together thanks to the script of writer Jim Shooter, a bit of plotting assistance by Marv Wolfman, the pencils of longtime Marvel luminary John Buscema, and a veritable fleet of inkers."
  51. ^Greenberg, Glenn (December 2012). "Tabloid Team-Ups The Giant-Size DC-Marvel Crossovers".Back Issue!(61). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 33–40.
  52. ^Lee, Stan;Buscema, John (1988).Silver Surfer: Judgement Day.Marvel Comics. p. 64.ISBN978-0871354273.
  53. ^Sienkiewicz, Bill;et al. (August 2002). "Remembering Buscema: Over 25 of the Master's Peers Reminisce about John and his Art".Comic Book Artist(21). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 22B.
  54. ^Thomas, "'Big John'", pp. 16–17
  55. ^Conan the Rogueat the Grand Comics Database
  56. ^abcNash, Eric (January 28, 2002)."John Buscema, 74, Who Drew Classic Comic Book Characters".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 11, 2012.
  57. ^abGravett, Paul (April 16, 2002)."John Buscema Illustrator whose pen made superheroes masters of the universe".The Guardian.London, UK.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2010.
  58. ^abDavid, Peter(2002). "Big Bad John".Comics Buyer's Guide.Reprinted inDavid, Peter (2009).More Digressions: A New Collection of "But I Digress" Columns.Des Moines, Iowa:Mad Norwegian Press.
  59. ^Sal Buscema quoted in DeFalco, "Memories", p. 35-B
  60. ^The Art of Stephanie Buscema(official site).WebCite archive.
  61. ^"1968 Alley Awards".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived fromthe originalon October 24, 2013.
  62. ^"1969 Alley Awards".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac.Archivedfrom the original on October 24, 2013.
  63. ^"1974 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac.Archivedfrom the original on December 12, 2013.
  64. ^"Eagle Awards Previous Winners 1977".Eagle Awards.2013. Archived fromthe originalon October 23, 2013.RetrievedNovember 3,2013.
  65. ^"Inkpot Award Winners".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac.Archivedfrom the original on July 9, 2012.
  66. ^"1997 Haxtur Awards".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac.Archivedfrom the original on December 29, 2013.
  67. ^"Will Eisner Hall of Fame".The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards.2014.Archivedfrom the original on February 21, 2014.
  68. ^"2002 Haxtur Awards".Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac.Archivedfrom the original on December 29, 2013.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Comic Book Artist#21 (Aug. 2002): "Remembering John Buscema: A CBA Tribute", pp. 3B-39B
  • Big John Buscema,Palma de Mallorca: Ajuntament de Palma, 2009.ISBN978-84-87159-38-1
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Audio/video

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