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Moons of Jupiter

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For other uses, seeMoons of Jupiter (disambiguation).

A montage of Jupiter and its four largest moons (distance and sizes not to scale)

There are 95moonsofJupiterwith confirmedorbitsas of 5 February 2024.[1][note 1]This number does not include a number of meter-sizedmoonletsthought to be shed from theinner moons,nor hundreds of possible kilometer-sized outer irregular moons that were only briefly captured by telescopes.[4]All together, Jupiter's moons form asatellite systemcalled theJovian system.The most massive of the moons are the fourGalilean moons:Io,Europa,Ganymede,andCallisto,which were independently discovered in 1610 byGalileo GalileiandSimon Mariusand werethe first objects foundto orbit a body that was neitherEarthnor theSun.Much more recently, beginning in 1892, dozens of far smaller Jovian moons have been detected and have received the names of lovers (or other sexual partners) or daughters of theRoman godJupiteror hisGreek equivalentZeus.The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 91 known moons andthe ringstogether comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.

OfJupiter's moons, eight areregular satelliteswithprogradeand nearly circular orbits that are not greatlyinclinedwith respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to theirplanetary mass,and are just massive enough that they would be considered major planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites, known as the inner moons, are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are outerirregular satelliteswhose prograde andretrograde orbitsare much farther from Jupiter and have highinclinationsandeccentricities.The largest of these moons were likelyasteroidsthat werecapturedfrom solar orbits by Jupiter beforeimpactswith other small bodies shattered them into many kilometer-sized fragments, formingcollisional familiesof moons sharing similar orbits. Jupiter is expected to have about 100 irregular moons larger than 1 km (0.6 mi) in diameter, plus around 500 more smaller retrograde moons down to diameters of 0.8 km (0.5 mi).[5]Of the 87 known irregular moons of Jupiter, 38 of them have not yet been officially named.

Characteristics[edit]

The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter:Io;Europa;Ganymede;Callisto.

The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter;[6]the largest Galilean,Ganymede,is the ninthlargest objectin theSolar System,after the Sun and seven of theplanets,Ganymede being larger thanMercury.[7]All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[note 2]Theirorbital shapesrange from nearly perfectly circular to highlyeccentricandinclined,and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's rotation (retrograde motion).

Origin and evolution[edit]

The relative masses of the Jovian moons. Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale, and combined would only be visible at 100× magnification.

Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to aprotoplanetary disk.[8][9]They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.[8][10]

Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tens of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the solar nebula was passed through it. However, only 2% of the proto-disk mass of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites.[8]Thus, several generations of Galilean-mass satellites may have been in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons might have spiraled into Jupiter, because of drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the solar nebula.[8]By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned so that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[10]The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by anorbital resonancewith each other, which still exists forIo,Europa,andGanymede:they are in a 1:2:4 resonance. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io.[8]Tidal dissipation in the Jovian system is still ongoing andCallistowill likely be captured into the resonance in about 1.5 billion years, creating a 1:2:4:8 chain.[11]

The outer, irregular moons are thought to have originated from capturedasteroids,whereas the protolunar disk was still massive enough to absorb much of their momentum and thus capture them into orbit. Many are believed to have been broken up by mechanical stresses during capture, or afterward by collisions with other small bodies, producing the moons we see today.[12]

History and discovery[edit]

See also:Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

Visual observations[edit]

Jupiter and theGalilean moonsas seen through a 25 cm (10 in)Meade LX200telescope

Chinese historianXi Zezongclaimed that the earliest record of a Jovian moon (Ganymede or Callisto) was a note by Chinese astronomerGan Deof an observation around 364 BC regarding a "reddish star".[13]However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those ofGalileo Galileiin 1609.[14]By January 1610, he had sighted the four massiveGalilean moonswith his 20×magnificationtelescope,and he published his results in March 1610.[15]

Simon Marius had independently discovered the moons one day after Galileo, although he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614. Even so, the names Marius assigned are used today:Ganymede,Callisto,Io,andEuropa.[16]No additional satellites were discovered untilE. E. BarnardobservedAmaltheain 1892.[17]

Photographic and spacecraft observations[edit]

Voyager 1discovery image of theinner moonMetison 4 March 1979, showing the moon's tiny silhouette against the backdrop of Jupiter's clouds

