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Jorge Rafael Videla

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Jorge Rafael Videla
Official portrait, 1976
47thPresident of Argentina
In office
29 March 1976 – 29 March 1981
Vice PresidentVacant
Preceded byIsabel Perón
Succeeded byRoberto Eduardo Viola
Governor of Tucumán
In office
4 August – 10 December 1970
Preceded byJorge Daniel Nanclares
Succeeded byCarlos Alfredo Imbaud
Personal details
Born(1925-08-02)2 August 1925
Mercedes,Buenos Aires,Argentina
Died17 May 2013(2013-05-17)(aged 87)
Marcos Paz,Buenos Aires, Argentina
Resting placeMemorial Cemetery,Pilar,Buenos Aires
Political partyNone
Spouse
Alicia Raquel Hartridge
​
​
(m.1948)​
Children7
EducationColegio Militar de la Nación
ProfessionMilitary
Signature
Military service
AllegianceArgentina
Branch/serviceArgentine Army
Years of service1944–1981
Rank(Pre-1991 epaulette)Lieutenant General
CommandsArgentine Army (1976–1981)
Battles/wars

Beagle conflict

Criminal details
Conviction(s)Crimes against humanity;illegal repression during thelast military dictatorship
PenaltyLife imprisonment
TrialTrial of the Juntas
Imprisoned atMarcos Paz Prison

Jorge Rafael Videla(/vɪˈdɛlə/vid-EL-ə;Spanish:[ˈxoɾxerafaˈelβiˈðela];2 August 1925 – 17 May 2013) was an Argentinemilitary officeranddictatorwho was the 47thPresident of Argentinaand as well as the 1stPresident of the National Reorganisation Processfrom 1976 to 1981. His rule, which was during the time ofOperation Condor,was among the most infamous inLatin Americaduring theCold Wardue to its high level of human rights abuses and severe economic mismanagement.

He came to power ina coup d'étatthat deposedIsabel Perón.In 1985, two years after the return of arepresentative democraticgovernment, he was prosecuted in theTrial of the Juntasforlarge-scale human rights abusesandcrimes against humanityunder his rule including the widespreadabduction,torture andmurderof activists and political opponents along with their families at secret concentration camps. An estimated 13,000[1]to 30,000[2]political dissidents vanished during this period. Videla was also convicted of the theft of many babies born during the captivity of their mothers at the illegal detention centres and passing them on for illegal adoption by associates of the regime. Videla maintained the female guerrilla detainees allowed themselves to become pregnant in the belief they would not be tortured or executed.[3]Videla remained underhouse arrestuntil10 October2008, when he was sent to a military prison.[4]

On5 July2010, Videla took full responsibility for his army's actions during his rule.[5]Following a new trial, on22 December2010, Videla was sentenced to life in a civilian prison for the deaths of 31 prisoners following hiscoup.[6][7]On 5 July 2012, Videla was sentenced to 50 years in civilian prison for the systematic kidnapping of children during his tenure.[8]The following year, Videla died in theMarcos Pazcivilian prison five days after suffering a fall in a shower.[9]

Early life and family[edit]

Jorge Rafael Videla was born on 2 August 1925 in the city ofMercedes.He was the third of five sons born to Colonel Rafael Eugenio Videla Bengolea (1888–1951) and María Olga Redondo Ojea (1897–1987) and was christened in honor of his two older twin brothers, who had died ofmeaslesin 1923. Videla's family was a prominent one inSan Luis Province,and many of his ancestors had held high public offices. His grandfather Jacinto had been governor of San Luis between 1891 and 1893, and his great-great-grandfatherBlas Videlahad fought in theSpanish American wars of independenceand had later been a leader of theUnitarian Partyin San Luis.[10]

On 7 April 1948, Videla married Alicia Raquel Hartridge (28 September 1927 – 5 November 2021[11]) daughter of Samuel Alejandro Hartridge Parkes (1891–1969), anEnglish Argentineprofessor of physics and Argentine ambassador toTurkey,and María Isabel Lacoste Álvarez (1893–1939).[12]They had seven children: María Cristina (1949), Jorge Horacio (1950), Alejandro Eugenio (1951–1971), María Isabel (1954), Pedro Ignacio (1956), Fernando Gabriel (1961) and Rafael Patricio (1963). Two sons (Rafael Patricio and Fernando Gabriel) joined theArgentine Army.[10]

