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John Moisant

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John Moisant
Moisant and his cat,Mademoiselle Fifi,in 1910
Born
John Bevins Moisant

(1868-04-25)April 25, 1868
Kankakee,Illinois,U.S.
DiedDecember 31, 1910(1910-12-31)(aged 42)
Harahan,Louisiana,U.S.
OccupationAviator

John Bevins Moisant(April 25, 1868 – December 31, 1910) was an Americanaviator,aeronautical engineer,flight instructor,businessman, andrevolutionary.[1][2][3][4]He was the first pilot to conduct passenger flights over a city (Paris), as well as across theEnglish Channel,from Paris toLondon.He co-founded an eponymousflying circus,theMoisant International Aviators.[5][6][7]

Moisant funded his aviation career with proceeds from business ventures inEl Salvador,where he had led two failed revolutions andcoupattempts againstPresident Figueroain 1907 and 1909.[8]

Only months after becoming a pilot, Moisant died after being ejected from his airplane over a field just west ofNew Orleans, Louisiana,where he was competing for the 1910Michelin Cup.The site of his crash is the location ofLouis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport,which was originally named Moisant Field in his memory.

Early life

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Matilde Moisant, sister

He was born inL'Erable, Illinoisto Medard Moisant (1838–1887) ofSt-Cyprien-de-Léryand Josephine Fortier (1841–1901).[9]Both parents wereFrench-Canadianimmigrants. His siblings include: George Moisant (1866–1927); Ann Marguerite Moisant (1877–1957);Matilde Moisant(1878–1964) who was the second American woman to receive her pilot's license; Alfred J. Moisant (1862–1929); Louisa Josephine Moisant (1882–1957); and possibly Eunice Moisant (1890–?) who was born in Illinois. Alfred and Matilde were also aviators.[5]

In 1880, the family was living inManteno, Illinoisand Moisant's father was working as a farmer. In the late 1880s, after the death of Moisant's father, the family moved toAlameda, California.[10]

El Salvador

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He and his brothers moved toEl Salvadorin 1896 and boughtsugarcaneplantationsthat generated a substantial sum for the family. In 1909,José Santos Zelaya,president ofNicaragua,asked John to go toFranceto investigate airplanes.[citation needed]

Aviation career

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Early aeronautical engineering

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John Moisant before 1910

John Moisant entered the aviation field in 1909 as a hobby, after attending theGrande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagneair showinReims,Francein August 1909.[11]He designed and built two aircraft between August 1909 and 1910, before he became an officially licensed pilot. His first was theMoisant Biplane,alternatively known as "L'Ecrevisse", which he had built inIssy-les-Moulineaux,Paris,France.[12]This experimental aircraft constructed entirely fromaluminumandsteelby workers hired by Moisant fromClément-Bayardwas the first all-metalaircraft in the world. This aircraft was completed in February 1910; the Moisant biplane's inaugural flight, and Moisant first flight, ultimately resulted in a crash after ascending only 90 feet with limited airtime.[13][14]

Moisant's second project, begun in January 1910, resulted in theMoisant Monoplane,alternatively known as "Le Corbeau", which was partially built out of the wreckage of L'Ecrevisse.[15][16]The alternative design had difficulty staying upright on the ground and was never flown.[17][18]

Training in France

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In the spring of 1910, Moisant took four flying lessons at the Blériot School, headed byLouis Blériot,inPau,Pyrénées-Atlantiques,France, beginning his short but distinguished flying career.[19]Later, Moisant was granted a pilot's license from theAéro-Club de France,which he transferred to theAero Club of Americato become the thirteenth registered pilot in the United States.[20]

Significant flights and aviation records

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A renovated version of a Blériot XI, John Moisant's French-built aircraft of choice

On August 9, 1910, Moisant flew his third flight as a pilot in his first recently purchased Blériot XI fromÉtampesto Issy-les-Moulineaux overParis,landing the aircraft at the starting line of theLe Circuit de l'Estaerial time trial circuit.[21][22]Accompanying Moisant as a passenger on the flight was his mechanic, making the trip the first passenger flight over a city in the world.[21]At the time Moisant was still considered a novice pilot and had been previously denied entry into Le Circuit de l'Est competition by the Aéro-Club de France.[23]That same day, he followed this performance with an encore, flying over Paris again withRoland Garros,who would become a future member of the Moisant International Aviators flying circus, as his passenger.[21]

On August 17, 1910, he flew the first flight with a passenger across theEnglish Channel.His passengers on the flight were Albert Fileux, his mechanic, and his cat, Mademoiselle Fifi. This feat was accomplished on Moisant's sixth flight as a pilot.[23]

