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John C. Slater

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For other people named John Slater, seeJohn Slater (disambiguation).
John C. Slater
Slater in 1952
Born
John Clarke Slater

(1900-12-22)December 22, 1900
Oak Park, Illinois,U.S.
DiedJuly 25, 1976(1976-07-25)(aged 75)
Sanibel Island, Florida,U.S.
Alma mater
Known for
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Institutions
ThesisThe Compressibility of the Alkali-Halides(1923)
Doctoral advisorPercy Williams Bridgman
Doctoral students

John Clarke Slater(December 22, 1900 – July 25, 1976) was an Americanphysicistwho advanced the theory of the electronic structure of atoms, molecules and solids.[1][2][3]He also made major contributions to microwave electronics.[1]He received a B.S. in physics from theUniversity of Rochesterin 1920 and a Ph.D. in physics fromHarvardin 1923, then did post-doctoral work at the universities ofCambridge(briefly) andCopenhagen.On his return to the U.S. he joined the physics department at Harvard.

In 1930,Karl Compton,the president ofMIT,appointed Slater as chairman of MIT's department of physics. He recast the undergraduate physics curriculum, wrote 14 books between 1933 and 1968, and built a department of international prestige. During World War II, his work on microwave transmission, done partly at theBell Laboratoriesand in association with the MITRadiation Laboratory,was significant in the development ofradar.

In 1950, Slater founded the Solid State and Molecular Theory Group (SSMTG) within the physics department. The following year, he resigned the chairmanship of the department and spent a year at theBrookhaven National Laboratoryof the Atomic Energy Commission. He was appointedInstitute Professor of Physicsand continued to direct work in the SSMTG until he retired from MIT in 1965, at the mandatory retirement age of 65.

He then joined the Quantum Theory Project of the University of Florida as research professor, where the retirement age allowed him to work for another five years. The SSMTG has been regarded[1]as the precursor of the MIT Center for Materials Science and Engineering (CMSE).[4]His scientific autobiography[5]and three interviews[6][7]present his views on research, education and the role of science in society.

Slater was nominated for theNobel Prize,in both physics and chemistry, multiple times,[8]and he received theNational Medal of Sciencein 1970. In 1964, Slater and his then-92-year-old father, who had headed the Department of English at the University of Rochester many years earlier, were awarded honorary degrees by that university. Slater's name is part of the termsBohr-Kramers-Slater theory,Slater determinantandSlater orbital.

Early life and education[edit]

Slater's father, born in Virginia, who had been an undergraduate at Harvard, became head of the English Department at the University of Rochester, which would also be Slater's undergraduate alma mater. Slater's youthful interests were with things mechanical, chemical, and electrical. When Slater entered the University of Rochester in 1917 he took physics courses and as a senior assisted in the physics laboratory and did his first independent research for a special honors thesis, a measurement of the dependence on pressure of the intensities of the Balmer lines of hydrogen.

He was accepted into Harvard graduate school, with the choice of a fellowship or assistantship. He chose the assistantship, during which he worked forPercy W. Bridgman.He followed Bridgman's courses in fundamental physics and was introduced into the then-new quantum physics with the courses of E. C. Kemble. He completed the work for the Ph.D. in three years by publishing his (1924) paperCompressibility of the Alkali Halides,which embodied the thesis work he had done under Bridgman. His heart was in theory, and his first publication was not his doctor's thesis, but a note (1924) toNatureonRadiation and Atoms.[9]

After receiving his Ph.D., Slater held a Hamard Sheldon Fellowship for study in Europe. He spent a period in Cambridge, England, before going to Copenhagen. He did not have a happy time working with Bohr who he found domineering and regretted that his name was attached to the ill-fatedBohr-Kramers-Slater (BKS) theory.Slater already had the idea that it was the photon that carried radiation energy. As he relates:

Bohr was very nice, he invited me to Christmas dinner, I told him about my [photon] ideas, he felt these were fine, “But, you see, they’re much too definite." Now we cannot have this exact conservation. We must not think too specifically about the photons. We don’t have photons like that.” In other words, he wanted to make the whole thing just as vague as he could. Kramers was always Bohr‘s “yes-man” and wanted to do exactly the same thing. He said “This is a fine idea, if we will modify it in such and such ways.” That was the last I saw of it. Bohr and Kramers wrote the paper, they invited me to sign it, the letter to Nature was the first paragraph out of the paper, they invited me to sign it, take it or leave it. This was my experience with Mr. Bohr and Mr. Kramers. Since then, it has developed in a very interesting way, namely, that I was right and they were wrong. They didn’t realize this until Mr. Bothe came along with his experiment showing that the photons were really there. So I completely failed to make connection with Bohr. I could have made connections with Kramers if it hadn’t been for Bohr, but Kramers was completely playing Bohr’s game.

— John C. Slater as related to Thomas Kuhn,[10]

On the plus side, Slater's name was now well known by association with Bohr. On returning to America, Slater joined the Harvard Physics Department.

Professional career[edit]

Chairing the Department of Physics at MIT[edit]

When he became president of MIT,Karl Compton"courted" Slater to chair the physics department.[11]"Administration (of the Department) took up a good deal of time, more time than he (Slater) would have preferred. John was a good chairman."[1]The following items from the successive issues of the annual MITPresident's Report[12]trace the growth and visibility of the Department under Slater's leadership, before World War II, and the ability of the department to contribute to defense during the war. The first two quotations are from chapters written by Compton in the successive reports. The other quotations come from the sections about the department, that Slater wrote. These include statements affecting policies in physics education and research at large, and show his deep commitment to both.

