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This article is about judicial office holders in Scotland. For the court system of Scotland, seeCourts of Scotland.

Judiciary of Scotland
Agency overview
FormedEarly Middle Ages
TypeJudiciary
JurisdictionScotland
HeadquartersJudicial Office for Scotland,Parliament House,Edinburgh, EH1 1RQ
Annual budget£51.7 million (2013-14)[1]
Agency executives
Parent departmentScottish Courts and Tribunals Service
Websitewww.scotland-judiciary.org.uk
Map
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Scotland in the UK and Europe
Part of a series on
Scots law
Administration
Civil courts
Criminal courts
Special courts
Criminal prosecution
Legal profession

Thejudiciary of Scotland(Scottish Gaelic:Breitheamh na h-Alba) are thejudicial office holderswho sit in thecourts of Scotlandand make decisions in bothcivilandcriminalcases. Judges make sure thatcasesandverdictsare within the parameters set byScots law,and they must hand down appropriatejudgmentsandsentences.Judicial independenceis guaranteed in law, with a legal duty onScottish Ministers,theLord Advocateand theMembers of the Scottish Parliamentto uphold judicial independence, and barring them from influencing the judges through any form of special access.

TheLord President of the Court of Sessionis the head of Scotland's judiciary and the presiding judge of theCollege of Justice(which consists of theCourt of SessionandHigh Court of Justiciary.) As of May 2016, the Lord President wasLord Carloway,who was appointed in December 2015 having previously served asLord Justice Clerk.The Lord President is supported by theJudicial Office for Scotlandwhich was established on 1 April 2010 as a result of theJudiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008,and the Lord President chairs the corporate board of theScottish Courts and Tribunals Service.

The second most senior judge is the Lord Justice Clerk, and the other judges of the College of Justice are calledSenators.When sitting in theCourt of Session,Senators are known asLords of Council and Session,and when sitting in theHigh Court of Justiciarythey are known asLords Commissioners of Justiciary.There are also some temporary judges who carry out the same work on a part-time basis.

Scotland'ssheriffsdeal with most civil and criminal cases. There are 6sheriffdoms,each administered by asheriff principal.Sheriffs principal and sheriffs are legally qualified, and previously serve as eitheradvocatesorsolicitors,though many are also King's Counsel. Summary sheriffs deal exclusively with cases undersummary procedure,and some advocates and solicitors serve as part-time sheriffs. In 2014,Justice of the Peace courtsreplaced the previousdistrict courts.In Justice of the Peace courts,layjustices of the peacework with alegally qualifiedclerk of courtwho gives advice on law and procedure. Justices of the peace handleminor criminal matters.

History[edit]

Chart showing hierarchy with Supreme Courts at the top
Schematic of court system for Scotland
See also:Historical development of Scottish sheriffdoms

The head of the judiciary in Scotland is theLord President of the Court of Session[2]whose office dates back to 1532 with the creation of the College of Justice.[3]Scotland's judiciary was historically a mixture of feudal, local, and national judicial offices. The first national, royal, justices were thejusticiarsestablished in the 12th century; with there being either two or 3 appointed. The justiciars and their deputes would goon circuitto hear the most serious of cases that could not be heard by the local feudal or sheriff courts,[4][5]in a comparable (but not identical) manner toAssizesin England.[citation needed]In the Middle Ages, many Scots were subject to the local feudal lords, with onlytreasonreserved to theroyal courts.These feudal jurisdictions, calledheritable jurisdictions,were abolished in 1747 by theHeritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746.[6]

Thesheriff courtsdeveloped in the Middle Ages as royal courts to challenge the authority of the local feudal courts, though the office ofsheriffbecame itself a heritable jurisdiction with a legally qualifiedsheriff-deputethe effective judge.[4][6]The jurisdiction of the sheriffs was re-organised into twelvesheriffdomsfollowing the passage of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1870[7]The number of sheriffdoms was reduced to six in 1975, with only minor changes to the territorial extent of each sheriffdom since then.[8]

Locally administered courts continued until the replacement of thedistrict courtsbyjustice of the peace courtsin 2008,[9]and now all Scottish courts are administered centrally, with all judges, except the Lord Lyon and the justices of the peace, appointed on the recommendation of theJudicial Appointments Board for Scotland.[10][11]Due to the volume of business, some legally qualifiedstipendiary magistratessat inGlasgow,when following the Court Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 the office of stipendiary magistrate was abolished, and several stipendiary magistrates became summary sheriffs.[12]

Today, the Scottish judiciary are divided into the Senior Judges, the Senators of the College of Justice, the Chairman of theScottish Land Court,theLord Lyon,the Sheriffs Principal, the Appeal Sheriffs, Sheriffs, Part-time Sheriffs, Summary Sheriffs, Part-Time Summary Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and Tribunal Judges.

