John Colet

The Reverend John Colet
Portrait drawing byHans Holbein the Younger
Born	January 1467 London,England
Died	16 September 1519(1519-09-16)(aged 52) London, England
Alma mater	Magdalen College, Oxford
Era	Renaissance philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Renaissance humanism
Main interests	Theology

John Colet(January 1467 – 16 September 1519) was an EnglishCatholic priestand educational pioneer.

Colet was an English scholar,Renaissance humanist,theologian, member of theWorshipful Company of Mercers,and Dean ofSt Paul's Cathedral,London. Colet wanted people to see the scripture as their guide through life. Furthermore, he wanted to restore theology and rejuvenate Christianity. Colet is an important early leader of Christian humanism as he linked humanism and reform. John Colet was a friend ofErasmus,a key figure inChristian humanism.

Childhood and education

The eldest son of SirHenry Colet(Lord Mayor of London1486 and 1495), he was born in London in January 1467, and was educated at St Anthony's school and atMagdalen College, Oxford,where he took his M.A. in 1490. He was already nonresident rector of Dennington,Suffolk,and vicar of St Dunstan's,Stepney,and now became rector of Thurning, Hunts. In 1493 he went toParisand then to Italy, studyingcanonandcivil law,patristicsandGreek.

Time abroad

During his time abroad he became acquainted with Budaeus (Guillaume Budé) andErasmus,and with the teaching ofSavonarola.On his return to England in 1496 he took orders and settled atOxford,where he lectured on the epistles ofSaint Paul,replacing the old scholastic method of interpretation with one more in harmony with thenew learning.Due to their influences, when he arrived back in England, he returned more than just a humanist; he returned a Christian reformer. His methods did much to influence Erasmus, who visited Oxford in 1498, and who later received an annuity from Colet.

Holding office

Statue of Dean Colet by SirWilliam Hamo Thornycroft.

Since 1494, Colet had beenprebendaryof York, and canon of St Martin le Grand, London. In 1502 he became prebendary of Salisbury, in 1505 prebendary ofSt Paul's,and immediately afterwards itsdean,having previously taken the degree of doctor of divinity. He continued to lecture on the books of the Bible; and he soon afterwards established a perpetualdivinitylecture, three days each week, in St Paul's itself.While at St. Paul's between 1505 and 1519, Colet used his preaching, administration,scriptural exegesisand education towards Church reform.

Around 1508, having inherited his father's wealth, Colet formed his plan for the re-foundation ofSt Paul's School,which he completed in 1512, and endowed with estates of an annual value of £122 and upwards.The school, dedicated to the Infant Jesus, was in place to give young boys a Christian education.

The celebrated grammarianWilliam Lilyewas the first master, and thecompany of mercerswere (in 1510) appointed trustees, the first example of non-clerical management in education. Some held Colet's religious opinions to beheretical,butWilliam Warham,theArchbishop of Canterbury,refused to prosecute him. KingHenry VIIIalso held him in high esteem despite his sermons against the French wars.

Colet was rector of the guild of Jesus atSt Paul's Cathedraland chaplain toHenry VIII.In 1514 he made theCanterbury pilgrimageand in 1515 preached atWolsey's installation as cardinal.

Sermons

Colet had many distinguished sermons. One is the beginning of the Convocation of the clergy ofCanterburyprovince at theLondon Cathedralon 6 February 1512.Archbishop Warham of Canterburyinvited Colet to make the speech. Colet's speech is both direct and insightful. It represents his work, or as Colet said himself, he is "speaking out of zeal, a man sorrowing for the ruin of the Church". Furthermore, Colet stated that he came "…here today, fathers, to admonish you with all your minds to deliberate, in this your Council, concerning the reformation of the Church". TheConvocation sermonis one of the most well known of his sermons. In addition, Colet gave a notable sermon before the royal court onGood Friday, 1513.He gave this speech in the wake of political tension; specifically, an English push for war against France. In his speech, Colet condemned war and prompted Christians to fight only for Jesus Christ.

A Christian humanist

Colet's writings are reflective and added to the tradition of Christian humanism. He studiedCicero,Augustine,Jerome,John Chrysostom,Ignatius of Antioch,LactantiusandPolycarp.

In his writings, Colet refers toItalian humanistsand PlatonistsMarsilio FicinoandPico della Mirandola.

Erasmus said of Colet, "When I listen to Colet it seems to me that I am listening to Plato himself."Erasmuslikely portrayed Colet to show that one could be highly critical of the Church while still a loyal priest. His depiction of Colet was partly a depiction of himself.

Studied over time

Frontispiece and titlepage of "The Life of Dr John Colet", Dean of St Paul's "by Samuel Knight, 1724.