  • 1930: "The selection of Dr. John C. Slater as head of the (Physics) Department will strengthen... undergraduate and graduate work... the limitation of space has retarded the development of graduate work... the total number of undergraduates being 53 and... graduate students 16." (p. 21)
  • 1931: "This has been the first year of the Department in charge of its new Head, Professor John C. Slater... the subjects actively (researched include)Spectroscopy,Applied Optics,Discharge of Electricity in Gases,Magneto-Optical Phenomena,Studies ofDielectrics,and various aspects of modern and classical theoretical physics. "(p. 42)
  • 1932: In the list of papers published by MIT faculty, items 293 to 340 are listed under Department of Physics. (p. 206-208)
  • 1933: "The George Eastman Research Laboratory, into which the Department moved at the beginning of the year, provides for the first time a suitable home for research in Physics at the Institute".[13]Slater states that outside recognition is shown by holders of six National, an International, and a Rockefeller Research Fellowship choosing to come to the department. Slater describes the dedication of the Laboratory, the hosting of meetings of the International Astronomical Union, the American Physical Society, and a Spectroscopic conference, and ends: "In general the year has been one of settling down to work under satisfactory conditions, after the more difficult transition of the preceding year." (p. 96-98)
  • 1934: "A number of advances in undergraduate teaching have been made or planned." Among the "most conspicuous events" in the department, "we acted as host" to meetings of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, and a national Spectroscopic Conference, where "the main topic was relation to biology and related fields." Advances in research have been "taking advantage of the unusual facilities" in the department, and include the work of Warren on structure of liquids, Mueller on dielectric properties,Stockbargeron crystal physics,Harrisonon automating spectroscopic measurement, Wulff on hyperfine structure, Boyce on spectra of nebulae,Van der Graaffon high voltage and nuclear research, andStrattonandMorseon ellipsoidal wave functions. (p. 104-106)
  • 1935: Considerable attention is given to major improvements in undergraduate teaching. The extensive comments on research mention the arrival of Robley Evans[14]and his work on a field new to the department—radioactivity, with special attention tonuclear medicine.(p. 102-103)
  • 1936: "The most important development of the year in the Department has been the growing recognition of the significance of applied physics. There has been a tendency in the past among physicists to take interest only in the direct line of development of their science, and to neglect its applications." Slater develops this theme at length, and describes actions within the undergraduate, graduate and faculty work of the department and at the national level to developApplied Physics.The description of the flourishing basic research refers to ten different areas, including the upsurge in work on radioactivity. (p. 131-134).
  • 1937 to 1941: These continue in the same vein. But world affairs begin to impact. The 1941 report ends: "The X-ray branch had as a guest Professor Rose C. L. Mooney of Newcomb College, who was prevented by the war from carrying on research in Europe under a Guggenheim Fellowship... As the year ends, the National Defense effort is beginning to claim the services of a number of staff members. Presumably the coming year will see a large intensification of the effort, though it is hoped that the interference with the regular research and teaching will not be too severe." (p. 129)
  • 1942: This told a very different story. The defense effort had begun to "involve a considerable number of personnel, as well as a good deal of administrative work. With the opening of the Radiation Laboratory of the National Defense Research Committee at the Institute, a number of members of the Department's staff have become associated with that laboratory" followed by a list of over 10 senior faculty who had, and several more gone to other defense projects. (p. 110-111)
  • 1943 to 1945: Slater took leave of absence as chair, to work on topics of importance in radar. TheAmerican Mathematical Societyselected him as the Josiah Willards Gibbs lecturer for 1945.[15][16]
  • 1946: Slater had returned as chair. He starts his report: "The year of reconversion from war to peace has been one of the very greatest activity.... Physics during the war achieved an importance which has probably never before been attained by any other science. The Institute, as the leading technical institution of the country and probably the world, should properly have a physics department unequaled anywhere." He lists plans to meet this objective, that proliferate his administrative responsibilities. (p. 133-143)
Setting up interdepartmental laboratories, by restructuring existing laboratories using, as a model, the conversion of theRadiation Laboratoryinto the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) byJulius StrattonandAlbert Hill.
Financing student assistantships and helping shape the role of government financing on an unprecedented scale.
Overseeing Robley Evans' Radioactivity Center (containing a cyclotron) and Van de Graaff's High Voltage Laboratory.
Recruiting physicists familiar with theManhattan projectto build the Laboratory for Nuclear Science and Engineering.[17]This was directed byJerrold Zacharias.Its first members includedBruno RossiandVictor Weisskopf.
Setting up the Acoustics Laboratory, directed byRichard Bolt,and the Spectroscopy Laboratory directed by the chemistRichard Lord.
  • 1947: With the hiring of staff and building of laboratories well in hand, Slater begins: "The year in the Physics Department, as in the rest of the Institute, was one of starting the large-scale teaching of returned veterans and other students whose academic careers had been interrupted by the war." He goes on to discuss the needs of students, in the entire Institute, for Physics courses and laboratories, with particular mention of the upsurge in electronics and nuclear science, and he reports briefly on the developments following from his previous report. (p. 139-141)
  • 1948: Slater begins "The current year is the first since the war in which the department has approached normal operation. No new major projects or changes of policy have been introduced." But the department that he has built is vastly different from what it was when he started. Sixteen master's degrees and 47 doctor's degrees were granted. Twenty-five Ph.D. recipients got academic appointments in MIT and other universities. Research flourished, and many scientists visited from European universities and elsewhere in the U.S. (p. 141-143)
  • 1949: The new-styled 'normalcy' continued. "The approach to a steady postwar state continued with few unusual occurrences." The graduate curriculum has been revised and cryogenics enhanced. The continued growth of staff, research grants, industrial contacts and volume of publication are treated as matters of continuity, recognizing at the end, that: "The administrative load of the department has grown so much (it became) wise to appoint an executive officer". Nathaniel Frank,[18]who had worked with John Slater for nearly two decades accepted the post. (p. 149-153)
  • 1950: The future of the department had been set. There were "few unexpected changes". And with the continued growth, "almost every research project in the Department has concerned itself with undergraduate research". (p. 189-191)
  • 1951:Jay Strattonwrites "Professor John C. Slater resigned as Head of the Department of Physics and has been appointed Harry B. Higgins Professor of the Solid State, the first appointment which will carry the titleInstitute Professor.Professor Slater has been granted a leave of absence for the coming year to carry on research at Brookhaven National Laboratory. "(p. 30)

