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Friday prayer

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Jumu'ah at a university inMalaysia

InIslam,Friday prayer,orCongregational prayer[1](Arabic:صَلَاة ٱلْجُمُعَة,romanized:Ṣalāh al-Jumuʿa) is a community prayer service held once a week on Fridays.[2]All Muslim men are expected to participate at a mosque with certain exceptions due to distance and situation.[3]Women and children can also participate but do not fall under the same obligation that men do.[4]The service consists of several parts including ritual washing, chants, recitation of scripture and prayer, and sermons.[4]

Youm Jumu'ah( "day of congregation" ), or simplyJumu'ahmeansFridayinArabic.In manyMuslim countries,theweekendis inclusive of Fridays, and in others, Fridays are half-days for schools and some workplaces. It is one of the most exalted Islamic rituals and one of its confirmed obligatory acts.

The service

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The service consists of several parts including ritual washing, chants, recitation of scripture and prayer, and sermons.[5]

Ritual washing

[edit]
Men performingWuduor ritual washing.

When entering the mosque all worshippers participate in a practice calledwudu— a ritual washing. Participants wash their face first, then their arms, then wipe their head, then wash or wipe their feet, in this order according to certain rules prescribed byIslamic law.[6][7]

Adhan and Iqama (Call to prayer)

[edit]
A man giving the Adhan or call to prayer.

AMuezzinwill recite a specific chant called anAdhanto call the congregation to the mosque, then to line up to begin the service.[5]The imam will then get up and reciteThe Sermon for Necessities.The first call summonsMuslimsto enter the mosque and then a second call, known as theiqama,summons those already in the mosque to line up for prayer.[5]

Khutbah sermon

[edit]
Friday Sermon in Masjid Raudhwa,Lamu,Kenya.

TheImamwill then get up and give a sermon called aKhutbahand recite prayer and scripture from theQuraninArabic.[5]The sermon is given in the local language and Arabic or completely in Arabic depending on the context.[8]

The imam performs the following:

  1. Greets the congregation with a formal greeting in Arabic then sit down while the Adhan is recited.[9]
  2. Stands up and recitesThe Sermon for Necessities.[10]
  3. Recites verses from the Quran to invoke a sense oftaqwaor piety[8]
  4. Recites a supplication called aDua.
  5. Starts the khutbah and then at a certain point stop and ask Allah for forgiveness.[11]
  6. Sits down to leave space for the congregation to seek forgiveness from Allah.[12][13]
  7. Stands, praises Allah and Muhammed and then finishes the last part of the sermon.
  8. Recites additional dua andSalawat.
  9. Invites the congregation to line up for Jumu'ah prayer.[14]

According to the majority ofShiiteandSunnidoctrine, the sermon must contain praise and glorification ofAllah,invoke blessings onMuhammadand his progeny, and have a short quotation from the Quran in Arabic called asurah.It must also give the participants a sense oftaqwa,admonition and exhortation.[8]

Jumu'ah prayer

[edit]
The different postures ofRak'aor ritual prayer.[15]

Juum'ah prayer consists of tworak'atsor prayer segments.[16]Shia and Sunni sects of Islam prescribe slight differences in this pattern but the following is a general outline of the steps of the prayer cycle.[17]

  1. A raka'ah begins when the worshipper begins by saying theTakbiror Glorification of God and pronounces the words "Allah is Greater", (Allah-Hu-Akbar).[5]
  2. In the second part of the raka'ah, the worshipper makes anotherTakbirandbowsto a 90-degree angle, placing their hands on their knees with their feet kept shoulder-width apart, with their eyes focused in between their feet or around the area andbowingin humble submission as if awaiting God's command. During this position the words, "Glory be to Allah the most Magnificent" are uttered silently as a form of ritual praise.[18]
  3. The third movement of the raka'ah is to return from bowing to the standing position before, while saying the Takbir, then descending into fullprostrationon the ground.[19]In prostration, the worshipper's forehead and nose is flatly placed on the floor with the palm of their hands placed shoulder-width apart to the right and left of their ears.[19]During this position the words, "Glory be to Allah the Almighty" are repeated with contemplation as a form of ritual praise.
  4. The fourth movement is for the worshipper to return from prostration into a sitting position with their legs folded flatly under their body.[19]

According to Shi'ite doctrine, twoqunut(raising one's hands for supplication during salat) is especially recommended during salatul Jum'ah. The first Qunut is offered in the 1st rak'at beforeruku'and the second is offered in the 2nd rak'at after rising from ruku'.[20]According to Shiite doctrine, it is advisable (Sunnat) to reciteSurah al-Jum'ahin the first rak'at andSurah al-Munafiqunin the second rak'at, afterSurah al-Hamd.[20]

Religious significance

[edit]
A representation ofJannahor paradise.

