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Joseph Banks

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For other people named Joseph Banks, seeJoseph Banks (disambiguation).

Sir Joseph Banks
BtGCBFRS
Portrait of Joseph BanksbySir Joshua Reynolds,1773
Born(1743-02-24)24 February 1743(13 February O.S.)
30Argyll Street,London, England
Died19 June 1820(1820-06-19)(aged 77)
Spring Grove House,Isleworth,London, England
Alma materChrist Church,Oxford
Known forVoyage ofHMSEndeavour,exploration of Botany Bay
SpouseDorothea Banks
Scientific career
FieldsBotany
InstitutionsRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Author abbrev. (botany)Banks
21stPresident of the Royal Society
In office
1778–1820
Preceded bySir John Pringle
Succeeded byWilliam Hyde Wollaston
Signature

Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet,GCB,FRS(24 February [O.S.13 February] 1743 – 19 June 1820[1]) was an Englishnaturalist,botanist, and patron of thenatural sciences.[2]

Banks made his name on the1766 natural-history expeditiontoNewfoundland and Labrador.He took part in CaptainJames Cook'sfirst great voyage(1768–1771), visiting Brazil, Tahiti, and after 6 months in New Zealand, Australia, returning to immediate fame. He held the position of president of theRoyal Societyfor over 41 years. He advisedKing George IIIon theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew,and by sending botanists around the world tocollect plants,he made Kew the world's leading botanical garden. He is credited for bringing 30,000 plant specimens home with him; amongst them, he was the first European to document 1,400.[3]

Banks advocatedBritish settlementinNew South Walesand the colonisation of Australia, as well as the establishment ofBotany Bayas a place for thereception of convicts,and advised the British government on all Australian matters. He is credited with introducing theeucalyptus,acacia,and thegenusnamed after him,Banksia,to theWestern world.Around 80 species of plants bear his name. He was the leading founder of theAfrican Associationand a member of theSociety of Dilettanti,which helped to establish theRoyal Academy.

Early life

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A 1757 portrait of Banks with a botanical illustration, unknown artist, but attributed toLemuel Francis AbbottorJohann Zoffany[4]

Banks was born inArgyll Street,Soho,London,the son ofWilliam Banks,a wealthyLincolnshirecountrysquireand member of theHouse of Commons,and his wife Sarah, daughter of William Bate.[2]He was baptised atSt James's Church, Piccadilly,on 20 February 1743,Old Style.[5]He had a younger sister,Sarah Sophia Banks,born in 1744.[6]

Education

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Banks was educated atHarrow Schoolfrom the age of nine and then atEton Collegefrom 1756; the boys with whom he attended the school included his future shipmateConstantine Phipps.[4]

As a boy, Banks enjoyed exploring the Lincolnshire countryside and developed a keen interest in nature, history, and botany. When he was 17, he was inoculated withsmallpox,but he became ill and did not return to school. In late 1760, he was enrolled as agentleman-commonerat theUniversity of Oxford.At Oxford, hematriculatedatChrist Church,where his studies were largely focussed on natural history rather than the classical curriculum. Determined to receive botanical instruction, he paid theCambridgebotanistIsrael Lyonsto deliver a series of lectures at Oxford in 1764.[7]

Banks left Oxford forChelseain December 1763. He continued to attend the university until 1764, but left that year without taking a degree.[8]His father had died in 1761, so when Banks reached the age of 21, he inherited the large estate ofRevesby Abbey,in Lincolnshire, becoming the local squire andmagistrate,and dividing his time between Lincolnshire and London. From his mother's house in Chelsea, he kept up his interest in science by attending theChelsea Physic Gardenof theWorshipful Society of Apothecariesand theBritish Museum,where he met the Swedish naturalistDaniel Solander.He began to make friends among the scientific men of his day and to correspond withCarl Linnaeus,whom he came to know through Solander. As Banks's influence increased, he became an adviser toKing George IIIand urged the monarch to support voyages of discovery to new lands, hoping to indulge his own interest in botany. He became aFreemasonsometime before 1769.[9]