Throughout his Chairmanship, Slater taught, wrote books, produced ideas of major scientific importance, and interacted with colleagues throughout the local, national and international scientific communities. At the personal level, Morse states: "Through most of (the 1930s) he looked more like an undergraduate than a department head... he could render his guests weak with laughter simply by counting... in Danish."[1]Much later, S.B. Trickey wrote "While I got to know him reasonably well, I was never able to call J.C. Slater by his given name. His seeming aloofness turned out more to be shyness."[19]

Research[edit]

Atoms, molecules and solids: research preceding World War II[edit]

Returning in time to 1920, Slater had gone to Harvard to work for a Ph.D. withPercy Bridgman,who studied the behaviour of substances under very high pressures. Slater measured the compressibility of common salt and ten other alkali halides—compounds of lithium, sodium, potassium and rubidium, with fluorine, chlorine and bromine. He described the results as "exactly in accord with Bohr's recent views of the relation between electron structure and the periodic table". This brought Slater's observation concerning the mechanical properties of ionic crystals into line with the theory that Bohr had based on the spectroscopy of gaseous elements. He wrote the alkali halide paper in 1923, having "by the summer of 1922" been "thoroughly indoctrinated... with quantum theory", in part by the courses ofEdwin Kemblefollowing a fascination with Bohr's work during his undergraduate days.[20]In 1924, Slater went to Europe on a Harvard Sheldon Fellowship.[21]After a brief stay at theUniversity of Cambridge,he went on to theUniversity of Copenhagen,where "he explained toBohrandKramershis idea (that was) a sort of forerunner of theduality principle,(hence) the celebrated paper "on the work that others dubbed theBohr-Kramers-Slater (BKS) theory."Slater suddenly became an internationally known name.".[20]Interest in this "old-quantum-theory" paper subsided with the arrival of full quantum mechanics, but Philp M. Morse's biography states that "in recent years it has been recognized that the correct ideas in the article are those of Slater."[9]Slater discusses his early life through the trip to Europe in a transcribed interview.[6]

Slater joined the Harvard faculty on his return from Europe in 1925, then moved to MIT in 1930. His research papers covered many topics. A year by year selection, up to his switch to work relating to radar includes:

In his memoir,[1]Morse wrote "In addition to other notable papers... on...Hartree's self-consistent field,[28]the quantum mechanical derivation of theRydberg constant,[29]and the best values ofatomic shielding constants,[31]he wrote a seminal paper on directing valency[32]"(what became known, later, aslinear combination of atomic orbitals). In further comments,[20]John Van Vleckpays particular attention to (1) the 1925 study of the spectra of hydrogen and ionized helium,[25]that J.V.V. considers one sentence short of proposing electron spin (which would have led to sharing a Nobel prize), and (2) what J.V.V. regards as Slater's greatest paper, that introduced the mathematical object now called theSlater determinant.[30]"These were some of the achievements (that led to his) election to the National Academy... at... thirty-one. He played a key role in lifting American theoretical physics to high international standing."[20]Slater's doctoral students, during this time, includedNathan RosenPh.D. in 1932 for a theoretical study of the hydrogen molecule, andWilliam ShockleyPh.D. 1936 for an energy band structure of sodium chloride, who later received a Nobel Prize for the discovery of the transistor.

Research during the war and the return to peace time activities[edit]

Slater, in his experimental and theoretical work on themagnetron(key elements paralleled his prior work withself-consistent fieldsfor atoms[1]) and on other topics at the Radiation Laboratory and at the Bell Laboratories did "more than any other person to provide the understanding requisite to progress in the microwave field", in the words of Mervin Kelley, then head of Bell Labs, quoted by Morse.[1]

Slater' publications during the war and the post-war recovery include a book and papers onmicrowave transmissionand microwave electronics,[48][49]linear accelerators,[50]cryogenics,[51]and, withFrancis Bitterand several other colleagues,superconductors,[52]These publications credit the many other scientists, mathematicians and engineers who participated. Among these, George H. Vineyard received his Ph.D. with Slater in 1943 for a study of space charge in the cavity magnetron. Later, he became director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory and President of the American Physical Society.[53]The work of the Radiation Laboratory paralleled research at theTelecommunications Research Establishmentin England and the groups maintained a productive liaison.[48]

The Solid State and Molecular Theory Group[edit]

Activities[edit]

In the words of Robert Nesbet: "Slater founded the SSMTG with the idea of bringing together a younger generation of students and PostDocs with a common interest in the electronic structure and properties of atoms, molecules and solids. This was in part to serve as a balance for electronic physics to survive the overwhelming growth of nuclear physics following the war".[54]

George F. Kostersoon completed his Ph.D., joined the faculty, and became the senior member of the group. He wrote "During the fifteen-year life of the group some sixty persons were members and thirty-four took doctoral degrees with theses connected with its work. In my report I have been unable to separate the work of Slater from that of the group as a whole. He was part of every aspect of the group's research efforts."[55]

Nesbet continued "Every morning in SSMTG began with a coffee session, chaired by Professor Slater, with the junior members seated around a long table... Every member of the group was expected to contribute a summary of his own work and ideas to the Quarterly Progress Report".[54]The SMMTG QPRs had a wide distribution to university and industrial research libraries, and to individual laboratories. They were quoted widely for scientific and biographical content, in journal articles and government reports and libraries are starting to put them online.[56]

To begin the work of the group, Slater "distilled his experience with theHartree self-consistent fieldmethod "into (1) a simplification that became known as the Xα method,[57]and (2) a relationship between a feature of this method and a magnetic property of the system.[58]These required computations that were excessive for "pencil and paper" work. Slater was quick to avail the SSMTG of the electronic computers that were being developed. An early paper on augmented plane waves[59]used an IBM card programmed calculator. TheWhirlwindwas used heavily, then the IBM 704 in theMIT Computation Centerand then the IBM 709 in the Cooperative Computing Laboratory (see below).