Competitive events

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Moisant as seen in flight in his Blériot XI competing in theInternational Aviation Meet at Belmont Park,October 30, 1910

At theInternational Aviation Meet at Belmont Park,New York,John Moisant flew hisBlériot XIaround a marker balloon 10 miles (16 kilometers) away, and returned to the racetrack in only 39 minutes, winning an $850 prize. After this initial competition, Moisant collided his brake-less Blériot into another aircraft while both weretaxiing,causing it to flip over, but had repairs completed in time for the next event.[24]On October 30, 1910, at the same show, he competed in a race to fly around theStatue of Liberty.He won the race, beatingClaude Grahame-White,a British aviator, by 42.75 seconds. However, he was later disqualified because officials ruled that he had started late. The $10,000 prize later went toCountJacques de Lessepsnot Grahame-White, because the latter had fouled during the race.[25]

On December 30, 1910, inNew Orleans,he raced his Blériot XI five miles (eight kilometers) against aPackardautomobile,but lost.[26][7]

Year Date Competition name Competition type Location Placing Winnings Description
1910 August 9–11 Le Circuit de l'Est Time Trial Circuit Jarville-la-Malgrange,Meurthe-et-Moselle,Lorraine,France DNC 0 USD Moisant's application to the competition was denied, as he had only completed two flights (one of which was in his own aircraft) at the time of the application.[27]
October 29 International Aviation Meet at Belmont Park[28] Time Trial Circuit,Gordon Bennett Cup Belmont Park,New York 2nd 5,800 USD* Finished with a time of 1 h 57 min 44.85 s
October 30 Air Race DQ Initially finished in first with a time of 34 minutes, 38.4 seconds.[29]*However, Moisant was later disqualified due to the failure to meet a rule that required one hour of flight time before the race.[30]
October 31 Distance Event 1st Completed 56 laps.
December 31 Michelin Cup[31] Endurance Flight City Park,New Orleans,Louisiana DNS 0 USD Thrown from his plane while flying to the races starting point atHarahan.

Entrepreneurship: the Moisant International Aviators

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Moisant International Aviators

With his brother, Alfred Moisant, he formed the Moisant International Aviators, a flying circus which wentbarnstormingaround the United States,Mexico,andCuba.[32]Initially, John Moisant was one of the pilots in the exhibitions, along withCharles K. Hamilton,Rene Simon,Rene Barrier, J.J. Frisbie, C. Audemars, andRoland Garros.[33]

Death

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A plane Moisant crashed in a taxiing collision on October 23, 1910

Moisant died on the morning of December 31, 1910, in an air crash nearHarahan, Louisiana.He was making a preparatory flight in his attempt to win the 1910Michelin Cupand its $4,000 prize for the longest sustained flight of the year.[34]While attempting to land at an airfield in Harahan, located about 4 miles (6.4 km) from the New Orleans city limits, Moisant was caught in a gust of wind and thrown from hisBlériot XImonoplane in view of a crowd of spectators.[34][35]He fell about 25 feet to the ground and landed on his head, breaking his neck. Apparently still alive, Moisant's body was hurriedly placed aboard a nearby railroad car and driven into the city, where he was then pronounced dead.[34]The crash was later blamed on a "loss of equilibrium caused by an extra load of gasoline, placed aboard the plane for the endurance flight."[36]Fellow aviatorArch Hoxseydied the same day in a similar crash in Los Angeles.[34]

John Moisant was buried at theValhalla Memorial Park CemeteryinLos Angeles, California.His body was later moved to thePortal of Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation,also in Los Angeles.

Legacy

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"Nine-tenths confidence and one-tenth common sense equals [a] successful aviator."

— John B. Moisant,How to Fly: The Flyer's Manual, 1917

John Moisant was one of the first to advocate formonoplaneswith one set offixed wings.Additionally, he believed in the potential of the use of aircraft inarmed conflict.

Moisant's touring show was among the first in aviation, and one of the first to introduce Americans toairplanes.

Cessna

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Among the people influenced by Moisant's exhibitions was aviation pioneerClyde Cessna,who saw the Moisant troupe's 1911 performance inOklahoma City.Cessna helped uncrate and assemble, then disassemble and re-crate, aBlériot XImonoplane used in the show. From his memory of that activity, Cessna built his first airplane—the first airplane built and flown successfully on theGreat Plainsby a resident... and the first of hundreds of thousands of airplanes, worldwide, that would bear the "Cessna" name. [37][38]

Cessna would become one of the United States' first major advocates ofmonoplanes,carrying forward Moisant's support of the then-controversial concept.[37][38]

According to some historical accounts (reportedly later disputed by Cessna, himself), Cessna went to theQueen Aeroplane CompanyinNew York,and worked in their factory for a month, learning the art of construction of Bleriot-type monoplanes. According to these accounts, when Moisant was killed, Cessna purchased a Queen/Bleriotfuselagethat was being assembled at the Queen factory for Moisant—and that became the basis for Cessna's first airplane.[37][38]

Moisant Field

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The internationalairportofNew Orleans, Louisianawas originally named Moisant Field in his honor, though it has since been renamedLouis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport.The airport retains its "MSY" identifier, thought to be derived from "Moisant Stock Yards", and is located in suburbanKenner,only a few miles from the field where Moisant's fatal airplane crash occurred.