Newfoundland and Labrador

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In 1766, Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year, at 23, he went with Phipps aboard the frigateHMSNigerto Newfoundland and Labrador with a view to studying their natural history. He made his name by publishing the firstLinneandescriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.[10][11]Banks also documented 34 species of birds, including thegreat auk,which became extinct in 1844. On 7 May, he noted a large number of "penguins" swimming around the ship on theGrand Banks,and a specimen he collected inChateau Bay, Labrador,was later identified as the great auk.[12]

Endeavourvoyage

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Dr Daniel SolanderSir Joseph BanksCaptain James CookDr John HawkesworthEarl of Sandwichuse button to expand image
Dr Daniel Solander,Sir Joseph Banks,Captain James Cook,Dr John HawkesworthandLord SandwichbyJohn Hamilton Mortimer,1771.[13]Use a cursor to see who is who.[14]
Main article:First voyage of James Cook

Banks was appointed to a jointRoyal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the South Pacific Ocean onHMSEndeavour,1768–1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. Banks funded eight others to join him: theSwedishnaturalistDaniel Solander,the Finnish naturalistHerman Spöring(who also served as Banks's personal secretary and as a draughtsman), artistsSydney ParkinsonandAlexander Buchan,and four servants from his estate: James Roberts, Peter Briscoe, Thomas Richmond, and George Dorlton.[15][16]In 1771, he was travelling with James Cook and docked inSimon's Townin what is now South Africa. There, he met the traderChristoffel Brandand a friendship started. He was the godfather of Brand's grandsonChristoffel Brand.[citation needed]

The voyage went toBrazil,where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant,Bougainvillea(named after Cook's French counterpart,Louis Antoine de Bougainville), and to other parts of South America. The voyage then progressed toTahiti(where thetransit of Venuswas observed,[17]the overt purpose of the mission), then to New Zealand.

From there, it proceeded to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay. The ship then landed at Round Hill (23-25 May 1770), which is now known asSeventeen Seventyand atEndeavour River(near modernCooktown) inQueensland,where they spent almost seven weeks ashore while the ship was repaired after becoming holed on theGreat Barrier Reef.[11]While they were in Australia, Banks, Daniel Solander, and Finnish botanist DrHerman Spöring Jr.made the first major collection of Australian flora, describing many species new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artistSydney Parkinsonand appear inBanks'Florilegium,finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990. Notable also was that during the period when theEndeavourwas being repaired, Banks observed akangaroo,first recorded as "kanguru" on 12 July 1770 in an entry in his diary.[citation needed]

Satire on Banks titled "The Botanic Macaroni", byMatthew Darly,1772: Amacaroniwas a pejorative term used for a follower of exaggerated continental fashion in the 18th century.

Return home and voyage to Iceland

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Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous. He intended to go with Cook on hissecond voyage,which began on 13 May 1772, but difficulties arose about Banks's scientific requirements on board Cook's new ship,HMSResolution.The Admiralty regarded Banks's demands as unacceptable and without prior warning, withdrew his permission to sail. Banks immediately arranged an alternative expedition, and in July 1772, Daniel Solander and he visited theIsle of Wight,the Hebrides,Iceland,and theOrkney Islands,[11]aboardSir Lawrence.In Iceland, they ascendedMt. Heklaand visited theGreat Geyser,and were the first scientific visitors toStaffain the Inner Hebrides.[18]They returned to London in November, with many botanical specimens, via Edinburgh, where Banks and Solander were interviewed byJames Boswell.[19]In 1773, he toured south Wales in the company of artistPaul Sandby.[20]When he settled in London, he began work on hisFlorilegium.He kept in touch with most of the scientists of his time, was elected a foreign member of theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciencesin 1773, and added a fresh interest when he was elected to the Dilettante Society in 1774. He was afterwards secretary of this society from 1778 to 1797. On 30 November 1778, he was electedpresident of the Royal Society,[11]a position he was to hold with great distinction for over 41 years.