Solid state work progressed more rapidly at first in the SSMTG, with contributions over the first few years by George F. Koster, John Wood, Arthur Freeman and Leonard Mattheis. Molecular and atomic calculations also flourished in the hands ofFernando J. Corbató,Lee Allen and Alvin Meckler. This initial work followed lines largely set by Slater. Michael Barnett came in 1958. He and John Wood were given faculty appointments. Robert Nesbet, Brian Sutcliffe, Malcolm Harrison and Levente Szasz brought in a variety of further approaches to molecular and atomic problems. Jens Dahl, Alfred Switendick, Jules Moskowitz,Donald MerrifieldandRussell Pitzerdid further work on molecules, and Fred Quelle on solids.

Slater rarely included his name on the papers of SSMTG members who worked with him. Major pieces of work which he did coauthor dealt with applications of (1) group theory in band structure calculations[60]and (2) equivalent features oflinear combination of atomic orbital (LCAO),tight bindingandBloch electronapproximations, to interpolate results for the energy levels of solids, obtained by more accurate methods,[61]

People[edit]

A partial list of members of the SSMTG (Ph.D. students, post-doctoral members, research staff and faculty, in some cases successively, labeled †, ‡, ৳, ¶), together with references that report their SSMTG and later activities, follows.

  • Leland C. Allen†‡,ab initiomolecular calculations,electronegativity,Professor of Chemistry Emeritus, Princeton University (2011).[62]
  • Michael P Barnett৳¶, molecular integrals, software,phototypesetting,cognition,[63]later in industry, Columbia U. and CUNY.
  • Louis Burnelle‡, molecular calculations, later professor of chemistry, New York University.[64]
  • Earl Callen †
  • Fernando J. Corbató†, began the molecular calculations in the SSMTG; later a pioneer oftime-sharingand recipient of theTuring Award.
  • George Coulouris৳, worked with MPB, later professor of computer science atQueen Mary Collegeof the University of London.
  • Imre Csizmadia ‡, molecular calculations (LiH), later Professor of Chemistry, U. Toronto,ab initiocalculations, drug design.[65]
  • Jens Dahl ‡, molecular calculations, later professor of chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, wrote quantum chemistry text.[66]
  • Donald E. Ellis ৳†, molecular calculations, later Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Northwestern University, "real" materials.[67]
  • Arthur Freeman †‡, orthogonalized plane wave calculations, later professor of physics and astronomy at Northwestern University[68]
  • Robert P. Futrelle ৳, programming methods,[63]later Professor of Computer and Information Science at Northeastern University.[69]
  • Leon Gunther †‡ lattice vibrations in alkali halides, later Professor of Physics at Tufts University, focus on condensed matter theory in many areas, including superconductivity and seminal papers on nanoscopic physics & quantum tunneling of magnetization.[70]
  • Malcolm Harrison ‡, (died 2007) co-developer ofPOLYATOM,later professor of computer science, New York University.[71]
  • Frank Herman, band structure calculations, went into RCA then IBM Research Laboratories, wrote and edited major surveys.[72]
  • David Howarth ‡, solid state, later professor of computer science,Imperial College,University of London.[73]
  • John Iliffe৳, computer scientist.[74]
  • San-Ichiro Ishigura ‡, later Professor, Ochinamizu University
  • Arnold Karo ‡, electronic structure of small molecules, later at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
  • C.W. Kern ‡, molecular calculations, later Professor of Chemistry, Ohio State U., published extensively.
  • Ryoichi Kikuchi ‡
  • Walter H. Kleiner, solid state physics, continued at Lincoln Laboratory.
  • George F. Koster †¶, became Chairman of the Physics Graduate Committee at MIT and wrote two books on solid state physics.[75]
  • Leonard F. Mattheiss †, augmented plane wave calculations, later at Bell Labs, published about 100 papers.[76]
  • Roy McWeeny‡, valence theory, later held chairs at several British Universities and, since 1982, at theUniversity of Pisa,Italy.
  • Alvin Meckler, first major molecular calculation on Whirlwind (oxygen), later National Security Agency,[77]
  • Donald Merrifield†, molecular calculations (methane), later President of Loyola University, Los Angeles.
  • Jules Moskowitz ‡, molecular calculations (benzene), later chairman, Department of Chemistry, NYU, published 100 papers.
  • Robert K. Nesbet ‡, molecular calculations, later at IBM Almaden Research Laboratories, published over 200 papers.
  • Robert H. Parmenter, later professor of physics, U. Arizona, crystal properties and superconductivity.
  • Russell M. Pitzer‡, molecular calculations (ethane), later Chairman of Chemistry Department, Ohio State U, over 100 papers.
  • George W. Pratt Jr. †‡later Professor of Electrical Engineering and CMSE, MIT, solid state electronics.
  • F.W. Quelle Jr. augmented plane waves, later laser optics.[78]
  • Melvin M. Saffren †
  • Robert Schriefferwrote Bachelor's thesis on multiplets in heavy atoms, later shared Nobel Prize forBCS theoryof superconductivity.
  • Edward Schultz
  • Harold Schweinler
  • Hermann Statz ‡, ferromagnetism, later director of research at Raytheon and recipient of 2004 IEEE Microwave Pioneer Award,[79]
  • Levente Szasz, atomic structure, became professor of physics at Fordham University, published two books,[80]
  • Brian T. Sutcliffe ‡, co-developer ofPOLYATOM,later professor of chemistry, University of York.[81]
  • Richard E. Watson ‡៛, electronic properties of metal atoms, later at Brookhaven, published over 200 papers.
  • E.B. White †
  • John Wood †¶, augmented plane waves using Hartree–Fock methods, at Los Alamos National Laboratory (died 1986), published extensively.[82]

Distinguished visitors includedFrank Boys,Alex Dalgarno,Ugo Fano,Anders Fröman,Inga Fischer-Hjalmars,Douglas Hartree,Werner Heisenberg,Per-Olov Löwdin,Chaim Pekeris,Ivar WallerandPeter Wohlfarth.