Army career[edit]

Videla joined theNational Military College(Colegio Militar de la Nación) on3 March1942 and graduated on21 December1944 with the rank ofsecond lieutenant.After steady promotion as a junior officer in the infantry, he attended the War College between 1952 and 1954 and graduated as a qualifiedstaff officer.Videla served at the Ministry of Defence from 1958 to 1960 and thereafter he directed the Military Academy until 1962. In 1971, he was promoted tobrigade generaland appointed byAlejandro Agustin Lanusseas Director of the National Military College. In late 1973 the head of the Army, Leandro Anaya, appointed Videla as the Chief of Staff of the Army. During July andAugust 1975,Videla was the Head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Estado Mayor Conjunto) of theArgentine Armed Forces.[13]InAugust 1975,the President,Isabel Perón,appointed Videla to the Army's senior position, theGeneral Commander of the Army.

Rank Date of promotion
Second Lieutenant 22 December 1944
Lieutenant 15 June 1947
First Lieutenant 3 November 1949
Captain 1 March 1952
Major 18 July 1958
Lieutenant Colonel 28 December 1961
Colonel 17 January 1966
Brigade General 23 November 1971
Lieutenant General 20 October 1975[14]

Coup d'état[edit]

Main article:1976 Argentine coup d'état
Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla swearing the Oath as President of Argentina, 29 March 1976.

Upon the death of PresidentJuan Perón,his widow and Vice President Isabel became president. Videla headed amilitary coupwhich deposed her on24 March1976, during increasing violence, social unrest and economic problems. Amilitary juntawas formed, made up of him, representing theArmy;AdmiralEmilio Masserarepresenting theNavy;and Brigadier GeneralOrlando Ramón Agostirepresenting theAir Force.[15]

Presidency[edit]

Two days after thecoup,Videla formally assumed the post ofPresident of Argentina.

Human rights violations[edit]

Main article:Dirty War
Operation Condor
Background histories
Events
Government leaders
Targeted militias
Principal operatives
Organizations responsible
Locations
Laws
Archives and reports
Reactions

A terrorist is not just someone with a gun or a bomb, but also someone who spreads ideas that are contrary toWesternandChristian civilization.

— Jorge Rafael Videla[16]
Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla at a military parade inBuenos Aires,1978.

The military junta is remembered for theforced disappearancesoflarge numbers of students.The military junta took power during a period of terrorist attacks from theMarxistgroupsERP,theMontoneros,FAL, FAR and FAP, who had gone underground afterJuan Perón's death inJuly 1974,and violentright-wingkidnappings, tortures and assassinations from theArgentine Anticommunist Alliance,led byJosé López Rega,Perón's Minister of Social Welfare, and otherdeath squads.TheBaltimore Sunreported at the beginning of 1976 that,

In thejungle-covered mountains of Tucuman,long known as 'Argentina's garden', Argentines are fighting Argentines in aVietnam-stylecivil war.So far, the outcome is in doubt. But there is no doubt about the seriousness of the combat, which involves 2,000 or so leftist guerrillas and perhaps as many as 10,000 soldiers.[17]

In late 1974 the ERP set up a rural front in Tucumán province and theArgentine Armydeployed the5th Mountain Brigadeof the2nd Army Divisionin counterinsurgency operations in the province. In early 1976 the mountain brigade was reinforced in the form of the4th Airborne Brigadethat had until then been withheld guarding strategic points in the city ofCórdobaagainst ERP guerrillas and militants.[18]

The members of the junta took advantage of the guerrilla threat to authorize the coup and naming the period in government as the "National Reorganization Process".In all, 293 servicemen and policemen were killed in left-wing terrorist incidents in 1975 and 1976.[19]Videla narrowly escaped three assassination attempts by the Montoneros and ERP between February 1976 and April 1977.[20]

Justice MinisterRicardo Gil Lavedra,who formed part of the 1985 tribunal judging the military crimes committed during the Dirty War, later declared, "I sincerely believe that the majority of the victims of the illegal repression were guerrilla militants".[21]Some 10,000 of the disappeared were guerrillas of theMontoneros,and thePeople's Revolutionary Army.[22][23][24]However, the campaign of repression actually intensified after the guerrillas were defeated and it was during this time, when they targeted the church, labor unions, artists, intellectuals and university students and professors, that the junta accumulated the greatest number of victims.[25]