Banks as painted byBenjamin Westin 1773

In March 1779, Banks marriedDorothea Hugessen,daughter of W. W. Hugessen, and settled in a large house at 32Soho Square.[17]It continued to be his London residence for the remainder of his life. There, he welcomed the scientists, students, and authors of his period, and many distinguished foreign visitors. His sisterSarah Sophia Bankslived in the house with Banks and his wife. He had as librarian and curator of his collections Solander,Jonas Carlsson Dryander,andRobert Brownin succession.[21]

Also in 1779, Banks took a lease on an estate called Spring Grove, the former residence of Elisha Biscoe (1705–1776),[22]which he eventually bought outright from Biscoe's son, alsoElisha,in 1808. The picture shows the house in 1815. Its 34 acres ran along the northern side of the London Road,Isleworth,and contained a natural spring, which was an important attraction to him. Banks spent much time and effort on this secondary home. He steadily created a renowned botanical masterpiece on the estate, achieved primarily with many of the great variety of foreign plants he had collected on his extensive travels around the world, particularly to Australia and the South Seas. The surrounding district became known asSpring Grove.[23]

The house was substantially extended and rebuilt by later owners and is now part ofWest Thames College.[24]

Banks was made abaronetin 1781,[11][25]three years after being elected president of the Royal Society. During much of this time, he was an informal adviser to King George III on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a position that was formalised in 1797. Banks dispatched explorers and botanists to many parts of the world, and through these efforts, Kew Gardens became arguably the pre-eminentbotanical gardensin the world, with many species being introduced to Europe through them and throughChelsea Physic Gardenand their head gardener John Fairbairn. He directly fostered several famous voyages, including that ofGeorge Vancouverto the northeastern Pacific (Pacific Northwest), andWilliam Bligh's voyages (one entailing the infamousmutiny on theBounty) to transplantbreadfruitfrom the South Pacific to the Caribbean islands. Banks was also a major financial supporter ofWilliam Smithin his decade-long efforts to create a geological map of England, the first geological map of an entire country. He also choseAllan Cunninghamfor voyages to Brazil and the north and northwest coasts of Australia to collect specimens.[citation needed]

Sir Joseph Banks (centre), together withOmai(left) andDaniel Solander,painted byWilliam Parry,circa1775–76

Colonisation of New South Wales

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Banks's own time in Australia, however, led to his interest in the Britishcolonisationof that continent. He was to be the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales. A genus of theProteaceaewas named in his honour asBanksia.[11]In 1779, Banks, giving evidence before a committee of the House of Commons, had stated that in his opinion the place most eligible for the reception ofconvicts"was Botany Bay, on the coast ofNew Holland",on the general grounds that," it was not to be doubted that a Tract of Land such as New Holland, which was larger than the whole of Europe, would furnish Matter of advantageous Return ".[26]

Although Banks remained uninvolved in these colonies in a hands on manner, he was, nonetheless, the general adviser to the government on all Australian matters for twenty years. He arranged that a large number of useful trees and plants should be sent out in the supply shipHMSGuardian,which was unfortunately wrecked, as well as other ships; many of these were supplied byHugh Ronaldsfrom his nursery inBrentford.[27]Every vessel that came from New South Wales brought to Banks plants or animals or geological and other specimens and, on at least one occasion, human remains. GovernorPhilip Gidley Kingsent Banks the severed head of an Aboriginal man namedPemulwuythat Banks had seemingly listed as among his "desiderata."[28]

He was continually called on for help in developing the agriculture and trade of the colony, and his influence was used in connection with the sending out of early free settlers, one of whom, a young gardenerGeorge Suttor,later wrote a memoir of Banks. The three earliest governors of the colony,Arthur Phillip,John Hunter,andPhilip Gidley King,were in continual correspondence with him. Banks produced a significant body of papers, including one of the earliest Aboriginal Australian words lists compiled by a European.[29]Bligh was also appointed governor ofNew South Waleson Banks's recommendation. Banks followed the explorations ofMatthew Flinders,George Bass,and LieutenantJames Grant,and among his paid helpers wereGeorge Caley,Robert Brown, and Allan Cunningham.[citation needed]

However, Banks backedWilliam Blighto be installed as the new governor of New South Wales and to crack down on theNew South Wales Corps(or Rum Corps), which made a fortune on the trading of rum. This brought him in direct confrontation with post-Rum Rebellionde factoleaders such asJohn MacarthurandGeorge Johnston.This backing led to theRum Rebellionin Sydney, whereby the governor was overthrown by the two men. This became an embarrassment for Sir Joseph Banks, also, because years earlier, he campaigned that John Macarthur not be granted 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres) of land near Sydney in the cow pastures, which was later granted by Lord Camden. The next governor,Lachlan Macquarie,was asked to arrest Macarthur and Johnston, only to realise that they had left Sydney for London to defend themselves. He was humiliated that Macarthur and Johnston were acquitted from all charges in London and both later returned to Sydney.[citation needed]

Later life

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InThe great South Sea Caterpillar, transform'd into a Bath Butterfly(1795),James Gillraycaricatured Banks's investiture with theOrder of the Bathas a result of his expedition.
This 1812 print depicts Banks as president of the Royal Society, wearing the insignia of theOrder of the Bath.