Of the day Friday

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Although Friday is not a sabbath in Islam it is recognized as a superior and holy day.[21]According to the Islamic scholarIbn Qayyim al-Jawziyyathere are 32 reasons that Friday is special.[21][22]Some of the reasons include a belief that Friday was the day whenAdamwas created, entered into, and expelled fromJannah.[23]It is also the day of the week when theDay of Judgmentwill occur and the world will end.[23]There is also a belief that Allah is more likely to forgive and bless on Fridays.[23]It is also believed to be the day that Islam was revealed to be perfected.[21]

Obligation

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There is consensus among Muslims regarding the Friday prayer (salat al-jum'ah) beingwajib– required – in accordance with theQuranicverse, as well as the many traditions narrated both byShi'iandSunnisources. According to the majority ofSunni schoolsand someShiitejurists, Friday prayer is a religious obligation,[24]but their differences were based on whether its obligation is conditional to the presence of the ruler or his deputy in it or if it iswajibunconditionally. TheHanafisand theTwelver Imamisbelieve that the presence of the ruler or his deputy is necessary; the Friday prayer is not obligatory if neither of them is present. The Imamis require the ruler to be just ('adil); otherwise his presence is equal to his absence. To the Hanafis, his presence is sufficient even if he is not just. TheShafi'is,MalikisandHanbalisattach no significance to the presence of the ruler.[25]

Moreover, it has been stated that Jum'ah is not obligatory for old men, children, women, slaves, travellers, the sick, blind and disabled, as well as those who are outside the limit of twofarsakhs.[26][page needed]

In Islamic texts

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Quran

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It is mentioned in theQuran:

O you who have faith! When the call is made for prayer on Friday, hurry toward the remembrance of God, and leave all business. That is better for you, should you know. And when the prayer is finished, disperse through the land and seek God's grace, and remember God greatly so that you may be successful.

— Qur'an,SurahAl-Jumu'ah(62),Ayahs9–10[27]

Hadith

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NarratedAbu Huraira: Muhammadsaid, "On every Friday theangelstake their stand at every gate of the mosques to write the names of the people chronologically (i.e. according to the time of their arrival for the Friday prayer) and when the Imam sits (on the pulpit) they fold up their scrolls and get ready to listen to the sermon. "

— Collected byMuhammad al-Bukhari,Sahih al-Bukhari[28]

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj an-Naysaburirelates that Muhammad used to read Surah 87 (Al-Ala) and Surah 88, (Al-Ghashiya), inEid Prayersand also in Friday prayers. If one of the festivals fell on a Friday, Muhammad would have made sure to read these two Surahs in the prayers.

Muhammad is quoted as saying "The best day the sun rises over is Friday; on itAllahcreatedAdam.On it, he was made to enterparadise,on it he was expelled from it, and theLast Hourwill take place on no other day than Friday. "[Ahmad and at-Tirmithi].

Aws ibn Aws, narrated that Muhammad said: "Whoever performsGhuslon Friday and causes (his wife) to do ghusl, then goes early to the mosque and attends from the beginning of the Khutbah and draws near to the Imam and listens to him attentively, Allah will give him the full reward of fasting all the days of a year and observing night-vigil on each of its nights for every step that he took towards the mosque. "[Ibn Khuzaymah, Ahmad].