Colet has been studied frequently over time and has experienced resurgences in popularity.Bishop Kennettstudied Colet during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Kennett passed his notes toSamuel Knightwho used them to write a biography of Colet which was published in 1724. During the nineteenth century, interest in Colet increased. Several editions of his works and an additional biography were published during that time. Scholars believed Colet strongly impacted his friend Erasmus and the English Reformation. Later critics went on to view Colet as Protestant-like, though others believe that Colet was merely a reform preacher that wanted to improve the quality of the Church.

Tomb of John Colet, D.D.,
Dean of St. Paul's.
After Hollar.

Colet died in 1519 of the "sweating sickness."His monument was erected on the south aisle of the choir at the cathedral church of Saint Paul but destroyed in theGreat Fire of London.

Other works

In addition to his sermons Colet's works include some scriptural commentary and works entitledDaily DevotionsandMonition to a Godly Life.Together with Lilye, Erasmus, and Wolsey, Colet produced materials forming the basis of the authorised Latin Grammar, used for centuries in the English schools. A number of letters from Colet to Erasmus also survive.

Lasting influence of Colet

To this day, Colet's achievement is celebrated bySt Paul's School,St Paul's Girls' SchoolandSt Paul's Juniors(formerly known as Colet Court) on John Colet Day atSt Paul's Cathedral(having begun in 2003).

TheJohn Colet SchoolinWendover,Buckinghamshireis named after him, as well as Colet Gardens, a road in the London suburb ofHammersmith,W6,and John Colet School in Sydney, Australia.

Colet's convocation sermon (1512)

In the introductory paragraph, Colet concludes by stating that his presence is due to the need for the Council to consider a Church reformation. First, Colet criticises the living style of the priests. Colet explains that the priests should set an example for others as be a beacon of light, because if they are instead figures of darkness, the Church will be engulfed by darkness. Colet cites four evils, referencing the Apostle, that constitute the corrupt, priestly living: devilish pride, carnal concupiscence, worldly covetousness, and worldly occupations.

First, in regard to pride of life, Colet believes that priests of the day were more consumed by the honour and dignity one could receive by being a part of the priesthood. Service to the Church must be only humble service.

Secondly, many priests take part in the lust for the flesh: feasting and banqueting, vain conversation, sports, plays, hunting, and hawking. They are "drowned in the delights of this world" and "patronize those who cater for their pleasure".

Thirdly, covetousness is the third worldly evil, which is also known as lust. Colet calls this a plague that has overtaken many priests and blinded many. Many take part in the Church only for the hope of riches and promotions. Priests forget that they should be interested in the good they can do more than the amount of riches that they stand to gain. Paul called covetousness the root of all evils. From it, benefices stack up, including pensions and tithes. Colet states that: "every corruption, all the ruin of the Church, all the scandals of the world, come from the covetousness of priests".

The fourth evil arises because priests have become more servants of men than servants of God. According toPaul,priests are supposed to be an intermediary between men and God. As such, warfare should only be spiritual in nature and reflective of Jesus. In addition, they need to pray, read, and meditate regarding theScriptures.They must deliver the word of God, give the sacraments of salvation, make sacrifices for people, and hold masses for people's souls.

Colet then moves on to discuss the needed clergy reform. Paul orders that people must "be reformed into a new mind". People should turn to humility, sobriety, charity, and spiritual occupations. Reform must begin with the priests so that it can spread throughout the Church. Colet disagrees with the creation of new laws; instead he thinks that the old laws must simply be enforced.

Colet believes several things are important: a good, pure, and holy life, approved morals, moderate knowledge of the Scriptures, knowledge of the Sacraments, the fear of God and love of the heavenly life.

Finally, Colet urges people to "return to the God of love and peace; return to Christ, in whom is the true peace of the Spirit which passeth all understanding; return to the true priestly life". "Be ye reformed in the newness of your minds, that ye may know those things which are of God; and the peace of God shall be with you".

Memorial

There was a memorial to him in thesouth aisleatOld St Paul's Cathedral.

A bronze statue of John Colet with two pupils, made byHamo Thornycroftin 1902, has a prominent position near the entrance ofSt Paul's School, London.

See also

• List of Erasmus's correspondents

References

• Gleason, John B.John Colet,University of California Press, 1989.
• Olin, John C.The Catholic Reformation,New York: Fordham University, 1992.
• Arnold, Jonathan. "John Colet- Preaching and Reform at St. Paul’s Cathedral, 1505–1519." Reformation and Renaissance Review: Journal of the Society for Reformation Studies 5, no. 2 (2003): 204–209.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Colet, John".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 681–682.

Further reading

• Frederic Seebohm,The Oxford Reformers
• Joseph Hirst Lupton,Life of John Colet(1887)