Judicial officer holders[edit]

The 1st Earl of Dunfermline,byMarcus Gheeraerts the Younger.Lord Dunfermline wasLord President of the Court of Sessionfrom 1598 to 1604 andLord Chancellor of Scotlandfrom 1604 to 1622.

Lord President of the Court of Session[edit]

Main article:Lord President of the Court of Session

TheLord President of the Court of Sessionis the head of the country's judiciary and the presiding judge of theCollege of Justice(which comprises theCourt of SessionandHigh Court of Justiciary.) The current Lord President is Lord Carloway, who was appointed in December 2015 having previously served asLord Justice Clerk[13]When presiding over criminal cases in the High Court of Justiciary the Lord President is known as the Lord Justice-General, an office that can be traced back to the ancient justiciars. In 1830, the Court of Session Act 1830 united the offices of Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General, with the person appointed as Lord President assuming the office of Lord Justice Generalex officio.[14]

The Lord President presides over the 1st Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session, and will often hearappealsthat raise significant or importantpoints of law.[15]

The Lord President was made head of a unified judiciary as a result of the passage of theJudiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008by theScottish Parliament.In his role as Head of the Judiciary he is supported by theJudicial Office for Scotland,and the Lord President chairs the corporate board of theScottish Courts and Tribunals Service.[16]The Judicial Office is administered by an executive director of theScottish Courts and Tribunals Service.[17]The Lord President, and the wider judiciary, is advised on matters relating to the administration of justice by theJudicial Council for Scotland,which is a non-statutory body established in 2007. There had been plans for a statutory judges' council but these plans were abandoned in favour of a non-statutory council convened by the Lord President.[18][19][20]

Lord Justice Clerk[edit]

Main article:Lord Justice Clerk

TheLord Justice Clerkis the second most seniorjudgeinScotland,after theLord President of the Court of Session.[21]The Lord Justice Clerk presides over the 2nd Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session.[15]The current Lord Justice Clerk isLady Dorrian,who was appointed to the position on 13 April 2016.[22]

The office of Lord Justice Clerk can be traced back to theclerk of courtto King's Court, later theJusticiary Court,which was normally the responsibility of the Justiciar. The Justiciar normally appointed several deputes to assist in the administration of justice, and to preside in his absence. The clerk waslegally qualifiedand advised the Justiciar and his deputes on the law, as they were generallynoblemenwithout anylegal educationorexperience as practising lawyers.This clerk prepared all theindictmentsand was keeper of the records. Eventually the influence of the clerk increased until the clerk gained both a vote in the court, and a seat on thebenchas theJustice-Clerk.[23][24]When theHigh Court of Justiciarywas established in its modern form by the Courts Act 1672, the position of the Lord Justice Clerk was given astatutorybasis.[25]The Lord Justice-General was president of the Court, and the Justice-Clerk vice-president. During the period when the office of Lord Justice-General was held by noblemen the Lord Justice-Clerk was virtual head of the Justiciary Court.[23]

Senators of the College of Justice[edit]

Main article:Senator of the College of Justice

The Senators of the College of Justice are judges of theCollege of Justiceand sit in either the Court of Session (where they are known as Lords of Council and Session[26]) or the High Court of Justiciary (where they are known as Lords Commissioners of Justiciary.) The Chairman of theScottish Land Courtranks as a Senator but is always referred to by his judicial office.[27]Whilst the High Court and Court of Session historically maintained separate judiciary, these are now one and the same, and the term,Senator,is almost ordinarily used in referring to the judges of these courts.[28]When a Senator sits as judge in the Outer House of the Court of Session they are referred to as a Lord Ordinary.[29]

Ten senators will sit in theInner Houseof theCourt of Session,where they will hear appeals against decisions made by theOuter House,theSheriff Appeal Court,or judgments made by asheriff principal.The remaining senators will sit as judges of the Outer House. Additional duties include a senator being appointed as President of Scottish Tribunals, or Chairman of theScottish Law Commission.[30][31]

To be eligible for appointment as a senator a person must have served at least 5 years assherifforsheriff principal,been anadvocatefor 5 years, asolicitorwith 5 years rights of audience before the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary, or been aWriter to the Signetfor 10 years (having passed the exam in civil law at least 2 years before application.)[31][32]

Under theTreason Act 1708it is treason to kill any of the Senators of the College of Justice when they are sitting in judgment and in exercise of their office.[33]

Chairman of the Scottish Land Court[edit]

Main article:Scottish Land Court

The chairman of theScottish Land Court,who is also appointed as president of theLands Tribunal for Scotland,has the same rank and tenure as a senator of the College of Justice, but does not number as a member of the College of Justice. The office of chairman was created with the founding of the Scottish Land Court in 1991 by the Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911 which has a responsibility for hearing cases relating toagricultural tenanciesandcrofting.The chairman is supported by a deputy chairman who holds the office ofsheriff.[34][35]The chairman is legally qualified, and must satisfy the same eligibility criteria as a senator: that is, they must have served at least 5 years assherifforsheriff principal,been anadvocatefor 5 years, asolicitorwith 5 years rights of audience before the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary, or been aWriter to the Signetfor 10 years (having passed the exam in civil law at least 2 years before application.)[36]