There are manyhadithsreported on the significance of Jum'ah. TheMuhammadhas been reported saying:

  • "The Jum'ah is thepilgrimageof the poor ".[29]
  • "Whoever misses three Jum'ah, being indifferent to them, Allah seals his heart".[30]
  • "Any Muslim who dies during the day or night of Friday will be protected by Allah from the trial of the grave." [At-Tirmithi and Ahmad].
  • Also, hadith related by Al-Bukhari, quoted the Prophet saying that: "In the day of Friday, there exists an hour that if a worshipper asks from Allah, anything he wishes in this hour, Allah will grant it and does not reject it, as long as he or she did not wish for bad".[31]
  • "Friday has 12 hours, one of which is hour where dua are granted for Muslim believers. This hour is thought to be in the afternoon, after asr prayer".[32]

In Sunni Islam

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Jum'ah prayer at theImperial MosqueofPristina

TheJum'ahprayer is half theZuhr(dhuhr) prayer, for convenience, preceded by akhutbah(a sermon as a technical replacement of the two reducedrakaʿātof the ordinaryZuhr(dhuhr) prayer), and followed by a congregational prayer, led by theimām.In most cases thekhaṭībalso serves as the imam. Attendance is strictly incumbent upon all adult males who are legal residents of the locality.[33]

Themuezzin(muʾadhdhin)makes the call to prayer, called theadhan,usually 15–20 minutes prior to the start of Jum'ah. When the khaṭīb takes his place on theminbar,a second adhan is made. The khaṭīb is supposed to deliver two sermons, stopping and sitting briefly between them. In practice, the first sermon is longer and contains most of the content. The second sermon is very brief and concludes with adua,after which the muezzin calls theiqāmah.This signals the start of the main two rak'at prayer of Jum'ah.[citation needed]

In Shia Islam

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Friday prayer (Tehran,2016), AyatollahJannatias theImam of Friday Prayer

InShiaIslam, Salat al-Jum'ah is Wajib Takhyiri (at the time ofOccultation),[34][35]which means that there is an option to offer Jum'ah prayers, if its necessary, conditions are fulfilled, or to offer Zuhr prayers. Hence, if Salat al-Jum'ah is offered then it is not necessary to offer Zuhr prayer. It is also recommended by Shiite Scholars to attend Jum'ah as it will become Wajib after the appearance of Imam al-Mahdi and Jesus Christ (Isa).[36]

Shiite (Imamite) attach high significance to the presence of a just ruler or his representative or Faqih and in the absence of a just ruler or his representative and a just faqih, there exists an option between performing either the Friday or the zuhr prayer, although preference lies with the performance of Friday prayer.[25][clarification needed]

History of the practice

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According to thehistory of Islamand the report fromAbdullah bn 'Abbasnarrated from the Prophet saying that: the permission to perform the Friday prayer was given by Allah before hijrah, but the people were unable to congregate and perform it. The Prophet wrote a note toMus'ab ibn Umayr,who represented the Prophet inMadinahto pray two raka'at in congregation on Friday (that is, Jumu'ah). Then, after themigrationof the Prophet to Medina, theJumu'ahwas held by him.[37]

For Shiites, historically, their clergy discouraged Shiites from attending Friday prayers.[38][39]According to them, communal Friday prayers with a sermon were wrong andhad lapsed(along with several other religious practices) until the return of their 12th Imam,Muhammad al-Mahdi.[39]However, among others, Shiite modernist Muhammad ibn Muhammad Mahdi al-Khalisi (1890–1963) demanded that Shiites should more carefully observe Friday prayers in a step to bridge the gap withSunnis.[40]Later, the practice of communal Friday prayers was developed, and became standard there-afterwards, byRuhollah Khomeiniin Iran and later byMohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadrin Iraq. They justified the practice under the newly promotedGuardianship of the Islamic Juristsdoctrine. When al-Sadr installed Friday prayer imams in Shia-majority areas—a practice not traditional in Iraqi Shiism and considered "revolutionary, if not heretical"[39]—it put him at odds with the Shia religious establishment inNajaf.[41]Under both Khomeini and al-Sadr, political sermons would be heard.[39]

Attendance rates

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A Friday prayer atBaitul MukarraminDhaka.

The world's largest Muslim population can be found inIndonesia,where over240 million Muslims live making up nearly 90% of Indonesia's total population.In the country, according to theWorld Values Surveyconducted in the country in 2018,[42]62.0% of Indonesians attend religious services at least once a week (including 54.0% of the population under the age of 30 and 66.1% of men). Most of these presumably would fall under the category of attending jumuah prayers. These numbers are stable from the same survey conducted in 2006,[42]where 64.5% of Indonesians attended religious services at least once a week (including 56.0% of the population under 30 and 64.3% of men).[citation needed]

Abbas Ali Akhtarigiving asermonin his first Friday Prayer in Semnan, 1981.

