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Joint Special Operations Command

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Joint Special Operations Command
Emblem of the Joint Special Operations Command
Founded15 December 1980
(43 years, 7 months ago)
CountryUnited States
AllegianceUnited States of America
TypeSub-unified combatant command
RoleSpecial Operations Forces
Part ofSpecial Operations Command
United States Department of Defense
Garrison/HQFort Liberty,North Carolina
Nickname(s)JSOC, Task Force Purple
OperationsOperation Eagle Claw
Operation Urgent Fury
Operation Just Cause
Operation Desert Storm
Operation Provide Comfort
Operation Gothic Serpent
Operation Uphold Democracy
Bosnian War
Operation Allied Force
War on Terror
Websitehttps:// socom.mil/Pages/jsoc.aspx
Commanders
CommanderVADMFrank M. Bradley,USN
Deputy CommanderLt GenSean M. Farrell,USAF
Senior Enlisted AdvisorCSMAndrew J. Krogman,USA

TheJoint Special Operations Command(JSOC) is a joint componentcommandof theUnited States Special Operations Command(USSOCOM) and is charged with studyingspecial operationsrequirements and techniques to ensure interoperability and equipment standardization, to plan and conduct special operations exercises and training, to develop joint special operations tactics, and to execute special operations missions worldwide. It was established in 1980 on recommendation ofColonel Charlie Beckwith,in the aftermath of the failure ofOperation Eagle Claw.[1]It is headquartered atPope Field(Fort Liberty, North Carolina).

Overview[edit]

The JSOC is the "joint headquarters designed to study special operations requirements and techniques; ensure interoperability and equipment standardization; plan and conduct joint special operations exercises and training; develop joint special operations tactics."[2]For this task, theJoint Communications Unitis tasked to ensure compatibility of communications systems and standard operating procedures of the different special operations units.

Special Mission Units[edit]

Further information:Special Mission Unit

The Joint Special Operations Command alsooverseestheSpecial Mission UnitsofU.S. Special Operations Command.These are ultra-elitespecial operations forcesunits that conduct highly classified and complex operations.[3][4][5]So far, the following four JSOC units are known, each has an internal task force color code:

The Intelligence Support Activity's primary role is as a deep reconnaissance, intelligence-gathering special mission unit, in support of other combat oriented units within JSOC.[12][13]Delta Force and DEVGRU are the military's primary counter-terrorism units,eliminatinghigh-value targetsand performinghostage rescuesare their main roles, along withspecial reconnaissanceanddirect actionassignments. The 24th Special Tactics Squadron attaches personnel as enablers to these two units such asCombat Controllersto provideair traffic controlandfire support,Pararescuemento providecombat medicineandcombat search and rescue,andTactical Air Control Party specialiststo co-ordinateclose air support.TheJoint Communications Unitprovides communications capabilities. Units from the Army's 75th Ranger Regiment and160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment(Task Force Brown) are controlled by JSOC when deployed as part of JSOC Task Forces such asTask Force 121andTask Force 145.[14][15][16]

JSOC has an operational relationship with theCIA'sSpecial Activities Center(SAC).[17] SAC's Special Operations Group (SOG) often recruits from JSOC SMU personnel.[18]

3rd Operational Support Group[edit]

JSOC's Security Operations Training Facility is maintained by the 3rd Operational Support Group (3 OSG), which is based at Ft. Liberty.[19][20]According toRolling Stonecontributing editor Seth Harp, 3 OSG is the same unit commonly referred to as "Delta Force";[21]however this is contradicted by a 2016 evaluation of foreign officer involvement at USSOCOM by the DOD Deputy Inspector General for Intelligence and Special Program Assessments which lists 3 OSG and theCombat Applications Group( "CAG", a known identifier for Delta Force)[22]as two separate entities under JSOC.[19]

Advanced Force Operations[edit]

Advanced Force Operations are defined by JP 3-05 as "Operations conducted to refine the location of specific, identified targets and further develop the operational environment for near-term missions."[23]According to Gen. Michael Repass, who conducted it in theIraq Warand was very familiar with its use in Afghanistan, "AFO consists ofU.S. Secretary of Defense-approved military operations such asclandestine operations.It is logically part of the Operational Preparation of the Battlespace (OPB), which follows theIntelligence Preparation of the Battlespace,a concept well-known in the U.S. andNATOdoctrine, OPB is seldom used outside of SOF channels. OPB is defined by the U.S. Special Operations Command as "Non-intelligence activities conducted prior toD-Day,H-Hour,in likely or potential areas of deployment, to train and prepare for follow-on military operations ".[24]

In theIraq War,Gen. Repass, who first commanded the10th Special Forces Group,took control of a JointUnconventional WarfareTask Force, which used the 5th and 10th Groups to conduct AFO. AFO units were heavily involved inOperation AnacondaandOperation Viking Hammer.[citation needed]