When founded, the Scottish Land Court, and its judiciary, were a separate administration to theCourt of Session,High Court of Justiciaryandsheriff courts.The enactment of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 sought to create a unified judiciary for Scotland, and soThe Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 (Scottish Land Court) Order 2017transferred responsibility for the administration of the court to the Scottish Courts and Tribunal Service, and made the chairman and deputy chairman part of the unified Scottish judiciary under the Lord President.[37]

The current chairman of the Scottish Land Court isLord Minginishwho was appointed by themonarchon 1 October 2014, having previously served as deputy chairman. His nomination byFirst MinisterAlex Salmondwas made following a recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. At the same time he was also appointed by the Scottish Ministers as president of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland.[38]

Sheriffs principal[edit]

Main article:Sheriff principal

The sheriffs principal are responsible for the efficiency of administration of the courts within theirsheriffdom(both the sheriff courts and the justice of the peace courts),[39]and since 1975 there have been 6 sherrifdoms in Scotland.[8]Sheriffs principal chair the Local Criminal Justice Boards, which bring together the localprocurator fiscal,Police ScotlandandCommunity Justice Authority,andScottish Courts and Tribunals Service.[40]The sheriffs principal also serveex officioasCommissioners of the Northern Lighthouse Board.[41]

To be eligible for appointment as a sheriff principal a person must belegally qualifiedas either anadvocateorsolicitorfor at least 10 years.[32][42]

Sheriffs principal will preside overfatal accident inquiriesbrought under theInquiries into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Act 2016with significantpublic interest.[39]

Sheriff officersare appointed by the sheriffs principal upon petition and the sheriff principal will investigate, and inspect, fitness for office under Part V of theDebtors (Scotland) Act 1987[43]and Section 8 ofAct of Sederunt(Messengers-at-Arms and Sheriff Officers Rules) 1988.[44]

Sheriffs principal and their sheriffdoms[45]
Sheriffdom Sheriff Principal Main Court
Glasgow and Strathkelvin Sheriff Principal Craig Turnbull Glasgow Sheriff Court
Grampian, Highland and Islands Sheriff Principal Derek Pyle Inverness Sheriff Court
Lothian and Borders Sheriff Principal Mhairi M. Stephen QC Edinburgh Sheriff Court
North Strathclyde Sheriff Principal Duncan L. Murray Paisley Sheriff Court
South Strathclyde, Dumfries and Galloway Sheriff Principal Aisha Anwar Airdrie Sheriff Court
Tayside, Central and Fife Sheriff Principal Marysia Lewis Perth Sheriff Court

Appeal sheriffs[edit]

Main article:Sheriff Appeal Court

Appeal sheriffs sit in the Sheriff Appeal Court and hear appeals against summary criminal proceedings, and some civil proceedings, from both thesheriff courtsandjustice of the peace courts.All sheriffs principal are automaticallyex officioappeal sheriffs. They usually sit in a bench of 2 or 3 judges. Appeal sheriffs also hear appeals in civil cases that previously went to the sheriff principal. Decisions of the Sheriff Appeal Court may only be appealed to the High Court of Justiciary with the permission of the High Court.[46][47]

To be eligible for appointment as an appeal sheriff a person must have served at least 5 years as a sheriff.[48]

Sheriffs[edit]

Main article:Sheriff court

Sheriffs deal with the majority of civil and criminal court cases in Scotland, with the power to preside insolemn proceedingswith ajury of 15forindictable offencesand sitting alone in summary proceedings forsummary offences.The maximum sentencing power of sheriff in summary proceedings is 12 monthsimprisonment,or afineof up to £10,000. In solemn proceedings the maximum sentence is 5 years imprisonment, or an unlimited fine.[49]

The sheriff hasexclusive jurisdictionfor all civil claims under £100,000, with shared jurisdiction over all other civil proceedings with theCourt of Session.There is no upper limit to the size of case handled by a sheriff, with almost all family actions taking place in the sheriff court.[49][50]

Sheriffs also preside overfatal accident inquirieswhich are convened to examine the circumstances around sudden or suspicious deaths, including those who die in the course of employment, incustody,or in secure accommodation.[51][52]

A sheriff must belegally qualified,and been qualified as anadvocateorsolicitorfor at least 10 years.[49]

The office ofsheriff(historically, sheriff-substitute or sheriff depute) evolved as a legally qualified person appointed by the hereditary sheriff principal (historically, sheriff). The hereditary office was abolished by the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746.[6]The offices were officially renamed by section 4 of the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971.[53]

Summary sheriffs[edit]