The number of regular attendees is somewhat lower in the next largest Muslim-majority country,Pakistan,which hasover 210 million Muslims making up over 95% of the population.The 2018 World Values Survey[42]conducted there found that 46.1% of Pakistanis attended religious services at least once a week (including 47.0% of Pakistanis under the age of 30 and 52.7% of men). However, this was a large increase from the same survey conducted in 2012,[42]where it was reported that only 28.9% of Pakistanis attended religious services at least once a week (including 21.5% of Pakistanis under the age of 30 and 31.4% of men). This is a testament to increasing religiosity in Pakistan, especially among the youth, who have gone from attending jumuah at rates far below that of the total population to attending at rates higher than the total population.[citation needed]

A different pattern is seen in the Muslim-majority country ofBangladesh(which hasover 150 million Muslims making up over 90% of the population). There the 2002 World Values Survey[42]found that 56.1% of Bangladeshis attended religious services at least once a week (including 50.6% of Bangladeshis below the age of 30 and 61.7% of men), whereas sixteen years later in 2018,[42]the survey found that the number had dropped to 44.4% (including 41.3% of those under 30 and 48.8% of men).

Meanwhile, in the Arab country ofEgypt,jumuah attendance has risen massively in recent years. The 2012 World Values Survey[42]found that 45.2% of Egyptians attended at least once a week (including 44.9% of Egyptians under the age of 30 and 60.1% of Egyptian men), but six years later the 2018 World Values Survey[42]found that the number of Egyptians attended at least once a week had risen to 57.0% (including 52.9% of those under 30 and 89.4% of men).

However, different patterns are found in the non-Arab Middle Eastern countries ofIranandTurkey.In these two countries, jumuah attendance is among the lowest in the world. The 2005 World Values Survey[42]in Iran found 33.8% of the population attending (including 27.3% of Iranians under 30 and 38.9% of Iranian men). By 2020, all these numbers had fallen, as only 26.1% of the population attended at least once a week (including 19.1% of Iranians under 30 and 29.3% of men). In Turkey, the 2012 World Values Survey[42]found 33.2% of the population attending (including 28.6% of Turks under 30 and 54.0% of men). Similarly, According to a 2012 survey byPew Research Center,19% of Turkish Muslims say that they attend Friday prayer once a week and 23% say they never visit their local mosque.[43]However, six years later in 2018, the World Values Survey reported that 33.8% of Turks attended (including 29.0% of those under 30 and 56.4% of men). This shows that even though both countries have relatively low religious attendance, religiosity is stronger in Turkey than in Iran, especially among the youth.

In several countries, such as inCentral AsiaandBalkans,self-reported Muslims practice the religion at low levels. According to a 2012 survey byPew Research Center,about 1% of the Muslims inAzerbaijan,5% inAlbania,9% inUzbekistan,10% inKazakhstan,19% inRussiaand 22% inKosovosaid that they attend mosque once a week or more.[43]This was largely due tothe religious restriction of Islam under communist rule,and attendance levels have been rising rapidly since the fall of the Soviet Union.

Mosque attendance rates in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have seen precipitous increases over the last decade. According to the World Values Survey, weekly attendance in Kazakhstan went from 9.0% in 2011 (including 8.7% among those under 30 and 9.6% among men) to 15.3% in 2018 (including 14.6% of those under 30 and 17.1% among men), while weekly attendance in Tajikistan climbed from 29.3% in 2011 (including 35.1% of those under 30 and 58.1% of men) to 33.2% in 2020 (including 35.1% of those under 30 and 58.1% of men).Generational replacementis in effect here as a more religious youthful contingent replaced a less religious contingent that grew up under the Soviet Union.