Slater's further activities at MIT during this time[edit]

In the 1962 President's Report, Jay Stratton wrote (on p. 17) "A faculty committee under the chairmanship of Professor John C. Slater has taken primary responsibility for planning the facilities in the new Center for Materials. These include a new Cooperative Computing Laboratory completed this year and equipped with an I.B.M. 709 Computer".[12]

The nameCenter for Materials Science and Engineering(CMSE) was adopted soon afterward. It embodied the ethos of interdepartmental research and teaching that Slater had espoused throughout his career.[5]The first director was R.A. Smith, previously head of the physics division of theRoyal Radar Establishmentin England. He, Slater andCharles Townes,the provost, had been in close acquaintance since the early years of World War II, working on overlapping topics.[83]

The center was set up, in accordance with Slater's plans. It "supported research and teaching in Metallurgy and Materials Science, Electrical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering",[83]and preserved MIT as a focus for work in solid state physics. By 1967, two years after Slater left, the MIT Physics Department "had a very, very small commitment to condensed matter physics" because it was so "heavily into high energy physics."[84]But in the same year, the CMSE staff included 55 professors and 179 graduate students.[83]The Center continues to flourish in the 21st century.[4]

The Cooperative Computing Laboratory (CCL) was used, in its first year by some 400 faculty, students and staff. These included (1) members of the SSMTG and the CCL running quantum mechanical calculations andnon-numeric applications[63]directed by Slater, Koster, Wood and Barnett, (2) the computer-aided design team ofRoss,Coonsand Mann, (3) members of the Laboratory for Nuclear Science, (4)Charneyand Phillips in theoretical meteorology, and (5) Simpson and Madden in geophysics (from 1964 President's report, p. 336-337).[12]

Personal life and death[edit]

In 1926, he had married Helen Frankenfeld. Their three children (Louise Chapin, John Frederick, and Clarke Rothwell) all followed academic careers. Slater was divorced and in 1954 he marriedRose Mooney,a physicist and crystallographer, who moved to Florida with him in 1965.[1][9]

At the University of Florida (Gainesville) where the retirement age was 70, Slater was able to enjoy another five years of active research and publication as a research professor in the Quantum Theory Project (QTP). In 1975, in his scientific autobiography, he wrote: "The Florida Physics Department was a congenial one, with main emphasis on solid state physics, statistical physics and related fields. It reminded me of the MIT department in the days when I had been department head there. It was a far cry from the MIT Physics Department which I was leaving; by then it had been literally captured by the nuclear theorists."[5]Slater published to the end of his life: his final journal paper, published with John Connolly in 1976, was on a novel approach to molecular orbital theory.[85]

Slater died inSanibel Island, Floridain 1976.

As an educator and advisor[edit]

Slater's concern for others is illustrated by a dialog thatRichard Feynmanrelates. It took place at the end of Feynman's undergraduate days at MIT, when he wanted to stay on to do a Ph.D.[86]"When I went to Professor Slater and told him of my intentions he said: 'We will not have you here'. I said 'What?' Slater said 'Why do you think you should go to graduate school at MIT?' 'Because it is the best school for science in the country'... 'That is why you should go to some other school. You should find out how the rest of the world is.' So I went to Princeton.... Slater was right. And I often advise my students the same way. Learn what the rest of the world is like. The variety is worthwhile."

Summary[edit]

From the memoir by Philip Morse: "He contributed significantly to the start of the quantum revolution in physics; he was one of the very few American-trained physicists to do so. He was exceptional in that he persisted in exploring atomic, molecular and solid state physics, while many of his peers were coerced by war, or tempted by novelty, to divert to nuclear mysteries."[1]

To paraphrase John Connolly,[87]it can be said that the contributions of John C. Slater and his students in the SSMTG and the Quantum Theory Project laid the foundations of thedensity functional theoryapproximation in quantum theory.

Slater's papers were bequeathed to theAmerican Philosophical Societyby his widow, Rose Mooney Slater, in 1980 and 1982.[88]In August 2003, Alfred Switendick donated a collection ofQuarterly Reports of the MIT Solid State and Molecular Theory Group (SSMTG),dating from 1951 to 1965.

Awards and honors[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Slater, J. C.; N. H. Frank (1933).Introduction to Theoretical Physics.New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN978-0-07-058090-9.
  • Slater, J. C.; N. H. Frank (1947).Mechanics.New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN978-0-313-24064-5.
  • Slater, J. C.; N. H. Frank (1947).Electromagnetism.New York: McGraw-Hill.[94]
  • Slater, J. C. (1950).Microwave Electronics.New York: Van Nostrand.
  • Slater, J. C. (1955).Modern Physics.New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Slater, J. C. (1939).Introduction to Chemical Physics.New York: Dover.ISBN978-0-486-62562-1.
  • Slater, J. C. (1959).Microwave Transmission.New York: Dover.
  • Slater, J. C. (1960).Quantum Theory of Atomic Structure.New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Slater, J. C. (1968).Quantum Theory of Matter(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN978-0-88275-553-3.
  • Slater, J. C. (1963–74).Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids, Vol. 1: Electronic Structure of Molecules.New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Slater, J. C. (1963–74).Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids, Vol. 2: Symmetry and Energy Bands in Crystals.New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Slater, J. C. (1963–74).Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids, Vol. 3: Insulators, Semiconductors, and Metals.New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Slater, J. C. (1963–74).Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids, Vol. 4: The Self-Consistent Field for Molecules and Solids.New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Slater, J. C. (1975).Solid-State and Molecular Theory: A Scientific Biography.New York: Wiley.ISBN978-0-471-79681-7.
  • Slater, J. C. (1979).The Calculation of Molecular Orbitals.New York: Wiley.ISBN978-0-471-03181-9.