Banks met the youngAlexander von Humboldtin 1790, when Banks was already the president of the Royal Society.[30]Before Humboldt and his scientific travel companion and collaboratorAimé Bonplandleft for what became a five-year journal of exploration and discovery, Humboldt requested a British passport for Bonpland, should the two encounter British warships.[31]On their travels, Humboldt arranged for specimens be sent to Banks, should they be seized by the British.[32]Banks and Humboldt remained in touch until Banks's death, aiding Humboldt by mobilising his wide network of scientific contacts to forward information to the great German scientist.[33]Both men believed in the internationalism of science.

Banks was elected a member of theAmerican Philosophical Societyin 1787[34]and a foreign honorary member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1788.[35]Among other activities, Banks found time to serve as a trustee of the British Museum for 42 years.[36]He washigh sheriff of Lincolnshirein 1794.

He worked with SirGeorge Stauntonin producing the official account of the British mission to theChinese Imperial court.This diplomatic and trade mission was headed byGeorge, Earl Macartney.Although theMacartney Embassyreturned to London without obtaining any concession from China, the mission could have been termed a success because it brought back detailed observations. This multivolume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord Macartney and from the papers of SirErasmus Gower,who was commander of the expedition. Banks was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.[37]

Banks was invested as aKnight of the Order of the Bath(KB) on 1 July 1795,[38]which becameKnight Grand Cross(GCB) when the order was restructured in 1815.[39]

Banks was a large landowner and activist encloser, drainer and ‘improver’ inFensatRevesby.[40]

Banks's health began to fail early in the 19th century and he suffered fromgout[11]every winter. After 1805, he practically lost the use of his legs and had to be wheeled to his meetings in a chair, but his mind remained as vigorous as ever. He had been a member of theSociety of Antiquariesnearly all his life, and he developed an interest in archaeology in his later years. In 1807,William Kerrnamed the Lady Banks climbing rose after Banks's wife.[41]Banks was made an honorary founding member of theWernerian Natural History SocietyofEdinburghin 1808. In 1809, he became associated member of theRoyal Institute of the Netherlands.[42]In 1809, his friendAlexander Henrydedicated his travel book to him. In May 1820, he forwarded his resignation as president of the Royal Society, but withdrew it at the request of the council. In 1819,Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen,on hisFirst Russian Antarctic Expedition,briefly stopped in England and met Joseph Banks. Banks had sailed withJames Cook50 years earlier and supplied the Russians with books and charts for their expedition.[43]He died on 19 June 1820 in Spring Grove House, Isleworth, London, and was buried atSt Leonard's Church, Heston.Lady Banks survived him, but they had no children.[11]

Legacy

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Banks's house (at right) was used for the offices of theZoological Society of London.

Banks was a major supporter of the internationalist nature of science, being actively involved both in keeping open the lines of communication with continental scientists during theNapoleonic Wars,and in introducing the British people to the wonders of the wider world. He was honoured with many place names in the South Pacific:Banks Peninsulaon theSouth Island,New Zealand; theBanks Islandsin modern-dayVanuatu;the Banks Strait betweenTasmaniaand theFurneaux Islands;Banks Islandin theNorthwest Territories,Canada; and theSir Joseph Banks Groupin South Australia.[44]

TheCanberrasuburb ofBanks,the electoralDivision of Banks,and the Sydney suburbs ofBankstown,Banksia,andBanksmeadoware all named after him, as is the northern headland ofBotany Bay,Cape Banks.[citation needed]A number of schools and colleges are also named after him, including the Sir Joseph Banks High School in the Sydney suburb ofRevesby,[45]and theJoseph Banks Secondary Collegeopened inPerth,Western Australia in 2015.[46]