With the aid of telescopic photography withphotographic plates,further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the 20th century.Himaliawas discovered in 1904,[18]Elarain 1905,[19]Pasiphaein 1908,[20]Sinopein 1914,[21]LysitheaandCarmein 1938,[22]Anankein 1951,[23]andLedain 1974.[24]

By the time that theVoyager space probesreached Jupiter, around 1979, thirteen moons had been discovered, not includingThemisto,which had been observed in 1975,[25]but waslostuntil 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional threeinner moonsin 1979:Metis,Adrastea,andThebe.[26]

Digital telescopic observations[edit]

No additional moons were discovered until two decades later, with the fortuitous discovery ofCallirrhoeby theSpacewatchsurvey in October 1999.[27]During the 1990s, photographic plates phased out as digitalcharge-coupled device(CCD) cameras began emerging in telescopes on Earth, allowing for wide-field surveys of the sky at unprecedented sensitivities and ushering in a wave of new moon discoveries.[28]Scott Sheppard,then a graduate student ofDavid Jewitt,demonstrated this extended capability of CCD cameras in a survey conducted with theMauna Kea Observatory's 2.2-meter (88 in)UH88telescope in November 2000, discovering eleven new irregular moons of Jupiter including the previously lost Themisto with the aid of automated computer algorithms.[29]

From 2001 onward, Sheppard and Jewitt alongside other collaborators continued surveying for Jovian irregular moons with the 3.6-meter (12 ft)Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope(CFHT), discovering an additional eleven in December 2001, one in October 2002, and nineteen in February 2003.[29][1]At the same time, another independent team led byBrett J. Gladmanalso used the CFHT in 2003 to search for Jovian irregular moons, discovering four and co-discovering two with Sheppard.[1][30][31]From the start to end of these CCD-based surveys in 2000–2004, Jupiter's known moon count had grown from 17 to 63.[27][30]All of these moons discovered after 2000 are faint and tiny, withapparent magnitudesbetween 22–23 and diameters less than 10 km (6.2 mi).[29]As a result, many could not be reliably tracked and ended up becoming lost.[32]

Beginning in 2009, a team of astronomers, namely Mike Alexandersen, Marina Brozović, Brett Gladman, Robert Jacobson, and Christian Veillet, began a campaign to recover Jupiter's lost irregular moons using the CFHT andPalomar Observatory's 5.1-meter (17 ft)Hale Telescope.[33][32]They discovered two previously unknown Jovian irregular moons during recovery efforts in September 2010, prompting further follow-up observations to confirm these by 2011.[33][34]One of these moons,S/2010 J 2(now Jupiter LII), has an apparent magnitude of 24 and a diameter of only 1–2 km (0.62–1.2 mi), making it one of the faintest and smallest confirmed moons of Jupiter even as of 2023.[35][4]Meanwhile, in September 2011, Scott Sheppard, now a faculty member of theCarnegie Institution for Science,[4]discovered two more irregular moons using the institution's 6.5-meter (21 ft)Magellan TelescopesatLas Campanas Observatory,raising Jupiter's known moon count to 67.[36]Although Sheppard's two moons were followed up and confirmed by 2012, both became lost due to insufficient observational coverage.[32][37]

In 2016, while surveying for distanttrans-Neptunian objectswith the Magellan Telescopes, Sheppard serendipitously observed a region of the sky located near Jupiter, enticing him to search for Jovian irregular moons as a detour. In collaboration withChadwick TrujilloandDavid Tholen,Sheppard continued surveying around Jupiter from 2016 to 2018 using theCerro Tololo Observatory's 4.0-meter (13 ft)Víctor M. Blanco Telescopeand Mauna Kea Observatory's 8.2-meter (27 ft)Subaru Telescope.[38][39]In the process, Sheppard's team recovered several lost moons of Jupiter from 2003 to 2011 and reported two new Jovian irregular moons in June 2017.[40]Then in July 2018, Sheppard's team announced ten more irregular moons confirmed from 2016 to 2018 observations, bringing Jupiter's known moon count to 79. Among these wasValetudo,which has an unusually distant prograde orbit that crosses paths with the retrograde irregular moons.[38][39]Several more unidentified Jovian irregular satellites were detected in Sheppard's 2016–2018 search, but were too faint for follow-up confirmation.[39][41]: 10 