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdefghijPhilip M. Morse,John Clarke Slater (1900–1976): A Biographical Memoir by Philip M. Morse(PDF),retrieved2014-12-12
  2. ^Per-Olav Lowdin (ed.)Quantum Theory of Atoms, Molecules and the Solid State, A Tribute to John C. Slater,Academic Press, N.Y. 1966.
  3. ^Van Vleck, John H.(October 1976)."John C. Slater".Physics Today.29(10): 68–69.Bibcode:1976PhT....29j..68V.doi:10.1063/1.3024428.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-09-27.
  4. ^ab"MIT Center for Materials Science and Engineering".Mit.edu. 2011-03-10.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  5. ^abcSlater, J. C. (1975).Solid-State and Molecular Theory: A Scientific Biography.New York: Wiley.ISBN978-0-471-79681-7.
  6. ^ab"Oral history interview transcript with John C. Slater 3 October 1963, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives".American Institute of Physics.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-06-04.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  7. ^Oral History Transcript - Dr. John C. Slater,interviewed by Charles Weiner, Niels Bohr Center and Archives for the History of Physics. Session I, Gainesville, February 23, 1970.ArchivedJune 28, 2011, at theWayback Machine,Session II, MIT, August 7, 1970.ArchivedJune 28, 2011, at theWayback Machine
  8. ^"John Clarks Slater".NobelPrize.org.2020-04-01.Retrieved2022-04-05.
  9. ^abc"Biographical Memoirs Home"(PDF).Nap.edu.Retrieved2015-12-24.
  10. ^[1]"Interview of John Clarke Slater by Thomas S. Kuhn and John H. Van Vleck on 1963 October 3"
  11. ^"The History of the MIT Department of Physics,MIT Department of Physics web site ".Web.mit.edu. 2003-05-23.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  12. ^abcPresident's Report,Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bulletin, volume 622, number 1, 1930Archived2012-11-14 at theWayback Machine,1931Archived2013-02-16 at theWayback Machine,1932Archived2016-03-05 at theWayback Machine,1933Archived2012-11-14 at theWayback Machine,1934Archived2017-07-06 at theWayback Machine,1935Archived2012-11-13 at theWayback Machine,1936Archived2016-03-05 at theWayback Machine,1937Archived2012-11-15 at theWayback Machine,1938Archived2016-03-05 at theWayback Machine,1939Archived2013-02-16 at theWayback Machine,1940Archived2016-03-05 at theWayback Machine,1941Archived2018-07-21 at theWayback Machine,1942Archived2016-03-05 at theWayback Machine,1943Archived2012-11-16 at theWayback Machine,1946Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine,1947Archived2016-03-03 at theWayback Machine,1948Archived2016-03-03 at theWayback Machine,1949Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine,1950Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine,1951Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine,1952Archived2012-11-13 at theWayback Machine,1962Archived2016-03-03 at theWayback Machine,1963Archived2016-03-05 at theWayback Machine,1964Archived2012-11-13 at theWayback Machine
  13. ^"Program for Dedication of George Eastman Research Laboratories".Chem. Eng. News.11(8): 130. 1933.doi:10.1021/cen-v011n008.p130(inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  14. ^",Prof. Robley D. Evans of MIT Dies at 88,MIT News, Jan, 24, 1996 ".Mit.edu. 1996-01-04.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  15. ^Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectures
  16. ^Slater, J. C. (1946)."Physics and the wave equation (Part 1)"(PDF).Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.52(5): 392–400.doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1946-08558-4.MR0015639.
  17. ^"MIT Laboratory for Nuclear Science".Web.mit.edu.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  18. ^AP (1984-02-25)."Nathaniel H. Frank, 80, Dies; Led Physics Dept. At M.I.T.,New York Times, Feb. 25, 1984 ".The New York Times.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  19. ^Trickey,Of science and scientists in QTP,Molecular Physics, 108 (21-23) 2841-2845, 2010.
  20. ^abcdJ.H. Van Vleck,Remarks, Slater Memorial Session,American Physical Society, Chicago, 7 February 1977, quoted in Morse'sBiographical Memoir.
  21. ^"Harvard University Committee on General Scholarships | Traveling Fellowships".Scholarship.harvard.edu. Archived fromthe originalon 2015-11-23.Retrieved2015-12-24.
  22. ^J.C. Slater,Compressibility of the alkali halides,Physical Review, 23, 488-500, 1924.
  23. ^N. Bohr, H.A. Kramers and J.C. Slater,The quantum theory of radiation,Philosophical Magazine, 47, 785-802, 1924.
  24. ^J.C. Slater and G.R. Harrison,Line breadths and absorption probabilities in sodium vapor,Physical Review, 26, 419-430, 1925.
  25. ^abJ.C. Slater,Interpretation of the hydrogen and helium spectra,Proceedings of the National Academy, 11, 732-738, 1925.
  26. ^J.C. Slater,Spinning electrons and the structure of spectra,Nature, 117, 278, 1926.
  27. ^J.C. Slater,Radiation and absorption on Schrödinger's theory,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 13, 7-12, 1927.
  28. ^abJ.C. Slater,The self-consistent field and the structure of atoms,Physical Review, 32, 339-348, 1928;
  29. ^abJ.C. SlaterCentral fields and the Rydberg formula in wave mechaincs,Physical Review, 31, 333-343, 1928.
  30. ^abJ.C. Slater,The theory of complex spectra,Physical Review, 34, 1293-1323, 1929.
  31. ^abJ.C. Slater,Atomic shielding constants,Physical Review, 36, 57-64, 1930.
  32. ^abJ.C. Slater,Directed valence in polyatomic molecules,Physical Review, 37, 481-489, 1931.