An image of Banks was featured on the paper $5Australian banknotefrom its introduction in 1967 before it was replaced by the later polymer currency.[47]

In 1986, Banks was honoured by his portrait being depicted on a postage stamp issued byAustralia Post.[48]

InLincoln,England, theSir Joseph Banks Conservatorywas constructed in 1989 atThe Lawn, Lincoln;its tropicalhot househad numerous plants related to Banks's voyages, with samples from across the world, including Australia. The conservatory was moved to Woodside Wildlife Park in 2016 and has been named 'Endeavour'. A plaque was installed inLincoln Cathedralin his honour. InBoston, Lincolnshire,Banks was recorder for the town. His portrait, painted in 1814 byThomas Phillips,was commissioned by the Corporation of Boston, as a tribute to one whose 'judicious and active exertions improved and enriched this borough and neighbourhood'. It cost them 100 guineas. The portrait is now hanging in the Council Chamber of theGuildhall Museum.[49]

The Sir Joseph Banks Centre is located inHorncastle, Lincolnshire,housed in a Grade IIlisted building,which was recently restored by the Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire to celebrate Banks's life. Horncastle is located a few miles from Banks's Revesby estate and the naturalist was the town's lord of the manor. The centre is located on Bridge Street. It boasts research facilities, historic links to Australia, and a garden in which rare plants can be viewed and purchased.[citation needed]

At the 2011Chelsea Flower Show,an exhibition garden celebrated the historic link between Banks and the botanical discoveries of flora and fauna on his journey through South America, Tahiti, New Zealand, and eventually Australia on Captain Cook's shipEndeavour.The competition garden was the entry ofMelbourne's Royal Botanic Gardenswith an Australian theme. It was based on the metaphorical journey of water through the continent, related to the award-winning Australian Garden at theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne.The design won a gold medal.[50]

In 1911,London County Councilmarked Banks's house at 32 Soho Square with ablue plaque.This was replaced in 1938 with a rectangular stone plaque commemorating Banks and botanistsDavid DonandRobert Brownand meetings of theLinnean Society.[51]

Banks appears in the historical novelMutiny on the Bounty,byCharles NordhoffandJames Norman Hall.He appears briefly as a contact with British naval intelligence in the historical novelPost Captain,from theAubrey–Maturin seriesbyPatrick O'Brian.He is also featured inElizabeth Gilbert's 2013 best-selling novel,The Signature of All Things,and is a major character in Martin Davies' 2005 novelThe Conjuror's Bird.

Banks's life and influence were explored in a documentary five-part television seriesThe Lost World of Joseph Banksin 2016.[52]

Banks's account of theEndeavour'sapproach to Botany Bay might have been the basis for theinvisible shipsmyth.[53][54]

The standardauthor abbreviationBanksis used to indicate this person as the author whencitingabotanical name.[55]

Dispersal of Banks's papers

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Following Banks's death in 1820 a "treasure-trove of letters and papers"[56]was passed to Sir Edward Knatchbull, his wife's nephew. In 1828 the latter passed bound volumes of foreign correspondence to the British Library but retained the rest of the papers in the expectation that an official biography would be written.[57]After the death of Knatchbull and his wife, the letters and papers were passed on to their son Edward Knatchbull Hugesson, 1st Baron Brabourne, who offered to sell them to theBritish Museum.[57]However, in 1884 it declined to purchase them.[56]Following that "notorious"[56]decision the Agent General of New South Wales,Sir Saul Samuel,issued instructions for the purchase of a large portion of the papers, which now form part of theState Library of New South Wales's Brabourne Collection.[58]The "large quantities of papers" which remained were then auctioned off at Sotheby's in London in March and April 1886.[56]One of the successful bidders wasE. A. Petherick.Many of those are now in the Petherick Collection at theNational Library of Australia.[59]During the twentieth century the National Library continued to purchase Banks's letters and papers when they came on the market.