From November 2021 to January 2023, Sheppard discovered twelve more irregular moons of Jupiter and confirmed them in archival survey imagery from 2003 to 2018, bringing the total count to 92.[42][2][3]Among these wasS/2018 J 4,a highly-inclined prograde moon that is now known to be in same orbital grouping as the moonCarpo,which was previously thought to be solitary.[3]On 22 February 2023, Sheppard announced three more moons discovered in a 2022 survey, now bringing Jupiter's total known moon count to 95.[2]In a February 2023 interview withNPR,Sheppard noted that he and his team are currently tracking even more moons of Jupiter, which should place Jupiter's moon count over 100 once confirmed over the next two years.[43]

Many more irregular moons of Jupiter will inevitably be discovered in the future, especially after the beginning of deep sky surveys by the upcomingVera C. Rubin ObservatoryandNancy Grace Roman Space Telescopein the mid-2020s.[44][45]The Rubin Observatory's 8.4-meter (28 ft) aperture telescope and 3.5 square-degree field of view will probe Jupiter's irregular moons down to diameters of 1 km (0.6 mi)[12]: 265 at apparent magnitudes of 24.5, with the potential of increasing the known population by up to tenfold.[44]: 292 Likewise, the Roman Space Telescope's 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) aperture and 0.28 square-degree field of view will probe Jupiter's irregular moons down to diameters of 0.3 km (0.2 mi) at magnitude 27.7, with the potential of discovering approximately 1,000 Jovian moons above this size.[45]: 24 Discovering these many irregular satellites will help reveal their population's size distribution and collisional histories, which will place further constraints to how the Solar System formed.[45]: 24–25 

Discovery of outer planet moons

Moons of Jupiter
Moons of Saturn
Moons of Uranus
Moons of Neptune

Naming[edit]

Main article:Naming of moons
Galilean moons around JupiterJupiter·Io·Europa·Ganymede·Callisto
Orbits of Jupiter's inner moons within its rings

The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io,Europa,Ganymede,andCallisto) were named bySimon Mariussoon after their discovery in 1610.[46]However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on.[46]The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the mid-20th century,[47]whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12).[48][49]Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the nameAmaltheaby a popular though unofficial convention, a name first used by French astronomerCamille Flammarion.[50][51]

The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (e.g. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s.[52]Several different suggestions were made for names of Jupiter's outer satellites, but none were universally accepted until 1975 when theInternational Astronomical Union's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V–XIII,[53]and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered.[53]The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the godJupiter(Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants.[50]All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) onward are named after descendants of Jupiter or Zeus,[50]except LIII (Dia), named after a lover of Jupiter. Names ending with "a" or "o" are used for prograde irregular satellites (the latter for highly inclined satellites), and names ending with "e" are used for retrograde irregulars.[28]With the discovery of smaller, kilometre-sized moons around Jupiter, the IAU has established an additional convention to limit the naming of small moons withabsolute magnitudesgreater than 18 or diameters smaller than 1 km (0.6 mi).[54]Some of the most recently confirmed moons have not received names.[4]

Someasteroidssharethe same namesas moons of Jupiter:9 Metis,38 Leda,52 Europa,85 Io,113 Amalthea,239 Adrastea.Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU:Ganymedeand asteroid1036 Ganymed;andCallistoand asteroid204 Kallisto.

Groups[edit]

Regular satellites[edit]

These have prograde and nearly circular orbits of low inclination and are split into two groups:

  • Inner satellitesorAmalthea group:Metis,Adrastea,Amalthea,andThebe.These orbit very close to Jupiter; the innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day. The latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the Jovian system. Observations suggest that at least the largest member, Amalthea, did not form on its present orbit, but farther from the planet, or that it is a captured Solar System body.[55]These moons, along with a number of seen and as-yet-unseen inner moonlets (seeAmalthea moonlets), replenish and maintain Jupiter's faintring system.Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter's main ring, whereas Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings.[56][57]
  • Main grouporGalilean moons:Io,Europa,GanymedeandCallisto.They are some ofthe largest objectsin theSolar Systemoutside theSunand the eight planets in terms of mass, larger than any knowndwarf planet.Ganymede exceeds (and Callisto nearly equals) even the planetMercuryin diameter, though they are less massive. They are respectively the fourth-, sixth-, first-, and third-largestnatural satellitesin the Solar System, containing approximately 99.997% of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter, while Jupiter is almost 5,000 times more massive than the Galilean moons.[note 3]The inner moons are in a 1:2:4orbital resonance.Models suggest that they formed by slowaccretionin the low-density Joviansubnebula—a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation—which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto.[58]Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are suspected of havingsubsurface water oceans,[59][60]and Io may have a subsurfacemagmaocean.[61]