  33. ^J.C. Slater and J.G. Kirkwood,Van der Waals forces in gases,Physical Review, 38, 237-242, 1931.
  34. ^J.C. Slater,Analytic atomic wave functions,Physical Review, 42, 33-43, 1932.
  35. ^J.C. Slater,The electron theory of metallic conduction,Science, 77, 595-597, 1933.
  36. ^J.C. Slater,The electronic structure of metals,Reviews of Modern Physics, 6, 209-280, 1934.
  37. ^J.C. Slater and H.M. Krutter, Physical Review, 47, 559-568.
  38. ^J.C. Slater,The ferromagnetism of Ni,Physical Review, 49, 537-545, 1936.
  39. ^E. Rudberg and J.C. Slater,Theory of inelastic scattering from solids,Physical Review, 50, 150-158, 1936.
  40. ^J.C. Slater and W. Shockley,Optical absorption by the alkali halides,Physical Review, 50, 705-719, 1936.
  41. ^J.C. Slater,Wave functions in a periodic potential,Physical Review, 51, 846-851, 1937.
  42. ^J.C. Slater,The nature of the superconducting state,Physical Review, 51, 195-202 and 52, 214-222, 1937.
  43. ^J.C. Slater,Theory of ferromagnetism, lowest energy levels,Physical Review, 52, 198-214, 1937.
  44. ^J.C. Slater,Electrodynamics of ponderable bodies,Journal of the Franklin Institute, 225, 277-287, 1938.
  45. ^J.C. Slater,Note on Gruneisen's constant for the incompressible metals,Physical Review, 57, 744-746, 1940.
  46. ^J.C. Slater,Note on the effect of pressure on the Curie point of iron-nickel alloys,Physical Review, 58, 54-56, 1940.
  47. ^J.C. Slater,Theory of the transition inKH2PO4.Journal of Chemical Physics, 9, 16-33, 1941.
  48. ^abJ.C. Slater,Microwave transmission,McGraw-Hill, New York, 1942; reissued Dover Publications, New York, 1959
  49. ^J.C. Slater,Microwave electronics,Reviews of Modern Physics, 18, 441-512, 1946;Microwave electronics,Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1950.
  50. ^J.C. Slater,The design of linear accelerators,Reviews of Modern Physics, 20, 473-518, 1948.
  51. ^J.C. Slater,The MIT International Conference on the Physics of Very Low Temperatures,Science, 100, 465-467, 1949.
  52. ^J.C. Slater, F. Bitter, J.B. Garrison, J. Halpern, E. Maxwell and C.F. Squire,Superconductivity of lead at 3 cm. wave length,Physical Review, 70, 97-98. 1946; J.C. Slater, E. Maxwell and P.M. Marcus,Surface impedance of normal and superconductors at 24,000 megacycles per second,Physical Review, 76, 1331-1347, 1949.
  53. ^Martin Blume,Maurice Goldhaberand Nicholos P. Samios (1987)."George H. Vineyard".Physics Today.40(10): 146.Bibcode:1987PhT....40j.146B.doi:10.1063/1.2820246.
  54. ^abR.K. Nesbet,John C. Slater and the SSMTG in 1954-1956,Molecular Physics, 108 (21-23) 2867-2869, 2010.
  55. ^G. Koster, remarks, Slater Memorial Session, American Physical Society, Chicago, 7 February 1977.
  56. ^(i)D. D. Koellig (1991)."F-Electron systems: pushing band theory".Physica B.172(1–2): 117–123.Bibcode:1991PhyB..172..117K.doi:10.1016/0921-4526(91)90423-C.,quotes Slater's biographical comments in QPR 61, 1956 about A. J. Freeman; (ii)T.L. Loucks (1965). "Relativistic electronic structure in crystals. I. Theory]".Physical Review A.139(4): A1333–A1337.Bibcode:1965PhRv..139.1333L.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.139.A1333.,refers to P.M. Scop, QPR 54, 1964; (iii)Brown, Robert G.; Ciftan, Mikael (1984). "A generalized non-muffin-tin theory of band structure".International Journal of Quantum Chemistry.26:87–104.doi:10.1002/qua.560260813.S2CID94230818.refers to J.F. Kenney, QPR 53, 38, 1964; (iv)Yasui, Masaru; Hayashi, Eisuke; Shimizu, Masao (1973). "Self-Consistent Band Calculations for Iron in Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic States".Journal of the Physical Society of Japan.34(2): 396–403.Bibcode:1973JPSJ...34..396Y.doi:10.1143/JPSJ.34.396.refers to R.E. Watson, QPR 12, 1959; (v)consists of QPR 49, 1963,put online by the Defence Technical Information Center.
  57. ^J. C. Slater,A simplification of the Hartree–Fock method,Physical Review, 81, 385-390, 1951.
  58. ^J. C. Slater,Magnetic effects and the Hartree–Fock equation,Physical Review, 82, 538-541, 1951.
  59. ^Wood, J.; Pratt, G. (1957). "Wave Functions and Energy Levels for Fe as Found by the Unrestricted Hartree-Fock Method".Physical Review.107(4): 995–1001.Bibcode:1957PhRv..107..995W.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.107.995.
  60. ^J.C. Slater, G.F. Koster and J.H. Wood (1962). "Symmetry and free electron properties of Gallium energy bands".Physical Review.126(4): 1307.Bibcode:1962PhRv..126.1307S.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.126.1307.
  61. ^J. C. Slater and G. F. Koster (1954). "Simplified LCAO Method for the Periodic Potential Problem".Physical Review.94(6): 1498–1524.Bibcode:1954PhRv...94.1498S.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.94.1498.
  62. ^Michael P. Barnett and James Harrison, eds.Tribute to Leland C. Allen,International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 95 (6) 659-889, 2003.
  63. ^abcM. P. Barnett and R. P. Futrelle,Syntactic analysis by digital computer,Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 5, 515-526, 1962; M. P. Barnett,Computer Typesetting, Experiments and Prospects,MIT Press, 1965, and work cited therein; M. P. Barnett,Some comments suggested by a consideration of computers,inMacromolecular specificity and biological memory,ed. F. O. Schmidt, 24-27, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1962.
  64. ^Louis Burnelle and Marie J. Kranepool,On σ → π* transitions in aromatic hydrocarbons,Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 37 (3) 383-393, 1971.