In the Middle East and North Africa, mosque attendance at least once a week ranges from 35% inLebanonto 65% inJordan.[43]Sub-Saharan African Muslim communities tend to have a high rates of mosque attendance, and ranges from 65% inSenegalto nearly 100% inGhana.[43]InSouth Asia,home to the largestMuslim communitiesin the world,[44]mosque attendance at least once a week ranges from 53% inBangladeshto 61% inAfghanistan.[43]

Surveys conducted in 1994 and in 1996 observed a decrease in religiosity among Muslims inBelgiumbased on lowering mosque participation, less frequent prayer, dropping importance attached to a religious education, etc.[45]: 242 This decrease in religiosity was more visible in younger Muslims.[45]: 243 A study published in 2006, found that 35% of the Muslim youth inGermanyattend religious services regularly.[46]In 2009, 24% of Muslims in theNetherlandssaid they attended mosque once a week according to a survey.[47]According to a survey published in 2010, 20% of the French Muslims claimed to go regularly to themosquefor the Friday service.[48]Data from 2017 shows thatAmerican Muslimwomen and American Muslim men attend the mosque at similar rates (45% for men and 35% for women).[49]

Conditions

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A valid Jum'ah is said to fulfill certain conditions:

  • Friday prayer must be prayed incongregation.
  • There are at least two persons present. This is based on the Hadith of Tariq Ibn Shihab who reported that Muhammad said, "Al-Jumuah is an obligation (wajib) upon every Muslim in the community." (An-Nasai). Scholars differ on how many people are required for performing Jumuah Prayer. The view believed to be the most correct is that Jumuah Prayer is valid if there are at least two people present. This is based on the Hadith in which the Prophet is reported to have said, "Two or more constitute a congregation." (Ibn Majah). Imam Ash-Shawkani states, "The other Prayers are considered to be made in congregation if there are two people present. The same applies to Friday Prayer, unless there is a reason for it to be different. There is no evidence to show that [for the purpose of the congregation] its number should be larger than that for the other Prayers."
  • According to a Shiite law, only one Friday prayer may be prayed in a radius of 3 miles 720 yards. If two prayers are held within this distance, the latter is made null and void.
  • There must be two sermons delivered by the Imam before the prayer and attentively listened to by at least four (or six) persons ".[20]

Format

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Khutbah Jum'ah

[edit]
  • A talk or sermon delivered in mosques before the Friday prayer.[50]The sermon consists of two distinct parts, between which the Khatib (speaker) must sit down for a short time of rest.[51]
  • There should not be an undue interval or irrelevant action intervening between the sermon and the prayer. "[52]It should preferably be in Arabic, especially the Qur'anic passage which has to be recited in the sermon. Otherwise, it should be given in the language understood by the majority of the faithful who are there. In this case, the preacher should first recite in Arabic Qurʾānic verses praising God and Muhammad. "[53]
  • According to the majority of Shiite and Sunni doctrine, the contents must contain the following: "[54]
  1. The praise and glorification of Allah
  2. Invocation of blessings on Muhammad and his progeny
  3. Enjoining the participants Taqwa, admonition and exhortations
  4. A short surah from the Quran
  • In addition to the above issues, the following are advised to be addressed in the second sermon:
  1. Content that will be useful for all Muslims in this world and in the world thereafter
  2. Important events all over the world in favor of or in disfavor of Muslims
  3. Issues in the Muslim world
  4. Political and economical aspects of society and worldwide[55][56]
  • Attendants must listen attentively to the sermon and avoid any action that might distract their attentions.[55]
  • The Prophet Muhammad "has forbidden a person with his knees drawn up touching his abdomen while the imam is delivering the Friday sermon."[57]

Jumu'ah prayer

[edit]
  • Juum'ah prayer consists of two rak'ats prayers, as with morning prayer (fajr), offered immediately after Khutbah (the sermon). It is a replacement of Zuhr prayer.[36]

Qunut

[edit]
  • According to Shi'ite doctrine, twoqunut(raising one's hands for supplication during salat) is especially recommended during salatul Jum'ah. The first Qunut is offered in the 1st rak'at before ruku' and the second is offered in the 2nd rak'at after rising from ruku'.[20]