According to human right groups, an estimated 15,000 to 30,000[26]Argentines "disappeared" while in the custody of the police or the military.[26]Among the victims were two French nuns (Alice DomonandLéonie Duquet) who had taught and cared for Videla's disabled son, Alejandro.[27]Some 1,500 to 4,000 were drugged into a stupor, loaded into military aircraft, stripped naked and then thrown into theRio de la Plataand Atlantic Ocean to drown in what became known as "death flights."[28][29][30][31]Between 10,000 and 12,000[32]of the "disappeared," PEN (Poder Ejecutivo Nacional) detainees held in clandestine detention camps throughout the dictatorship, were eventually released under diplomatic pressure.[33]Terence Roehrig estimates that of the disappeared "at least 10,000 were involved in various ways with the guerrillas".[34]

In the bookDisposición Finalby Argentine journalist Ceferino Reato, Videla confirms for the first time that between 1976 and 1983, 8.000 Argentines have been murdered by his regime. The bodies were hidden or destroyed to prevent protests at home and abroad.[35]Videla also maintained that female guerrilla detainees allowed themselves to become pregnant in the belief they would not be tortured or executed, but they were. The children whom they bore in prison were taken from them, illegally adopted by military families of the regime, and their identities were hidden for decades.[3]

According to Human rights organisations in Argentina, between 1,900 and 3,000Jewswere among the 30,000 who were targeted by the Argentine military junta.[36]It is a disproportionate number, as Jews comprised between 5–12% of those targeted but only 1% of the population. Historian Daniel Muchnik attributed this to many Jews gravitating to political activism and armed resistance groups such as theERPandFAPduring the period. However, testimonies from Jewish Argentines suggest that they were targeted for being Jewish. Many torture victims were said to have seen pictures ofAdolf Hitlerand swastikas on walls of torture chambers and interrogators utteringanti-Semiticepithets. Jews were also known to have suffered anti-Semitic harassment while in the Argentine military. Between 200 and 300 Jews were subject to attacks, often by their superiors.[37][38]

Some 11,000 Argentines have applied for and received up to US$200,000 as monetary compensation from the state for the loss of loved ones during the military dictatorship.[39]TheAsamblea por los Derechos Humanos(APDH or Assembly for Human Rights) believes that 12,261 people were killed or disappeared during the "National Reorganization Process".[40]Politically, all legislative power was concentrated in the hands of Videla's nine-man junta, and every important position in the national government was filled with loyal military officers.

Economic policy[edit]

Argentine dictator Jorge Rafael Videla at the opening of 1976's "Exposición Rural"inPalermo,Buenos Aires.

As Argentina's new president, Videla faced acollapsing economyracked by soaringinflation.He largely left economic policies in the hands of MinisterJosé Alfredo Martínez de Hoz,who adopted afree tradeandderegulatoryeconomic policy.[41]

Martínez de Hoz took measures to restoreeconomic growth,reversingPeronismin favour of afree market economy.Inflation rate decreased somewhat, but remained still high.[42]

He enjoyed the personal friendship ofDavid Rockefeller,who facilitatedChase Manhattan BankandInternational Monetary Fundloans of nearly US$1 billion after his arrival.[43]

He eliminated allprice controlsand theexchange controlsregime. Theblack marketandshortagesdisappeared.[44]

He freedexports(removed existing prohibitions and quotas and export taxes were repealed) andimports(removed existing prohibitions, quotas, and licenses and gradually reduced import tariffs).[45]

During his tenure, theforeign debtincreased fourfold, and disparities between theupperandlower classesbecame much more pronounced.[46]The period ended in atenfold devaluationand one of the worstfinancial crisesin Argentine history.[47]

Foreign relations[edit]

Main article:Beagle conflict
Videla met with US PresidentJimmy Carterat theWhite Houseon 9 September 1977.