Main article:Sheriff court

Summary sheriffs hear civil cases brought under Simple Procedure and criminal cases brought under summary proceedings. Their sentencing powers are identical to a sheriff sitting in summary proceedings.[54]

To be eligible for appointment as a summary sheriff a person must belegally qualifiedas either anadvocateorsolicitorfor at least 10 years.[32][42]

The office of summary sheriff was established by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014.[55]

Justices of the Peace[edit]

Main article:Justice of the peace courts

The justices of the peace primary role is to preside over summary criminal trials for driving offences (including careless driving, speeding, tachograph offences, and driving without a license), less serious assaults, breach of the peace, theft and other less seriouscommon law offences.The maximum sentencing power of a justice of the peace is 60 daysimprisonment,or a fine up to £2,500, or both, and the ability to disqualify drivers.[56]Justices of the peace arelay people(notlegally qualified), and are advised by alawyerwho acts as legal adviser orclerk of court.[57]

The office of justice of the peace in Scotland can be traced back to 1609, when they were introduced by theParliament of ScotlandunderJames VI and I,as an alternative source of judicial authority to the sheriffs.[58]The sheriffs at this time were aheritable jurisdiction,which presented a perceived challenge to royal authority. Justices of the peace in Scotland have always had a limited jurisdiction and limited prestige: constantly overshadowed by the sheriff.[59]

Justices of the peace did, historically, have administrative functions such as regulating wages and contracts of servants and labourers, the maintenance of bridges, recruitment of militia, and special tax assessments. The office went into decline in the 19th century, and was revived by the establishment of thedistrict courtsin 1975.[59][60]The current system of justice of the peace courts was established in 2007 by the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007.[9]

Judicial independence[edit]

Judicial independencefrom thegovernment,legislatureandpublic prosecutorin Scotland in guaranteed in statute by the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008[61]which places a duty on theScottish Ministers,theFirst Minister of Scotland,theLord Advocate,andMembers of the Scottish Parliamentto uphold judicial independence and bars influences of the judiciary through special access. Judges swear a judicial oath which affirms their personal commitment to independence:[62]

“I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of this realm, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.”

— Judicial oath, Judicial Office for Scotland

The Scottish Government began consulting on how to ensure judicial independence in 2006 and the consultation resulted in the Lord President being recognised as the head of the Scottish judiciary, the transfer of theScottish Courts and Tribunals Serviceto judicial control, and the statutory basis for theJudicial Appointments Board for Scotland.[63]

The Lord President, Lord Justice Clerk, Senators of the College of Justice, Chairman of the Scottish Land Court, Sheriffs Principal, Sheriffs and Summary Sheriffs all hold office until retirement or until removal from office due to being unfit. They can only be removed from office for being unfit following a report from an independent tribunal, and subject to the oversight of the Scottish Parliament.

Judicial independence is also secured through a prohibition on permanent judges (no matter what office) from undertaking paid employment, and on restrictions as to the work that part-time or temporary judges can undertake. Generally, part-time and temporary judges will be practisingadvocatesorsolicitors,but they are prohibited from employment with theCrown Office and Procurator Fiscal Serviceor theGovernment Legal Service for Scotland.Permanent judges are also barred from having any involvement withpolitical partiesororganisations.[64][32]

Judges may also not be sued or prosecuted for the work they carry out as a judge.[65]

Judicial independence was attested as early at 1599 when Lord President Seton addressed theKingand said, "but this is a matter of law, in which we are sworn to justice according to our conscience and the statutes of the realm."[66]

Judicial appointment[edit]

Eligibility[edit]

To be eligible for appointment as a sheriff principal, sheriff, or summary sheriff (whether permanent, temporary, or part-time) a person must belegally qualifiedas either anadvocateorsolicitorfor at least 10 years. To be eligible for appointment as a senator a person must have served at least 5 years assherifforsheriff principal,been anadvocatefor 5 years, asolicitorwith 5 years rights of audience before the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary, or been aWriter to the Signetfor 10 years (having passed the exam in civil law at least 2 years before application.)[31][32][42]

Some sheriffs with five or more years’ service as a sheriff, are eligible to be appointed as Appeal Sheriffs to sit in the Sheriff Appeal Court.[48]

Judicial Appointments Board[edit]

Appointments to all offices of the judiciary, except for Lord Lyon and justices of the peace, are made by theFirst Minister of Scotlandon the recommendation of theJudicial Appointments Board for Scotland.The statutory basis for making recommendations was established by the Scottish Parliament through Sections 9 to 27 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 (as amended by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014). The 2008 Act established the requirements for making appointments of permanent, temporary and part-time judges.[10][67]

The appointment of sheriffs principal (permanent and temporary), sheriffs and summary sheriffs (permanent and part-time) is regulated by the Judiciaty and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 and the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, which replaced the previous rules established by the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971.[42][10][67]

Justice of the peace advisory committees[edit]