Security support[edit]

JSOC has provided domestic law enforcement agencies support during high-profile or high-risk events such as theOlympics,the World Cup, political party conventions, and Presidential inaugurations. Although the use of the military for Local law enforcement purposes in the U.S. is generally prohibited by thePosse Comitatus Act,Title 10 of theU.S. Codeexpressly allows the Secretary of Defense to make military personnel available to train Federal, State, and local civilian public safety officials in the operation and maintenance of equipment; and to provide such officials with expert advice.[25]Additionally, civilian and military lawyers said provisions in several federal statutes, including the Fiscal Year 2000 Defense Department Authorization Act, Public Law 106-65, permits the secretary of defense to authorize military forces to support civilian agencies, including theFederal Bureau of Investigation,in the event of a national emergency, especially any involving nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons.[26]

In January 2005, a small group of commandos were deployed to support security at thePresidential inauguration.They were allegedly deployed under a secret counter-terrorism program namedPower Geyser.TheNew York Timesquoted a senior military official as saying, "They bring unique military and technical capabilities that often are centered around potential WMD events," A civil liberties advocate who was NOT the Constitutionally elected Civil Officer of the U.S. National Organizations but who was told about the program by a reporter said that he had no objections to the program as described to him because its scope appeared to be limited to supporting the counterterrorism efforts of civilian authorities.[26]

Operational history[edit]

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan[edit]

JSOC carried out raids in Afghanistan. The number is not publicly known, but is estimated to be in the hundreds.[27][28]Several have been documented in the 2013 documentaryDirty WarsbyJeremy Scahilland by other reporting. Inone 2010 raidinGardez,JSOC troops killed one U.S.-trained Police commander and another man, and three women, two of whom were pregnant, who went to the men's aid.[29]Then-JSOC commanderWilliam McRavenvisited the affected family, offered them a sheep in restitution, and apologized.[30]

Operation Iraqi Freedom[edit]

See also:Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War

In May 2003, elements of Task Force 20 (TF 20) remained in Iraq following the invasion and shifted to hunting down high-value former Ba'athist insurgents under direct JSOC command. In July 2003, Task Force 5 (formerly Task Force 11) and Task Force 20 were merged to form Task Force 21, later renamed Task Force 121.[31][32]

On 11 January 2007, President Bush pledged in a major speech to "seek out and destroy the networks providing advanced weaponry and training to our enemies in Iraq."[33]Sometime in 2007, JSOC started conducting cross-border operations into Iran from southern Iraq with the CIA. These operations included seizing members of Al-Quds, the commando arm of theIranian Revolutionary Guard,and taking them to Iraq for interrogation, as well as the pursuit, capture or killing ofhigh-value targetsin the war on terror. The Bush administration allegedly combined the CIA's intelligence operations andcovert actionwith JSOC clandestine military operations so that Congress would only partially see how the money was spent.[34]

Operations in Pakistan[edit]

According toThe Washington Post,JSOC's commander Lieutenant GeneralStanley McChrystaloperated in 2006 on the understanding with Pakistan that US units will not enter Pakistan except under extreme circumstances, and that Pakistan would deny giving them permission if exposed.[35]

According to a November 2009 report inThe Nation,JSOC, in tandem withBlackwater/Xe,had a drone program, along with snatch/grab/assassination operations, based in Karachi and conducted in and outside of Pakistan.[36][37]

In October 2009,leaked diplomatic cablesfrom the U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan,Anne W. Patterson,states the Pakistani Army approved the embedding of U.S. Special Operations Forces, including elements from the Joint Special Operations Command, with the Pakistani military to provide support for operations in the country. This goes beyond the original claims of the U.S. that the only role of the Special Forces was in training the Pakistani military. The leak further revealed that JSOC elements involved in intelligence gathering and surveillance and use of droneUAVtechnology.[38]

JSOC is credited with coordinating Operation Neptune Spear thatkilled Osama bin Ladenon 1 May 2011.[30][39]

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa and Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen[edit]

JSOC directed a 30 September 2011 air attack that killedAnwar al-Awlaki,[40]an al-Qaeda cleric and Yemeni-American U.S. citizen. After several days of surveillance of Awlaki by the Central Intelligence Agency, armeddronestook off from a new, secret American base in the Arabian Peninsula, crossed into northern Yemen and unleashed a barrage ofHellfire missilesat al-Awlaki's vehicle.Samir Khan,a Pakistani-American al-Qaeda member and editor of the jihadistInspiremagazine, also reportedly died in the attack. The combined CIA/JSOC drone strike was the first in Yemen since 2002—there have been others by the military's Special Operations forces—and was part of an effort by the spy agency to duplicate in Yemen the covert war which has been running in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[41][42]