Irregular satellites[edit]

Orbits and positions of Jupiter's irregular satellites as of 1 January 2021. Prograde orbits are colored blue while retrograde orbits are colored red.
Main article:Irregular satellite

The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis,inclination,eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partiallycollisional familiesthat were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered byimpactsfrom asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. These families bear the names of their largest members. The identification of satellite families is tentative, but the following are typically listed:[4][62][63]

  • Progradesatellites:
    • Themistois the innermost irregular moon and is not part of a known family.[4][62]
    • TheHimalia groupis confined within semi-major axes between 11–12 million km (6.8–7.5 million mi), inclinations between 27–29°, and eccentricities between 0.12 and 0.21.[64]It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from theasteroid belt.[62]The largest two members,HimaliaandElara,are respectively the sixth- and eighth-largest Jovian moons.
    • TheCarpogroup includes two known moons on very high orbital inclinations of 50° and semi-major axes between 16–17 million km (9.9–10.6 million mi).[4]Due to their exceptionally high inclinations, the moons of the Carpo group are subject to gravitationalperturbationsthat induce theLidov–Kozai resonancein their orbits, which cause their eccentricities and inclinations to periodically oscillate in correspondence with each other.[37]The Lidov–Kozai resonance can significantly alter the orbits of these moons: for example, the eccentricity and inclination of the group's namesake Carpo can fluctuate between 0.19–0.69 and 44–59°, respectively.[37]
    • Valetudois the outermost prograde moon and is not part of a known family. Its prograde orbit crosses paths with several moons that have retrograde orbits and may in the future collide with them.[39]
  • Retrogradesatellites:
    • TheCarme groupis tightly confined within semi-major axes between 22–24 million km (14–15 million mi), inclinations between 164–166°, and eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.28.[64]It is very homogeneous in color (light red) and is believed to have originated as collisional fragments from aD-type asteroidprogenitor, possibly aJupiter trojan.[29]
    • TheAnanke grouphas a relatively wider spread than the previous groups, with semi-major axes between 19–22 million km (12–14 million mi), inclinations between 144–156°, and eccentricities between 0.09 and 0.25.[64]Most of the members appear gray, and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid.[29]
    • ThePasiphae groupis quite dispersed, with semi-major axes spread over 22–25 million km (14–16 million mi), inclinations between 141° and 157°, and higher eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.44.[64]The colors also vary significantly, from red to grey, which might be the result of multiple collisions.Sinope,sometimes included in the Pasiphae group,[29]is red and, given the difference in inclination, it could have been captured independently;[62]Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped insecular resonanceswith Jupiter.[65]

Based on their survey discoveries in 2000–2003, Sheppard and Jewitt predicted that Jupiter should have approximately 100 irregular satellites larger than 1 km (0.6 mi) in diameter, or brighter than magnitude 24.[29]: 262 Survey observations by Alexandersen et al. in 2010–2011 agreed with this prediction, estimating that approximately 40 Jovian irregular satellites of this size remained undiscovered in 2012.[33]: 4 

In September 2020, researchers from theUniversity of British Columbiaidentified 45 candidate irregular moons from an analysis of archival images taken in 2010 by the CFHT.[66]These candidates were mainly small and faint, down to magnitude of 25.7 or above 0.8 km (0.5 mi) in diameter. From the number of candidate moons detected within a sky area of one square degree, the team extrapolated that the population of retrograde Jovian moons brighter than magnitude 25.7 is around600+600
−300within a factor of 2.[5]: 6 Although the team considers their characterized candidates to be likely moons of Jupiter, they all remain unconfirmed due to insufficient observation data for determining reliable orbits.[66]The true population of Jovian irregular moons is likely complete down to magnitude 23.2 at diameters over 3 km (1.9 mi) as of 2020.[5]: 6 [33]: 4 

List[edit]

Orbital diagram of theorbital inclinationand orbital distances for Jupiter's rings and moon system at various scales. Notable moons, moon groups, and rings are individually labeled. Open the image for full resolution.

The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to havecollapsedinto aspheroidare highlighted in bold. These are the fourGalilean moons,which are comparable in size to theMoon.The other moons are much smaller. The Galilean moon with the smallest amount of mass is greater than 7,000 times more massive than the most massive of the other moons. Theirregularcaptured moons are shaded light gray and orange whenprogradeand yellow, red, and dark gray whenretrograde.