Justices of the peace are appointed by the First Minister on the recommendation of Justice of Peace Advisory Committees, which are established for each sheriffdom. Each sheriff principal is responsible for appointing members to the advisory committee for his or her sheriffdom, with each committee having at least 3 lay members, and no more than one sheriff.[68][69]

Lord Advocate[edit]

Historically appointments were made on the advice of theLord Advocate,which in 1999 raised questions of judicial independence from the executive.[70][71] A conviction was overturned by the High Court of Justiciary Appeal Court on the grounds that a temporary sheriff was not independent in terms ofArticle 6of theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsas he was appointed by the Lord Advocate for 1 year, and could be dismissed at will. Given that the Lord Advocate is also the chief public prosecutor for Scotland this meant the sheriff could be concerned about making a judgment that could see them removed from office.[72]The Bail, Judicial Appointments etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 abolished the office of temporary sheriff and replaced it with part-time sheriffs who were appointed for a period of 5 years, and they cannot not be dismissed unless they are found unfit for duty by an independent tribunal.[73]

The role of the Lord Advocate in judicial appointments was removed by the establishment of the Judicial Appointments Board in 2002,[74]and was abolished in statue by the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008.[10]

Tenure[edit]

The Lord President, Lord Justice Clerk, Senators of the College of Justice, and all permanent sheriffs principal, sheriffs and summary sheriffs, hold office until compulsory retirement unless they are removed from office for inability, neglect of duty, or misbehaviour.

College of Justice[edit]

The Lord President, Lord Justice Clerk, and Senators (including the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court) are subject to a retirement age of 75.[75]The judges of the College of Justice and the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court can only be removed from office should theScottish Parliamentresolve that the First Minister makes a recommendation toHis Majesty the King.Such a recommendation can only be made after a tribunal has been convened to investigate the matter and reported on the need for removal from office. The tribunal is convened on the request of the Lord President, or in other circumstances that the First Minister sees fit. However, the First Minister must consult the Lord President (for all other judges) and the Lord Justice Clerk (when the Lord President is under investigation.)[76][65]

Sheriffs principal and sheriffs[edit]

Historically sheriffs were said, after seven years, to hold their officeAd vitam aut culpam(for life or until fault) meaning that they could only be only removed from office for "gross misbehaviour or neglect of duty".Ad vitam aut culpamwas enacted by Section 29 of the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746,[77]however this was modified by the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971 which allowed for the Lord President and Lord Justice Clerk to investigate the fitness for office of any sheriff principal or sheriff, and by Section 2 of the Judicial Pension Act 1959 which enforced compulsory retirement at the age of 75.[78]This was subsequently modified to the age of 70 by Section 26 of the Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993.[75]

Fitness for office of sheriffs principal, sheriffs, and summary sheriffs (and their part-time equivalents) is decided by anad-hoctribunal constituted by theFirst Ministerat the request of the Lord President, and such a tribunal will make a report. The power to convene this tribunal is granted by Section 21 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014. The First Minister must present the report to the Scottish Parliament and, should the report find that the judge unfit to hold office by "reason of inability, neglect of duty or misbehaviour" then the First Minister may dismiss the judge. If the judge is a permanent sheriff principal, sheriff, or summary sheriff then the First Minister must make anordersubject to negative procedure.[79]

Part-time and temporary judges[edit]

Part-time and temporary judges, and Justices of the Peace, hold office for a period of 5 years, and may be reappointed provided they have not resigned, been dismissed, or reached the compulsory retirement age.[67][80][81]

Justices of the peace are subject to a procedure regulated by Section 71 of the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007, and are dismissed from office by order of the Lord President. A tribunal must be convened, and the tribunal is chaired by the Sheriff Principal of the sheriffdom in which the justice of the peace is a judge. The process for regulating these tribunals and the process of investigation is regulated byacts of sederunt.Once removed from office a justice of the peace cannot be reappointed.[82]

Judicial administration[edit]

Judicial Office for Scotland[edit]

The Lord President is supported by theJudicial Office for Scotlandwhich was established on 1 April 2010 as a result of theJudiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008,and the Lord President chairs the corporate board of theScottish Courts and Tribunals Service.[16]The Judicial Office is administered by an executive director of theScottish Courts and Tribunals Service.[17]

Judicial Council for Scotland[edit]

The Lord President and the wider judiciary are advised on matters relating to the administration of justice by theJudicial Council for Scotland,which is a non-statutory body established in 2007. There had been plans for a statutory judges' council but these plans were abandoned in favour of a non-statutory council convened by the Lord President.[18][19][20]

Judicial Institute for Scotland[edit]

The Lord President has delegated this responsibility to theJudicial Institute for Scotland,as the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 makes the Lord President responsible for the welfare, training, and guidance of all judicial office holders in Scotland. The Lord President is President of the Judicial Institute.[83]The Judicial Institute was established on 2 September 2013 afterLord Gill,Lord President at the time, signed the Governance Framework for the Judicial Institute; the governance of the institute is the responsibility of an advisory council as the statutory duty for training resides with the Lord President alone. The Lord President also appoints a chairman and vice-chairman of the advisory council, with a director appointed to undertake operational responsibility for the Judicial Institute.[84][85]