On 28 October 2013, adronestrike by JSOC on a vehicle near the town ofJilibinLower Shabellekilled two senior Somali members ofAl-Shabaab.Preliminary evidence suggested that one of them was Ibrahim Ali (also known as Anta), an explosives specialist known for his skill in building and using homemade bombs and suicide vests.[43][44]The US administration has been reluctant to use drone strikes in Somalia. The reluctance partly centered on questions of whether Al-Shabaab—which has not tried to carry out an attack on American soil—could legally be the target of lethal operations by the military or the CIA. In May 2013, the White House announced that it would carry outtargeted killingoperationsonlyagainst those who posed a "continuing and imminent threat to the American people." The strike on 28 Oct was the first known American operation resulting in death since that policy was announced and is considered evidence by some observers that views have changed in Washington and that the Obama administration has decided to escalate operations against Al-Shabaab in the aftermath of the group'sWestgate shopping mall attackin Nairobi, Kenya, that took place from 21–24 September 2013 and which left some 70 people dead.[citation needed]According toThe New York Timesthe Yemen government banned military drone operations after a series of botched drone strikes by JSOC, the last of which was a December 2013 drone strike that killed numerous civilians at a wedding ceremony. Despite a ban on military drone operations, the Yemen government allowed CIA drone operations to continue.[45]

Operation Inherent Resolve[edit]

Main article:Operation Inherent Resolve

On 25 March 2016, Special Operations Forces inSyriakilledISIL commanderAbu Ala al-Afri.[46]

Operation Kayla Mueller[edit]

Main article:Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

On 26 October 2019 U.S. Joint Special Operations Command's (JSOC) Delta Force conducted a raid into the Idlib province of Syria on the border with Turkey that resulted in the death of brahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai also known asAbū Bakr al-Baghdadi.[47]The raid was launched based on aCIASpecial Activities Centerintelligence collection and close target reconnaissance effort that located the leader of ISIS. Launched after midnight local time, the eight helicopters carrying the teams along with support aircraft crossed hundreds of miles of airspace controlled by Iraq, Turkey and Russia. Upon arrival, efforts were made for Baghdadi to surrender, with those efforts unsuccessful U.S. forces responded by blowing a large hole into the side of the compound. After entering, the compound was cleared, with people either surrendering or being shot and killed. The two-hour raid culminated with Baghdadi fleeing from U.S. forces into a dead-end tunnel and detonating a suicide vest, killing himself along with three of his children.[48][49]The complex operation was conducted during the withdrawal of U.S. forces northeast Syria, adding to the complexity.[50][51]

Death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi

Main article:Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi § Death

On 3 February 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden announced that a raid conducted by Joint Special Operations Command in the city ofAtme,Syria in Northwest Syria near the border with Turkey, had killed the second leader of ISIS, Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi.[52]After U.S. forces evacuated 10 civilians using an Arabic translator and a bullhorn, al-Qurashi proceeded to detonate a bomb that killed himself and 12 others, many of which were members of his family.[53][54]After the explosion, the U.S. soldiers entered the compound and had a shootout with the survivors, including a deputy of al-Qurashi, who was then shot and killed by the U.S. forces.[53]The raid lasted nearly two hours and no U.S. forces were killed.

List of JSOC commanders[edit]

No. Portrait Rank and Name Start of Term End of Term Defense Branch
1 MGRichard Scholtes December 1980 August 1984 United States Army
2 MGCarl Stiner August 1984 January 1987 United States Army
3 MGGary E. Luck January 1987 December 1989 United States Army
4 MGWayne A. Downing December 1989 August 1991 United States Army
5 MGWilliam F. Garrison 1992 July 1994 United States Army
6 MGPeter J. Schoomaker July 1994 August 1996 United States Army
7 MGMichael A. Canavan 1 August 1996 1 August 1998 United States Army
8 MGBryan D. Brown 1998 2000[55] United States Army
9 MGDell L. Dailey 2001 March 2003 United States Army
10 LTGStanley McChrystal September 2003[35] June 2008 United States Army
11 VADMWilliam H. McRaven June 2008[56][57] June 2011 United States Navy
12 LTGJoseph Votel June 2011[58] 29 July 2014 United States Army
13 LTGRaymond A. Thomas III 29 July 2014[59] 30 March 2016 United States Army
14 LTGAustin S. Miller 30 March 2016 2 September 2018 United States Army
15 Lt GenScott A. Howell 2 September 2018 July 2021 United States Air Force
16 LTGBryan P. Fenton July 2021 10 August 2022 United States Army
17 VADMFrank M. Bradley 10 August 2022[60] Incumbent United States Navy

See also[edit]

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