The orbits and mean distances of the irregular moons are highly variable over short timescales due to frequent planetary and solarperturbations,[37]soproper orbital elementswhich are averaged over a period of time are preferably used. The proper orbital elements of the irregular moons listed here are averaged over a 400-yearnumerical integrationby theJet Propulsion Laboratory:for the above reasons, they may strongly differ fromosculatingorbital elements provided by other sources.[64]Otherwise, recently-discovered irregular moons without published proper elements are temporarily listed here with inaccurateosculating orbital elementsthat areitalicizedto distinguish them from other irregular moons with proper orbital elements. Some of the irregular moons' proper orbital periods in this list may not scale accordingly with their proper semi-major axes due to the aforementioned perturbations. The irregular moons' proper orbital elements are all based on the referenceepochof 1 January 2000.[64]

Some irregular moons have only been observed briefly for a year or two, but their orbits are known accurately enough that they will not belostto positionaluncertainties.[37][4]

Key

Inner moons 		♠
Galilean moons 		†
Themisto 		♣
Himalia group 		§
Carpo group 		±
Valetudo 		♦
Ananke group 		♥
Carme group 		‡
Pasiphae group
Label
[note 4] 		Name
 Pronunciation Image Abs.
magn.[67] 		Diameter(km)[4][note 5] Mass
(×1016kg)[68][note 6] 		Semi-major axis
(km)[64] 		Orbital period(d)
[64][note 7] 		Inclination
(°)[64] 		Eccentricity
[4] 		Discovery
year[1] 		Year announced Discoverer[50][1] Group
[note 8]
XVI Metis /ˈmiːtəs/
10.5 43
(60 × 40 × 34)		 ≈ 3.6 128000 +0.2948
(+7h 04m 29s)		 0.060 0.0002 1979 1980 Synnott
(Voyager 1)		 Inner
XV Adrastea /ædrəˈstiːə/
12.0 16.4
(20 × 16 × 14)		 ≈ 0.20 129000 +0.2983
(+7h 09m 30s)		 0.030 0.0015 1979 1979 Jewitt
(Voyager 2)		 Inner
V Amalthea /æməlˈθiːə/[69]
7.1 167
(250 × 146 × 128)		 208 181400 +0.4999
(+11h 59m 53s)		 0.374 0.0032 1892 1892 Barnard Inner
XIV Thebe /ˈθiːbiː/
9.0 98.6
(116 × 98 × 84)		 ≈ 43 221900 +0.6761
(+16h 13m 35s)		 1.076 0.0175 1979 1980 Synnott
(Voyager 1)		 Inner
I Io♠ /ˈaɪoʊ/
-1.7 3643.2
(3660 × 3637 × 3631)		 8931900 421800 +1.7627
(+1d 18h 18m 20s)		 0.050[70] 0.0041 1610 1610 Galileo Galilean
II Europa♠ /jʊəˈroʊpə/[71]
-1.4 3121.6 4799800 671100 +3.5255
(+3d 12h 36m 40s)		 0.470[70] 0.0090 1610 1610 Galileo Galilean
III Ganymede♠ /ˈɡænəmiːd/[72][73]
-2.1 5268.2 14819000 1070400 +7.1556 0.200[70] 0.0013 1610 1610 Galileo Galilean
IV Callisto♠ /kəˈlɪstoʊ/
-1.2 4820.6 10759000 1882700 +16.690 0.192[70] 0.0074 1610 1610 Galileo Galilean
XVIII Themisto† /θəˈmɪstoʊ/
13.3 ≈ 9 ≈ 0.038 7398500 +130.03 43.8 0.340 1975/2000 1975 Kowal&Roemer/
Sheppardet al.		 Themisto
XIII Leda♣ /ˈliːdə/
12.7 21.5 ≈ 0.52 11146400 +240.93 28.6 0.162 1974 1974 Kowal Himalia
LXXI Ersa♣ /ˈɜːrsə/
16.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 11401000 +249.23 29.1 0.116 2018 2018 Sheppard Himalia
S/2018 J 2♣ 16.5 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 11419700 +249.92 28.3 0.152 2018 2022 Sheppard Himalia
VI Himalia♣ /hɪˈmeɪliə/
8.0 139.6
(150 × 120)		 420 11440600 +250.56 28.1 0.160 1904 1905 Perrine Himalia
LXV Pandia♣ /pænˈdaɪə/
16.2 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 11481000 +251.91 29.0 0.179 2017 2018 Sheppard Himalia
X Lysithea♣ /laɪˈsɪθiə/
11.2 42.2 ≈ 3.9 11700800 +259.20 27.2 0.117 1938 1938 Nicholson Himalia
VII Elara♣ /ˈɛlərə/
9.7 79.9 ≈ 27 11712300 +259.64 27.9 0.211 1905 1905 Perrine Himalia
S/2011 J 3♣ 16.3 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 11716800 +259.84 27.6 0.192 2011 2022 Sheppard Himalia
LIII Dia♣ /ˈdaɪə/
16.1 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 12260300 +278.21 29.0 0.232 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Himalia
S/2018 J 4§ 16.7 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 16328500 +427.63 50.2 0.177 2018 2023 Sheppard Carpo
XLVI Carpo§ /ˈkɑːrpoʊ/