Online archive

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In hisEndeavourjournal, Banks recorded 30 years of his life. Letters, invoices, maps, regalia, and watercolour drawings have now been digitised on theState Library of NSWwebsite. This rich research and educational tool provides access to 8800 high-quality digital images.[60]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^Sir Joseph Banks, Baronet.Britannica. Retrieved on 22 June 2015.
  2. ^abGascoigne, John (2004)."Banks, Sir Joseph, baronet (1743–1820), naturalist and patron of science".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1300.ISBN978-0-19-861412-8.Retrieved8 February2021.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  3. ^Gooley, Tristan(2012).The Natural Explorer.London: Sceptre. p. 2.ISBN978-1-444-72031-0.
  4. ^abO'Brian, Patrick(1993)Joseph Banks: A Life.London:David R. Godine,pp. 23–24,ISBN0-87923-930-1.
  5. ^George Suttor, ed., Joseph Banks,Memoirs Historical and Scientific of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks(Parramatta: E. Mason, 1855),p. 19
  6. ^Hill, J.W.F. (1952)The Letters and Papers of the Banks Family of Revesby Abbey,Lincoln Record Society, vol. 45, noted in Patrick O'Brian,Joseph Banks, A Life,1987 p. 16
  7. ^Gascoigne, John (2004) "Banks, Sir Joseph, baronet (1743–1820)", inOxford Dictionary of National Biography,Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1300.
  8. ^He was, however, awarded an honorary degree by Oxford on his return from his voyage to the South Seas, see "Banks, Sir Joseph", inDictionary of Scientific Biography,Scribner, 1970.
  9. ^Jackson, John (October 2007)."Specialist Lodges".MQ Magazine(27): ns.
  10. ^Tuck, Leslie. Montevecchi, William. Nuttall Ornithological Club (1987). Newfoundland Birds, Exploitation, Study, Conservation, Harvard University.
  11. ^abcdefghGilbert, L. A. (1966)."Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820)".Australian Dictionary of Biography.Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,Australian National University.pp. 52–55.ISBN978-0-522-84459-7.ISSN1833-7538.OCLC70677943.Retrieved6 November2007.
  12. ^Lysaght, Averil M. (1971)Joseph Banks in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1766Berkeley:University of California Press,p. 168,ISBN0-520-01780-3.
  13. ^Digital Collection,National Library of Australia
  14. ^Catalogue,National Library of Australia, accessed February 2010
  15. ^"Muster for HMB Endeavour during the first Pacific Voyage, 1768-1771"(PDF).Captain Cook Society.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.Retrieved6 May2019.
  16. ^Holmes, Richard (2009).The Age of Wonder.HarperPress. p. 10.ISBN978-1400031870..Holmes incorrectly states that Green's first name was William, not Charles.
  17. ^abHolmes, Richard (2008). "Joseph Banks in Paradise".The age of wonder: how the romantic generation discovered the beauty and terror of science.New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 1–54.ISBN978-1-4000-3187-0.OCLC264044731.
  18. ^Agnarsdóttir, Anna (2020). "The young Joseph Banks: naturalist explorer and scientist, 1766–1772".Journal for Maritime Research.21(1–2): 23–44.doi:10.1080/21533369.2020.1746090.ISSN2153-3369.S2CID219033761.
  19. ^Boswell, James; Tankard, Paul (10 June 2014).Facts and inventions: selections from the journalism of James Boswell.New Haven.ISBN9780300141269.OCLC861676836.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^Colley, Linda (2009),"Men at arms",The Guardian,7 November 2009.
  21. ^Desmond, Ray (1995).The History of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.pp. 104–6.
  22. ^Susan Reynolds (editor)Heston and Isleworth, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3:Victoria County History, 1962
  23. ^Thorne, James (1876).Lambourne-Yiewsley.John Murray.
  24. ^"West Thames College PART TIME, FULL TIME AND EVENING COURSES FOR ADULTS"(PDF).West Thames College. p. 4.Archived(PDF)from the original on 22 October 2021.Retrieved23 October2021.
  25. ^"No. 12172".The London Gazette.20 March 1781. p. 5.
  26. ^Journals of the House of Commons,19 Geo. III, 1779, Vol. 37, p. 311.[1]