Formal judicial training started in Scotland in 1997 with the establishment of the Judicial Studies Committee, which initially dealt with training for the Court of Session, High Court of Justiciary, and sheriff courts. In 2007 it took on responsibility for the training of justices of peace.[86]

Justices' Training and Appraisal Committees[edit]

Each sheriffdom has a Justices' Training Committee and a Justices' Appraisal Committee as required by the Justices of the Peace (Scotland) Order 2007. The training committee is responsible for organising the training required for new and existing justices, and the appraisal committee is responsible forappraising the performanceof justices. Should a justice fail in their appraisal in the appraisal committee has the authority to recommend remedial action.[68]The training for justices of the peace is determined by the Lord President, and is laid out in the Justices of the Peace (Training and Appraisal) Order 2016.[87]

Complaints[edit]

See also:Judicial Complaints Reviewer

Complaints about the conduct of all judicial officer holders in Scotland are made to the Lord President through the Judicial Office for Scotland. The Judicial Office does not consider complaints about judicial decisions which are dealt with throughappeals.Such complaints can relate to the conduct of the judge within and outwith the court.[88]

The process for making complaints is regulated by the Complaints About the Judiciary (Scotland) Rules 2017 which were made by the Lord President under section 28 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008.[89]The rules require a disciplinary judge to be appointed by the Lord President, to supervise the operation of the rules, and the Judicial Office to handle the complaint. Allegations of criminal conduct are outwith the scope of the complaints process.[90]

Should the investigation find against the judicial officer holder the Lord President has the power to give formal advice, a formal warning, or areprimand.[91]

TheJudicial Complaints Revieweris a Scottishpublic ombudsman,established by section 30 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008.[92]Her role is to review how complaints have been handled by the Judicial Office for Scotland, and to ensure that they have been dealt with in accordance with the rules. She cannot the review the outcome of the investigation, overturn a decision, or initiate redress. Where she finds a fault in the process she passes a referral to the Lord President who then makes decision.[93]

The current Judicial Complaints Reviewer, Ian Gordon, OBE, QPM, was appointed on 1 September 2017.[94]The previous Judicial Complaints Reviewer was Gillian Thompson, who began her tenure on 1 September 2014 until succeeded by the current reviewer.[95]

Addressing judges[edit]

How to address, either by writing or in person, a judge in Scotland depends on which office they hold, and if they are aPeer of the Realmor not.

Senior Judges[edit]

The Lord President and Lord Justice Clerk are always madePrivy Counsellors,and are given a judicial title in addition to any peerage they may already hold. Their judicial title will begin Lord or Lady, but is not apeerage.In Court the Lord President, Lord Carloway, is addressed as my Lord, and the Lord Justice Clerk, Lady Dorrian, is addressed as my Lady.

Office Abbreviated title (in Law Reports, etc.) Form of address in correspondence (if a Peer) Form of address in correspondence (if not a Peer) Salutation Form of address in court
Lord President of the Court of Session[96] Lord President[97] The Right Honourable the Lord Smith Lord President of the Court of Session The Right Honourable Lord Smith Lord President of the Court of Session Dear Lord President My Lord
Lord Justice General of Scotland[96] Lord Justice General[98] The Right Honourable the Lord Smith Lord Justice General of Scotland The Right Honourable Lord Smith Lord Justice General of Scotland Dear Lord Justice General My Lord
Lord Justice Clerk[96] Lord Justice Clerk[99] The Right Honourable the Lady Smith Lord Justice Clerk The Right Honourable Lady Smith Lord Justice Clerk Dear Justice Clerk My Lady

Senators of the College of Justice[edit]

Senators of the College of Justice are given a judicial title with the courtesy title of Lord or Lady, but this should be distinguished from a peerage. Some Senators are also made Privy Counsellors. In court they are addressed as either my Lord or my Lady.[96]

Office Abbreviated title (in Law Reports, etc.) Form of address in correspondence (if a Privy Counsellor and Peer) Form of address in correspondence (if a Privy Counsellor) Form of address in correspondence (if a Peer) Form of address in correspondence (if not a Peer or Privy Counsellor) Salutation Form of address in court
Senator of the College of Justice[96] Lord/Lady Smith (of Territory) The Right Honourable the Lord/Lady Smith The Right Honourable Lord/Lady Smith The Honourable the Lord/Lady Smith The Honourable Lord/Lady Smith Dear Lord President My Lord/Lady

Sheriffs Principal and Sheriffs[edit]

Sheriffs and sheriffs principal are always given a judicial title, and are always addressed by their judicial title. In court they are addressed as either my Lord or my Lady.