16.2 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 17042300 +456.29 53.2 0.416 2003 2003 Sheppard Carpo
LXII Valetudo± /væləˈtjuːdoʊ/
17.0 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 18694200 +527.61 34.5 0.217 2016 2018 Sheppard Valetudo
XXXIV Euporie♦ /ˈjuːpəriː/
16.3 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 19265800 −550.69 145.7 0.148 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
LV S/2003 J 18♦
16.4 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20336300 −598.12 145.3 0.090 2003 2003 Gladman Ananke
LX Eupheme♦ /juːˈfiːmiː/
16.6 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20768600 −617.73 148.0 0.241 2003 2003 Sheppard Ananke
S/2021 J 3♦ 17.2 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20776700 −618.33 147.9 0.239 2021 2023 Sheppard Ananke
LII S/2010 J 2♦
17.4 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 20793000 −618.84 148.1 0.248 2010 2011 Veillet Ananke
LIV S/2016 J 1♦
17.0 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 20802600 −618.49 144.7 0.232 2016 2017 Sheppard Ananke
XL Mneme♦ /ˈniːmiː/
16.3 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20821000 −620.07 148.0 0.247 2003 2003 Sheppard &Gladman Ananke
XXXIII Euanthe♦ /juːˈænθiː/
16.4 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 20827000 −620.44 148.0 0.239 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
S/2003 J 16♦
16.3 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20882600 −622.88 148.0 0.243 2003 2003 Gladman Ananke
XXII Harpalyke♦ /hɑːrˈpæləkiː/
15.9 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 20892100 −623.32 147.7 0.232 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
XXXV Orthosie♦ /ɔːrˈθoʊziː/
16.6 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20901000 −622.59 144.3 0.299 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
XLV Helike♦ /ˈhɛləkiː/
16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 20915700 −626.33 154.4 0.153 2003 2003 Sheppard Ananke
S/2021 J 2♦ 17.3 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 20926600 −625.14 148.1 0.242 2021 2023 Sheppard Ananke
XXVII Praxidike♦ /prækˈsɪdəkiː/
14.9 7 ≈ 0.018 20935400 −625.39 148.3 0.246 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
LXIV S/2017 J 3♦
16.5 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20941000 −625.60 147.9 0.231 2017 2018 Sheppard Ananke
S/2021 J 1♦ 17.3 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 20954700 −627.14 150.5 0.228 2021 2023 Sheppard Ananke
S/2003 J 12♦
17.0 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 20963100 −627.24 150.0 0.235 2003 2003 Sheppard Ananke
LXVIII S/2017 J 7♦ 16.6 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20964800 −626.56 147.3 0.233 2017 2018 Sheppard Ananke
XLII Thelxinoe♦ /θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː/ 16.3 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20976000 −628.03 150.6 0.228 2003 2004 Sheppard & Gladman et al. Ananke
XXIX Thyone♦ /θaɪˈoʊniː/
15.8 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 20978000 −627.18 147.5 0.233 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
S/2003 J 2♦
16.7 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 20997700 −628.79 150.2 0.225 2003 2003 Sheppard Ananke
XII Ananke♦ /əˈnæŋkiː/
11.7 29.1 ≈ 1.3 21034500 −629.79 147.6 0.237 1951 1951 Nicholson Ananke
S/2022 J 3♦ 17.4 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 21047700 −630.67 148.2 0.249 2022 2023 Sheppard Ananke
XXIV Iocaste♦ /aɪəˈkæstiː/
15.5 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.0065 21066700 −631.59 148.8 0.227 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
XXX Hermippe♦ /hərˈmɪpiː/
15.5 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 21108500 −633.90 150.2 0.219 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
LXX S/2017 J 9♦ 16.2 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 21768700 −666.11 155.5 0.200 2017 2018 Sheppard Ananke