See also

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References

[edit]
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  2. ^Fahd Salem Bahammam.The Muslim's Prayer.Modern Guide.ISBN978-1909322950.Retrieved29 January2018.
  3. ^Al-Tusi, M. H. "A concise description of Islamic law and legal opinions." 2008
  4. ^ab"Islam – Prayer, Salat, Rituals".britannica.Retrieved6 April2024.
  5. ^abcde"Islam – Prayer, Salat".britannica.Retrieved6 April2024.
  6. ^"Corpus Coranicum".corpuscoranicum.de.
  7. ^"Sunan Ibn Majah 666 – The Book of Purification and its Sunnah – كتاب الطهارة وسننها Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".sunnah.
  8. ^abc"Sabiq As-Sayyid" "FIQH us – Sunnah". Indianapolis: American Trust Publishers, 1992.
  9. ^"Giving salaams to people in the mosque during the khutbah – Islam Question & Answer".islamqa.info.Retrieved6 April2024.
  10. ^"Khutbah al-Haajah – Islam Question & Answer".islamqa.info.Retrieved6 April2024.
  11. ^"Is it prescribed for the khateeb to say" Aqoolu qawli haadha wa astaghfir-Allaah (I say these words of mine and I ask Allah for forgiveness)? – Islam Question & Answer ".islamqa.info.Retrieved6 April2024.
  12. ^"What should be said when the imam sits down between the two khutbahs at Jumu'ah prayer? – Islam Question & Answer".islamqa.info.Retrieved6 April2024.
  13. ^ʻAlī Nadvī, Abulḥasan (2006).The Musalman.the University of Michigan.
  14. ^"Ruling on the imam saying to the congregation," Pray Pray like a man bidding farewell "– Islam Question & Answer".islamqa.info.Retrieved6 April2024.
  15. ^Image taken from page 168 of "Egypt: handbook for travellers: part first, lower Egypt, with the Fayum and the peninsula of Sinai" (1885)
  16. ^"Sayyid Ali Al Husaini Seestani." Islamic Laws English Version of Taudhihul Masae' l. Createspace Independent, 2014[ISBN missing]
  17. ^Akhtar Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed (1989).Elements of Islamic Studies.Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania.
  18. ^"Rakat – The nature of God – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – WJEC".BBC Bitesize.Retrieved7 December2021.
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  23. ^abc"Blessings of Friday in Islam: Virtues, Prayer, and Acts".19 March 2023.Retrieved6 April2024.
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  25. ^ab"Maghniyyah, M. J." The Five Schools of Islamic Law: Al-hanafi. Al-hanbali, Al-ja'fari, Al-maliki, Al-shafi'i. Anssariyan, 1995
  26. ^Al-Tusi, M. H. "A concise description of Islamic law and legal opinions." 2008
  27. ^Quran62:9–10
  28. ^Sahih al-Bukhari,2:13:51
  29. ^"Shomali, Mohammad Ali and William Skudlarek, eds." Monks and Muslims: Monastic Spirituality in Dialogue with Islam. Liturgical Press, 2012.
  30. ^Rayshahri, M. Muhammadi (2008).Scale of Wisdom: A Compendium of Shi'a Hadith: Bilingual Edition.ICAS Press.
  31. ^"Sheikh Ramzy." The Complete Guide to Islamic Prayer (Salāh). 2012
  32. ^"SW Al-Qahtani."Fortress of the Muslim: Invocations from the Qur'an and Sunnah.Dakwah Corner Bookstore 2009
  33. ^Margoliouth, G. (2003). "Sabbath (Muhammadan)". In Hastings, James (ed.).Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics.Vol. 20. Selbie, John A., contrib. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 893–894.ISBN978-0-7661-3698-4.
  34. ^Salah Jum'aharticle.tebyan.net Retrieved 24 June 2018
  35. ^Namaz (Prayer) Jum'aArchived7 January 2020 at theWayback Machinefarsi.khamenei.ir Retrieved 24 June 2018
  36. ^ab"Sayyid Ali Al Husaini Seestani." Islamic Laws English Version of Taudhihul Masae' l. Createspace Independent, 2014[ISBN missing]
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  38. ^Gilles Kepel (2004).The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p.226.ISBN978-0674015753.
  39. ^abcdJonathan Steele (2008).Defeat: Why They Lost Iraq.I.B. Tauris. p. 96.ISBN978-0857712004.
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  41. ^Joel Rayburn (2014).Iraq after America: Strongmen, Sectarians, Resistance.Hoover Institution Press. p. 173.ISBN978-0817916947.
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  55. ^ab"Ayatullah Shahid Murtadha Mutahhari" Salatul Jum'ah in the Thoughts and Words of Ayatullah Shahid Murtadha Mutahhari. Al-Fath Al-Mubin Publications.
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  57. ^Davids, Abu Muneer (2006).The ultimate guide to Umrah(1st ed.). Darussalam.ISBN978-9960969046.
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