Office Abbreviated title (in Law Reports, etc.) Form of address in correspondence (if a QC) Form of address in correspondence Salutation Form of address in court
Sheriff Principal[96] Sheriff Principal Smith Sheriff Principal Smith QC Sheriff Principal Smith Sheriff Principal Smith My Lord/Lady
Sheriff[96] Sheriff Smith Sheriff Smith QC Sheriff Smith Sheriff Smith My Lord/Lady

Justices of the Peace[edit]

Justices of the Peace are not afforded a judicial title and will be addressed in correspondence by whatever personal or professional title they otherwise hold. In court they will be addressed as Your Honour.

Office Form of address in correspondence Salutation Form of address in court
Justice of the Peace[96] Mr/Miss/Ms/Mrs etc. Smith Mr/Miss/Ms/Mrs etc. Smith Your Honour

Historical judicial offices[edit]

There are several judicial offices which are no longer extant in Scotland, with their powers having either been subsumed into other offices, their jurisdiction abolished, or their office having fallen into abeyance.

Lord Chancellor of Scotland[edit]

TheLord Chancellor of Scotlandwas the first statutory President of theCourt of Sessionwhen it was established in 1532 by theParliament of Scotland.The Lord President of the Court of Session presided in the Lord Chancellor's absence, and when the Lord Chancellor was present sat as a Lord of Session.[100][101][102]

Extraordinary Lords of Session[edit]

Extraordinary Lords of Sessionwere members of the Court of Session who were appointed as lay members, and were not required to have anylegal educationorexperience of the law.In 1532 the number of Extraordinary Lords was fixed at 4. The power to appoint them lay withmonarch of Scotland,and later themonarch of the United Kingdom.[101]The practice of appointing Extraordinary Lords ceased in 1721, and the office of Extraordinary Lord was abolished by the Section 2 of the Court of Session Act 1723. Section 1 of the same restated that Ordinary Lords of Session should be legally qualified.[103][104]

Barons of Exchequer[edit]

TheExchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1707established theCourt of Exchequer in Scotland,with Barons of Exchequer who acted in both a judicial capacity, dealing with revenue cases, debts to the crown, seizure of smuggled goods and prosecutions for illicit brewing and distilling, and in an administrative capacity, mainly auditing accounts. The president of the Exchequer Court was known as the Chief Baron of Exchequer, and the initial president was theLord High Treasurer.The 1707 Act limited the numbers of Barons to five.[105][106]A separate Exchequer Court was abolished by the Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1856, and all of its powers were transferred to the Court of Session. With its abolishment no further Barons of Exchequer were appointed.[107]

Stipendiary magistrates[edit]