  27. ^Ronalds, B.F. (2017). "Ronalds Nurserymen in Brentford and Beyond".Garden History.45(1): 82–100.JSTOR44987945.
  28. ^Ashby, J.; Machin, R. (2021)."Legacies of colonial violence in natural history collections".Journal of Natural Science Collections.8:44–54.
  29. ^"Sir Joseph Banks Collection".sl.nsw.gov.au.29 June 2016.Retrieved18 January2017.
  30. ^Wulf,p. 19.
  31. ^Wulf,p. 44.
  32. ^Wulf,p. 76.
  33. ^Wulf,p. 136.
  34. ^"Joseph Banks".American Philosophical Society Member History.American Philosophical Society.Retrieved14 December2020.
  35. ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"(PDF).American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.Retrieved17 May2011.
  36. ^Anderson, R. G. W. (2008). "Joseph Banks and the British Museum, The World of Collecting, 1770–1830".Journal of the History of Collections.20:151.doi:10.1093/jhc/fhm040.
  37. ^Banks, Joseph. Papers of Sir Joseph Banks; Section 12: Lord Macartney's embassy to China;Series 62: Papers concerning publication of the account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, ca 1797.Archived3 June 2017 at theWayback Machine[State Library of New South Wales.]
  38. ^"No. 13792".The London Gazette.30 June 1795. p. 688.
  39. ^"No. 16972".The London Gazette.4 January 1815. pp. 17–20.
  40. ^James BoyceImperial Mud: The Fight for the Fens,Icon Books, 2020, p100.
  41. ^"Lady Banks Rose Growing: How To Plant A Lady Banks Rose".Gardening KnowHow.10 February 2020.Retrieved9 August2021.
  42. ^"Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820)".Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.Retrieved19 July2015.
  43. ^"Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen".28 August 2010.
  44. ^Flinders, Matthew(1966) [1814].A Voyage to Terra Australis: undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship theInvestigator,and subsequently in the armed vesselPorpoiseandCumberland Schooner;with an account of the shipwreck of thePorpoise,arrival of theCumberlandat Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island(Facsimile ed.). Adelaide; Reprint of: London: G. and W. Nicol, 1814 ed. In two volumes, with an Atlas (3 volumes): Libraries Board of South Australia. p. 234.Retrieved24 December2013.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location (link)
  45. ^Margerison, Charles (19 April 2011).Amazing Scientists: Inspirational Stories.Amazing People Club.ISBN978-1-921752-40-7.
  46. ^"A Message From The Principal".Joseph Banks Secondary College.Retrieved4 January2021.
  47. ^"Other Banknotes".Reserve Bank of Australia.Retrieved16 December2020.
  48. ^Australian 90c postal stamp.JPG image.
  49. ^Correia, Alice (1 September 2020)."'Respectable Exotics': Exhibiting South Asian Modernists in Britain, 1958 and 2017 ".Visual Culture in Britain.21(3): 310–329.doi:10.1080/14714787.2020.1852887.ISSN1471-4787.S2CID231821993.
  50. ^Gadd, Denise (25 May 2011)."In full bloom at Chelsea".The Sydney Morning Herald.Retrieved25 May2011.
  51. ^"BANKS, SIR JOSEPH (1743–1820), BROWN, ROBERT (1773–1858), DON, DAVID (1800–1841)".English Heritage.Retrieved5 January2016.
  52. ^"The Lost World of Joseph Banks".Pilot Guides.2016.
  53. ^Hustwitt, J. R. (2014).Interreligious hermeneutics and the pursuit of truth.Lanham, Md.: Le xing ton Books.ISBN978-0-7391-8739-5.
  54. ^Ball, Philip (2015).Invisible: the dangerous allure of the unseen.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-226-23889-0.
  55. ^International Plant Names Index.Banks.
  56. ^abcdMatthew Fishburn,The book that Joseph Banks burned,sl.nsw.gov.au; first published inSL Magazine,Summer 2017–18. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  57. ^abPapers of Sir Joseph Banks,nla.gov.au. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  58. ^Papers (Brabourne Collection), (c. 1769-1820) (microform),nla.gov.au. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  59. ^Petherick Collection,nla.gov.au. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  60. ^Hunt, Susan (Autumn 2018). "Sir Joseph Banks Online Archive".SL Magazine.11: 1: 44–45.