Thecoup d'étathad been planned since October 1975, and theUnited States Department of Statelearned of the preparations two months before its execution.Henry Kissingerwould meet several times withArgentine Armed Forcesleaders after the coup, urging them to destroy their opponents quickly before outcry overhuman rights abusesgrew in the United States.[48][49][50]

TheUS State Departmentsaw Argentina as a bulwark ofanti-communisminSouth Americaand in early April 1976, the US Congress approved a request by theFord Administration,written byHenry Kissinger,to grant $50,000,000 in security assistance to the junta. In 1977, the US Department of Defense authorized $700,000 to train 217 Argentine military officers and in 1977 and 1978 the United States sold more than $120,000,000 in spare military parts to Argentina.[51]

At the same time, though, the new US PresidentJimmy Carterhighlighted issues ofhuman rightsand, in 1978, convinced Congress to cut off all US arms transfers to Argentina.[52]

During Videla's regime, Argentina rejected the binding Report and decision of the Court of Arbitration over theBeagle conflict(about possession of thePicton, Lennox and Nuevaislands) at the southern tip of South America and startedOperation Soberaníain order to invade the islands. In 1978, however,Pope John Paul IIopened amediation process.His representative,Antonio Samorè,successfully prevented full-scale war.

The conflict was not completely resolved until after Videla's time as president. Once democratic rule was restored in 1983, theTreaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina(Tratado de Paz y Amistad), which acknowledged Chilean sovereignty over the islands, was signed and ratified by popularreferendum.

Although Videla was anti-Communist, his regime maintained good relations with the Soviet Union and China; trade ties with both were expanded under his rule.[53]

Public relations[edit]

One of Videla's greatest challenges was his image abroad. He attributed criticism over human rights to an anti-Argentine campaign. On 19 May 1976, he attended a luncheon with a group of Argentine intellectuals, includingErnesto Sábato,Jorge Luis Borges,Horacio Esteban Ratti (president of the Argentine Writers Society) and FatherLeonardo Castellani.The latter expressed to Videla his concern regarding the disappearance of another writer,Haroldo Conti.[54]

Bumper sticker commissioned by the junta in 1979. The text is a pun onderechos humanos,"human rights"."We Argentines are righteous and humans "

On 30 April 1977,Azucena Villaflor,along with 13 other women, started demonstrations on thePlaza de Mayo,in front of theCasa Rosadapresidential palace, demanding to be told the whereabouts of their disappeared children. They became known as theMothers of the Plaza de Mayo(Madres de Plaza de Mayo).

During a human rights investigation inSeptember 1979,theInter-American Commission on Human Rightsdenounced Videla's government, citing many disappearances and instances of abuse. In response, the junta hired theBurson-Marstellerad agency to formulate a pithy comeback:Los argentinos somos derechos y humanos(Literally, "We the Argentines are righteous and humane" ). The slogan was printed on 250,000 bumper stickers and distributed to motorists throughout Buenos Airesto create the appearance of a spontaneous supportof pro-junta sentiment, at a cost of approximately $16,117.[55]

Videla used the1978 FIFA World Cupfor political purposes. He cited the enthusiasm of the Argentine fans for their victorious football team as evidence of his personal and the junta's popularity.[56]

In 1980,Adolfo Pérez Esquivel,leader of thePeace and Justice Service,was awarded theNobel Peace Prizefor reporting many of Argentina's human rights violations to the world at large.

Later life and death[edit]

Videla voting in the1983 Argentine general election,which marked the restoration of democracy after the end of the Process.

Videla relinquished power toRoberto Violaon29 March1981. On April 7, 1982, Videla attended the swearing-in ceremony of general Mario Benjamín Menéndez as governor of the Malvinas Islands.[57]The military regime continued until it collapsed after losing theFalklands warin 1982. Democracy was restored in 1983.

The new government began prosecution of top-ranking officers for crimes committed during the dictatorship in what was called theTrial of the Juntasof 1985. Videla was convicted of numeroushomicides,kidnapping,torture, and many other crimes. He was sentenced tolife imprisonmentand was discharged from the military in 1985.