Stipendiary magistrates,magistratesin receipt of astipend,were the most junior judges in the Scottish judiciary, until the passage of theCourts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014.As of 2014 there were only 4.9full-time equivalentposts and the only court they sit in was theJustice of the Peace CourtinGlasgow.TheCourts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014,passed by theScottish Parliament,abolished the post with the creation of the new post ofsummary sheriff.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Scottish Budget Draft Budget 2014-15".Scottish Government. p. 7.Retrieved21 October2014.Courts, Judiciary and Scottish Tribunal Service
  2. ^"Section 2, Paragraph 1, Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008",Acts of the Scottish Parliament,vol. 2008, no. 6, p. 2(1),retrieved29 August2009,The Lord President is the Head of the Scottish Judiciary.
  3. ^Lord Hope of Craighead(20 October 2008)."King James Lecture –" The best of any Law in the world "– was King James right?"(PDF).United Kingdom Parliament.Retrieved7 November2009.
  4. ^abBarrell, A.D.M. (2009).Medieval Scotland(Digital print. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Pr. p. 34.ISBN978-0521586023.Retrieved1 April2017.
  5. ^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Justiciar".Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.Accessed on 1 April 2017.
  6. ^abc"Heritable jurisdictions - Oxford Reference".Oxford Reference.Oxford University Press. 2009.Retrieved1 April2017.
  7. ^"The Public general statutes, Volume 5"(eBook).archive.org.pp. 538–541.Retrieved1 April2017.An Act to amend and extend the Act sixteenth and seventeenth Victoria, chapter ninety-two, to make further provision for uniting counties in Scotland in so far as regards the jurisdiction of the Sheriff..
  8. ^abStatutory Instrument 1974 No. 2087The Sheriffdoms Reorganisation Order 1974(Coming into force 1 January 1975)
  9. ^ab"Section 59 of the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007 (asp 6)".Office of Public Sector Information.Retrieved27 November2007.The Scottish Ministers may by order establish courts of summary criminal jurisdiction to be known as justice of the peace courts.
  10. ^abcd"Sections 9 to 18, Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008".legislation.gov.uk.The National Archives. 29 October 2008.Retrieved1 April2017.The judicial offices within the Board's remit are— (a)the office of judge of the Court of Session, (b)the office of Chairman of the Scottish Land Court, (c)the office of temporary judge (except in any case where the individual to be appointed to the office holds or has held one of the offices mentioned in subsection (2)), (d)the office of sheriff principal, (e)the office of sheriff, (f)the office of part-time sheriff, F1... [F2(fza)the office of summary sheriff, (fzb)the office of part-time summary sheriff,] [F3 (phát) the positions within the Scottish Tribunals mentioned in subsection (2A), and]
  11. ^"Role and Remit of the Board | Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland".judicialappointments.scot.Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. 2016.Retrieved1 April2017.The role of the Board is to recommend to the Scottish Ministers individuals for appointment to judicial offices within the Board's remit and to provide advice to Scottish Ministers in connection with such appointments.
  12. ^ab"Summary Sheriffs".scotland-judiciary.org.uk.Judicial Office for Scotland. 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 3 April 2017.Retrieved2 April2017.The 2014 Act also abolished the office of stipendiary magistrate...Part-time stipendiary magistrates will become part-time summary sheriffs from 1 April: J Kevin Duffy, Colin Dunipace, J Euan Edment, Sukhwinder Gill, David Griffiths, Diana McConnell.
  13. ^"Lord Carloway confirmed as next Lord President: The Journal Online".journalonline.co.uk.Law Society of Scotland.18 December 2015.Retrieved1 April2017.Lord Carloway, the Lord Justice Clerk, has been appointed as Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General, it was confirmed this morning.
  14. ^"Court Of Session Act 1830",legislation.gov.uk,The National Archives,1830 c. 69
  15. ^ab"About the Court of Session".scotcourts.gov.uk.Scottish Courts and Tribunal Service.Retrieved2 April2017.The Inner House is in essence the appeal court, though it has a small range of first instance business. It is divided into the First and the Second Divisions, of equal authority, and presided over by the Lord President and the Lord Justice Clerk respectively.
  16. ^ab"Schedule 3 of Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008".legislation.gov.uk.The National Archives. 29 October 2008.Retrieved2 April2017.
  17. ^ab"SCTS Executive Team".scotcourts.gov.uk.Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service.Retrieved9 May2017.Executive Director Judicial Office | While a member of the Executive team, he is accountable to the Lord President for the functions of the Judicial Office.
  18. ^abScottish Government (8 February 2006)."Strengthening Judicial Independence in a Modern Scotland - Chapter 4 - Judges' Council".gov.scot.The Scottish Government.Retrieved3 April2017.
  19. ^ab"Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Bill - Policy Memorandum"(PDF).parliament.scot.The Scottish Parliament. 30 January 2008. p. 7.Retrieved3 April2017.
  20. ^ab"Constitution of the Judicial Council for Scotland"(PDF).judiciary-scotland.org.uk.Judicial Office for Scotland. 2007.Retrieved3 April2017.The Judicial Council for Scotland ( "the Council" ) is a body constituted for the purpose of providing information and advice to— (a) the Lord President of the Court of Session ( "the Lord President" ); and (b) the judiciary of Scotland, on matters relevant to the administration of justice in Scotland.
  21. ^"Lady Dorrian named as next Lord Justice Clerk: The Journal Online".journalonline.co.uk.Law Society of Scotland. 13 April 2016.Retrieved2 April2017.Court of Session and High Court judge Lady Dorrian has been appointed Lord Justice Clerk, the second most senior judge in Scotland.
  22. ^McArdle, Helen (13 April 2016)."Scotland appoints first female Lord Justice Clerk".The Herald.Retrieved5 June2016.
  23. ^abKeedy, Edwin R. (1 January 1913)."Criminal Procedure in Scotland".Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology.3(5): 728–753.doi:10.2307/1132916.JSTOR1132916.
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  45. ^"Sheriffs Principal - Judicial Office Holders - About the Judiciary - Judiciary of Scotland".scotland-judiciary.org.uk.Judicial Office for Scotland.Retrieved25 September2021.
  46. ^Agency, The Zen (30 October 2015)."An overview of the new Sheriff Appeal Court".bto.co.uk.BTO Solicitors LLP.Retrieved3 April2017.
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  48. ^ab"Appeal Sheriffs - Judicial Office Holders - About the Judiciary - Judiciary of Scotland".scotland-judiciary.org.uk.Judicial Office for Scotland. 2017.Retrieved4 April2017.Some sheriffs with five or more years' service as a sheriff, are appointed as Appeal Sheriffs to sit in the Sheriff Appeal Court.
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  72. ^Starrs and Chalmers v Ruxton,1999 GWD 37-1793 (High Court of Justiciary Appeals Court 11 November 1999) ( "appointment by the executive is consistent with independence only if it is supported by adequate guarantees that the appointed judge enjoys security of tenure. It is clear that temporary sheriff are appointed in the expectation that they will hold office indefinitely, but the control which is exercised by means of the one year limit and the discretion exercised by the Lord Advocate detract from independence" ).
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External links[edit]

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