  65. ^B. Viskolcz, I.G. Csizmadia, S.J.K. Jensen, A. PerczelPolymerization dependence of the entropy of homo-oligomer peptides,Chemical Physics Letters, 501 (1-3) 30-32, 2010
  66. ^J. P. Dahl,Introduction to the quantum world of atoms and molecules,World Scientific, 2001.ISBN978-981-02-4565-8
  67. ^"Northwestern University, Donald Ellis materials group web site".Appliedphysics.northwestern.edu. 2010-10-05. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-05-20.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  68. ^Arthur J. Freeman;Martin Peter,To Art Freeman for his 60th birthday,Physica B, 172 (1-2) p.vii, 1991 and further articles comprising the issue.
  69. ^"Bob Futrelle's home page".Ccs.neu.edu. 2010-01-10.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  70. ^Flux Quantization without Off-Diagonal Long Range Order in a Thin Hollow Cylinder (with Y. Imry), Sol. State Comm. 7, l39l (1969); Quantum Tunneling of Magnetization in Small Ferromagnetic Particles, (with E.M. Chudnovsky), Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 661 (1988); Bloch and Josephson Oscillations in a Ring of an Ideal Bose Gas - Proceedings of the Conference on Perspectives of Mesoscopic Physics, Weizmann Institute, 2009; The Physics of Music and Color, published in September, 2011 by Springer Publishers, N.Y.,ISBN978-1-4614-0557-3
  71. ^New York University, Department of Computer Science, in memoriam web site,Malcolm Harrison,$10 computer on a dime,Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 35 (4) 358-358, 1973.
  72. ^F. Herman,Theoretical Investigation of the Electronic Energy Band Structure of Solids,Reviews of Modern Physics 30, 102–121, 1958; Frank Herman,International Symposium on Computational Solid State Physics Wildbad (Germany),Plenum, 1972ISBN0-306-30583-6.
  73. ^David Howarth,Operating Systems Mark 1 to AtlasArchived2011-05-24 at theWayback Machine.
  74. ^John K. Iliffe (1961). "The Use of the Genie System in Numerical Calculations".Annual Review in Automatic Programming.2:25.doi:10.1016/S0066-4138(61)80002-5.
  75. ^(i) G.F. Koster, R.G. Wheeler, J.O. Dimmock, and H. Statz,The Properties of the Thirty-Two Point Groups,MIT Press, 1965,ISBN0-262-11010-5.(ii) G.F. Koster and C.W. Nielson,Spectroscopic Coefficients for the pn, dn, and fn,MIT Press,ISBN0-262-14001-2
  76. ^L.F. Mattheiss,Effective Exchange Integral,Physical Review 123, 1219–1225, 1961; J. Matsuno, A. Fujimori, L.F. Mattheiss, R. Endoh and S. Nagata,Photoemission and band-calculation studies of the charge-density wave in CuV2S4,Physical Review B, 64 (11) Article Number 115116, 2001; (over 100 papers in all).
  77. ^A. Meckler,Majorana Formula,Physical Review 111, 1447–1449 (1958).
  78. ^F.W. Quelle, Jr.,Thermal distortion of diffraction-limited optical elements,Applied Optics, 5(4):633-637, 1966.
  79. ^"2004 Microwave Pioneer Award - Hermann Statz and Robert A. Pucel".IEEE Microwave Magazine.6(3): 108–112. 2005.doi:10.1109/MMW.2005.1511946.
  80. ^L. Szasz,Pseudopotential Theory of Atoms and Molecules,Wiley, New York, 1985,ISBN978-0-471-82417-6;L. Szasz,The electronic structure of atoms,Wiley, New York, 1991.ISBN978-0-471-54280-3
  81. ^"S. J. Smith and B. T. Sutcliffe,The Development of Computational Chemistry in the United Kingdom,Reviews in Computational Chemistry, 10, 1997 ".Chilton-computing.org.uk.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  82. ^D. D. Koelling and J. H. Wood,On the interpolation of eigenvalues and a resultant integration scheme,Journal of Computational Physics, 67 (2) 253-262, 1986.
  83. ^abcSmith, S. D. (1982). "Robert Allan Smith. 14 May 1909-16 May 1980".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.28:479–504.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1982.0019.JSTOR769908.S2CID57497979.
  84. ^"Interview with Mildred Dresselhauson an MIT+150 website ".Mit150.mit.edu. 2007-08-27. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-01-13.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  85. ^J.C. Slater and J.W.D. Connolly,Remarks on the overlapping-sphere method for molecular orbitals,International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 105, 141-46, 1976.
  86. ^Feynman, Richard P. (1985).Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman: Adventures of a Curious Character.New York: Bantam Books. p. 47.ISBN978-0-553-25649-9.
  87. ^John Connolly,John C. Slater and the beginnings of density functional theory,Molecular Physics, Volume 108, (21-23), 2863-2866, 2010
  88. ^"John Clark Slater Papers American Philosophical Society".Amphilsoc.org.Retrieved2011-03-14.
  89. ^"John Clarke Slater".American Academy of Arts & Sciences.9 February 2023.Retrieved2023-05-05.
  90. ^"John Slater".nasonline.org.Retrieved2023-05-05.
  91. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org.Retrieved2023-05-05.
  92. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.
  93. ^"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details | NSF - National Science Foundation".nsf.gov.Retrieved2022-04-05.
  94. ^From the Preface (p. v): "The present book is the second of several volumes which are intended to replace theIntroduction to Theoretical Physicswritten by the same authors in 1933. By separating the material on mechanics, on electromagnetism, and on the quantum theory, we believe that it is possible to give a somewhat better rounded treatment of each of these fields. "

External links[edit]

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