Videla was imprisoned for five years. In 1990, PresidentCarlos MenempardonedVidela and many other imprisoned former members of the military regime. Menem also pardoned the leftist guerrilla commanders accused of terrorism. In a televised address to the nation, President Menem said, "I have signed the decrees so we may begin to rebuild the country in peace, in liberty and in justice... We come from long and cruel confrontations. There was a wound to heal."[58]

Videla briefly returned to prison in 1998 when a judge found him guilty of the kidnapping of babies during theDirty War,including the child of thedesaparecidaSilvia Quintela,and the disappearances of the commanders of thePeople's Revolutionary Army(ERP), Mario Roberto Santucho and Benito Urteaga.[59]Videla spent 38 days in the old part of theCaseros Prison.Due to health issues, he was later transferred tohouse arrest.[60][61]

Following the election of PresidentNéstor Kirchnerin 2003, there was a renewed widespread effort inArgentinato show the illegality of Videla's rule. The government no longer recognized Videla as having been a legal president of the country, and his portrait was removed from the military school. In 2003, Congress repealed theLey de Punto Final,which had ended prosecutions for crimes under the dictatorship. In 2005, the Argentine Supreme Court ruled that the law had been unconstitutional. The government re-opened prosecution of crimes against humanity.

On 6 September 2006, Judge Norberto Oyarbide ruled that the pardons granted by President Menem were unconstitutional.[62]On25 April2007, a federal court struck down Videla's presidential pardon and restored his convictions for human rights abuses.[63]

He was put on trial on2 July2010 for new charges of human rights violations relating to the deaths of 31 prisoners who died under his rule.[6]Three days later, Videla took full responsibility for his army's actions during his rule, saying, "I accept the responsibility as the highest military authority during the internal war. My subordinates followed my orders."[5]On22 December2010, the trial ended, and Videla was convicted and sentenced to life in prison.[64]He was ordered to be transferred to a civilian prison immediately after the trial.[64]In handing down the sentence, judge María Elba Martínez said that Videla was "a manifestation ofstate terrorism."[65]During the trial, Videla had said that "yesterday's enemies are in power and from there, they are trying to establish aMarxistregime "in Argentina.[66]

On 5 July 2012, Videla was convicted and sentenced to 50 years' imprisonment for his participation in a scheme to steal babies from parents detained by the military regime. According to the court decision, Videla was an accomplice "in the crimes of theft, retention and hiding of minors, as well as replacing their identities."[67]The children were given to military families for illegal adoption, and their identities were hidden. An estimated 400 children were stolen during this period, often from mothers who gave birth in prison and who were later "disappeared." By June 2019, 130 of these adoptees had their identities restored.[68]

On 17 May 2013, Videla was reported as having died of natural causes in his sleep while serving his sentence at aMarcos Pazprison.[69][70]An autopsy revealed he died from multiple fractures and internal hemorrhaging caused by having slipped in a prison shower on 12 May.[71]According to a 2009 ruling by the military, he (and others convicted of human rights violations) were not eligible for amilitary funeral.A private ceremony was held by his family.[72]

Human rights organizations throughout the political compass denounced Videla, saying that he died without admitting that he was aware of the disappeared persons and kidnapped children. None of the tried ex-officers has provided details about the fate of those missing. Videla appeared mostly unrepentant for the actions against those whom he deemed terrorist subversives.[73]

Several Argentine politicians commented on his death. DeputyRicardo Gil Lavedraof theRadical Civic Unionsaid that Videla will be remembered as a dictator, whileHermes Binnerexpressed condolences to the victims of his government.[74]Hernán Lombardi,Minister of Culture ofBuenos Airescity, praised Argentine democracy for having tried and sentenced the dictator.[74]Ricardo Alfonsínsaid it was good that Videla had died in prison.[75]Adolfo Pérez Esquivel,Argentine recipient of the 1980Nobel Peace Prize,said, "The death of Videla should not delight anybody, we have to keep working for a better society, more just, more humane, so that all that horror never happens again".[76]

Cabinet ChiefJuan Manuel Abal Medinasaid that he was glad that, "Videla died prosecuted, sentenced and imprisoned in a common cell, repudiated by the Argentine people".[77]At the time of Videla's death he was one of two surviving dictators of Argentina. The last surviving president from the dictatorship,Reynaldo Bignone,died on 7 March 2018.

Videla remained a Roman Catholic until the end of his life.[78][79][80][81][82]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toJorge Rafael Videla.
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Military offices
Preceded by Head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Jul–Aug 1975 		Succeeded by
Preceded by General Commander of the Army
1975–1978 		Succeeded by
Roberto Eduardo Viola
as Commander-in-Chief of the Army
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Tucumán
Aug–Dec 1974 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Argentina
1976–1981 		Succeeded by
Sporting positions
Preceded by The person who opened theFIFA World Cup
1978 		Succeeded by
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