References

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  1. ^Stoff, Joshua. 1996. Picture History of Early Aviation 1903–1913. p. 72.
  2. ^Mortimer, Gavin. 2010. Chasing Icarus: The Seventeen Days in 1910 That Forever Changed American Aviation. p. 58
  3. ^McLean, Jacqueline. 2001. Women With Wings. p. 23
  4. ^American Aviation Historical Society Journal, Volumes 7–8.
  5. ^abCaire, Vincent P. 2012. Louisiana Aviation: An Extraordinary History in Photographs.
  6. ^American Aviation Historical Society Journal. 1984. Volumes 29–30.
  7. ^abSimmons, Thomas E. 2013. A Man Called Brown Condor: The Forgotten History of an African American Fighter Pilot.
  8. ^Mortimer, Gavin. 2010. Chasing Icarus: The Seventeen Days in 1910 That Forever Changed American Aviation p. 59-62.
  9. ^"United States Census, 1880, index and images, FamilySearch (accessed 29 May 2013), John Moisant in entry for Medore Moisant, 1880".FamilySearch.
  10. ^Mortimer, Gavin. 2010. Chasing Icarus: The Seventeen Days in 1910 That Forever Changed American Aviation P.59.
  11. ^"SIRIS – Smithsonian Institution Research Information System".siris-archives.si.edu.
  12. ^"Shaw Communications".members.shaw.ca.
  13. ^Rich, Doris L. 1998.The Magnificent Moisants: Champions of Early Flight.P. 37–38.
  14. ^Flight. August 27, 1910. P. 692
  15. ^Villard, Henry S. 1987.Contact!: The Story of Early Aviators.P. 114–115.
  16. ^Rich, Doris L. 1998.The Magnificent Moisants: Champions of Early Flight.P. 38.
  17. ^Villard, Henry S. 1987. Contact!: The Story of Early Aviators. P. 115.
  18. ^Rich, Doris L. 1998. The Magnificent Moisants: Champions of Early Flight. P. 38.
  19. ^Multiple sources:
  20. ^Rich, Doris. 1998.The Magnificent Moisants: Champions of Early Flight.P. 40.
  21. ^abc"Hopkins, Jerry. 1960. King of the Aviators. Accessed 30 May 2013".
  22. ^Villard, Henry S. 1987. Contact!: The Story of Early Aviators. P.115.
  23. ^ab"The Daring Mr. Moisant".
  24. ^Joshua Stoff.Long Island aircraft crashes 1909–1959.p. 15.
  25. ^The New York Times.March 15, 1911.
  26. ^US Naval Institute. 1911. Proceedings. P.204.
  27. ^"Accessed 29 May 2013".jarvillehier.free.fr.[permanent dead link]
  28. ^The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year Book for 1911. P.316.
  29. ^Shaw, Albert. 1910. The American Review of Reviews. P.662.
  30. ^Aeronautics. 1911. P. 218.
  31. ^Widmer, Mary L. 1993. New Orleans in the twenties. P. 110.
  32. ^"1910 Daily Journal and Tribune transcriptions".Early Aviators.March 24, 2002.Archivedfrom the original on December 28, 2005.RetrievedJanuary 25,2022.
  33. ^Aeronautics. December 1910.
  34. ^abcd"Moisant, King of Aviators, Killed".The Daily Picayune.New Orleans. January 1, 1911. pp. 1, 3.
  35. ^Bilstein, Roger E. 2001. Flight in America: From the Wrights to the Astronauts.
  36. ^"New Airport to be Named in John B. Moisant's Honor".The Times-Picayune.New Orleans. November 18, 1941. p. 7.
  37. ^abcPhillips, Edward H.,in "Clyde Cessna and the Birth of a Legend,"September 23, 1996,Aviation History/ HistoryNet, retrieved August 7, 2017
  38. ^abcHarris, Richard, "Cessna Aircraft: History of the Maker of the World's Most Popular Airplanes,"ArchivedDecember 15, 2015, at theWayback Machinefrom the author's articles appearing inInFlightUSA,Sept.-Dec. 2002 and Mar.-Apr. 2003, retrieved August 7, 2017
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