Cited sources

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  • Wulf, Andrea (2015).The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World.New York: Alfred A. Knopf.ISBN978-0385350662.

Further reading

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Primary resources

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Secondary resources

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  • Cameron, H. C. (1952)Sir Joseph Banks, K.B., P.R.S.; the Autocrat of the Philosophers,Batchworth Press.
  • Carter, H. B. (1964)His Majesty's Spanish Flock: Sir Joseph Banks and the Merinos of George III of England [sic],University of Sydney.
  • Carter, Harold Burnell (1988)Sir Joseph Banks, 1743–1820London:British Museum of Natural HistoryISBN0-565-00993-1;
  • Chambers, Neil (2007).Joseph Banks and the British Museum: the world of collecting, 1770-1830.London: Pickering & Chatto.ISBN978-1851968589.OCLC1028009661.
  • Dawson, W. R. (ed) (1958)The Banks Letters,University of London.
  • Durt, Tania (2007) "Joseph Banks", pp. 173–181 inThe Great Naturalists,edited by Robert Huxley. London: Thames & Hudson with the Natural History Museum.
  • Duyker, Edward(1998)Nature's Argonaut: Daniel Solander 1733-1782: Naturalist and Voyager with Cook and Banks.Melbourne University Press.ISBN0-522-84753-6
  • Marshall, John Braybrooke. "Daniel Carl Solander, Friend, Librarian and Assistant to Sir Joseph Banks." Archives of Natural History 11.3 (1984): 451–456.
  • Duyker, Edward & Tingbrand, Per (ed. & trans) (1995) Daniel Solander: Collected Correspondence 1753–1782, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp. 466,ISBN0-522-84636-XScandinavian University Press, Oslo, 1995, pp. 466,ISBN82-00-22454-6
  • Fara, Patricia (2004)Sex, Botany & Empire: The Story Of Carl Linnaeus And Joseph Banks.New York: Columbia University PressISBN0-231-13426-6
  • Gascoigne, John (1994)Joseph Banks and the English Enlightenment: Useful Knowledge and Polite CultureCambridge: Cambridge University PressISBN0-521-54211-1
  • Gascoigne, John (1998)Science in the Service of Empire: Joseph Banks, The British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution.Cambridge: Cambridge University PressISBN0-521-55069-6
  • Hawkesworth, John;Byron, John;Wallis, Samuel;Carteret, Philip;Cook, James;Banks, Joseph(1773).An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq.London Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell.,Volume I,Volume II-III
  • Kryza, Frank T. (207)The Race to Timbuktu: In Search of Africa's City of Gold.New York: HarperCollinsISBN0-06-056065-7
  • Lysaght, A. M. (1971). Joseph Banks in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1766; his diary, manuscripts, and collections. Faber and Faber, London.ISBN0-571-09351-5;
  • Mackaness, G. (1936)Sir Joseph Banks. His Relations with Australia,University of Sydney
  • Maiden, J. H. (1909) Sir Joseph Banks: The “Father of Australia”. Kegan Paul.
  • Musgrave, Toby (2020).The Multifarious Mr. Banks: From Botany Bay to Kew, the Natural Historian Who Shaped the World.Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-22383-5.
  • O'Brian, Patrick1993Joseph Banks: A Life.London: David R. Godine, 1993.ISBN0-87923-930-1,reprinted by University of Chicago Press, 1997ISBN0-226-61628-2
  • ——— 1987Sir Joseph BanksLondon: Harvill Press.ISBN0-00-272340-9
  • Smith, Edward (1911) Life of Sir Joseph Banks: With Some Notices of his Friends and Contemporaries. John Lane.

Select unpublished monographs

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  • Duncan, A. (1821)A Short Account of the Life of the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks,University of Edinburgh.
  • Gilbert, L.(1962)Botanical Investigation of Eastern Seaboard Australia, 1788–1810,B.A. thesis, University of New England, Australia.

Fiction

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Novels based on a mix of historical fact and conjecture about Banks's early life include:

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toJoseph BanksandBanksia.
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Joseph Banks
Wikispecieshas information related toJoseph Banks.
Baronetage of Great Britain
New creation Baronet
(of Revesby Abbey)
1781–1820 		Extinct
Professional and academic associations
Preceded by 21stPresident of the Royal Society
1778–1820 		Succeeded by
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