LVIII Philophrosyne‡ /fɪləˈfrɒzəniː/ 16.7 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 22604600 −702.54 146.3 0.229 2003 2003 Sheppard Pasiphae
S/2016 J 3♥ 16.7 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 22719300 −713.64 164.6 0.251 2016 2023 Sheppard Carme
S/2022 J 1♥ 17.0 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 22725200 −738.33 164.5 0.257 2022 2023 Sheppard Carme
XXXVIII Pasithee♥ /ˈpæsəθiː/
16.8 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 22846700 −719.47 164.6 0.270 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
LXIX S/2017 J 8♥
17.1 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 22849500 −719.76 164.8 0.255 2017 2018 Sheppard Carme
S/2021 J 6♥ 17.3 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 22870300 −720.97 164.9 0.271 2021 2023 Sheppard et al. Carme
S/2003 J 24♥ 16.6 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 22887400 −721.60 164.5 0.259 2003 2021 Sheppard et al. Carme
XXXII Eurydome‡ /jʊəˈrɪdəmiː/
16.2 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 22899000 −717.31 149.1 0.294 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
LVI S/2011 J 2‡ 16.8 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 22909200 −718.32 151.9 0.355 2011 2012 Sheppard Pasiphae
S/2003 J 4‡
16.7 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 22926500 −718.10 148.2 0.328 2003 2003 Sheppard Pasiphae
XXI Chaldene♥ /kælˈdiːniː/
16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 22930500 −723.71 164.7 0.265 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
LXIII S/2017 J 2♥
16.4 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 22953200 −724.71 164.5 0.272 2017 2018 Sheppard Carme
XXVI Isonoe♥ /aɪˈsɒnoʊiː/
16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 22981300 −726.27 164.8 0.249 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
S/2022 J 2♥ 17.6 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 23013800 −781.56 164.7 0.265 2022 2023 Sheppard Carme
S/2021 J 4♥ 17.4 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 23019700 −728.28 164.6 0.265 2021 2023 Sheppard Carme
XLIV Kallichore♥ /kəˈlɪkəriː/ 16.3 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23021800 −728.26 164.8 0.252 2003 2003 Sheppard Carme
XXV Erinome♥ /ɛˈrɪnəmiː/
16.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 23032900 −728.48 164.4 0.276 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
XXXVII Kale♥ /ˈkeɪliː/
16.3 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23052600 −729.64 164.6 0.262 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
LVII Eirene♥ /aɪˈriːniː/ 15.8 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 23055800 −729.84 164.6 0.258 2003 2003 Sheppard Carme
XXXI Aitne♥ /ˈeɪtniː/
16.0 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 23064400 −730.10 164.6 0.277 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
XLVII Eukelade♥ /juːˈkɛlədiː/
16.0 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 23067400 −730.30 164.6 0.277 2003 2003 Sheppard Carme
XLIII Arche♥ /ˈɑːrkiː/
16.2 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 23097800 −731.88 164.6 0.261 2002 2002 Sheppard Carme
XX Taygete♥ /teɪˈɪdʒətiː/
15.6 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.0065 23108000 −732.45 164.7 0.253 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
S/2016 J 4‡ 17.3 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 23113800 −727.01 147.1 0.294 2016 2023 Sheppard Pasiphae
LXXII S/2011 J 1♥ 16.7 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23124500 −733.21 164.6 0.271 2011 2012 Sheppard Carme
XI Carme♥ /ˈkɑːrmiː/
10.6 46.7 ≈ 5.3 23144400 −734.19 164.6 0.256 1938 1938 Nicholson Carme
L Herse♥ /ˈhɜːrsiː/ 16.5 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23150500 −734.52 164.4 0.262 2003 2003 Gladman et al. Carme
LXI S/2003 J 19♥ 16.6 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23156400 −734.78 164.7 0.265 2003 2003 Gladman Carme
LI S/2010 J 1♥
16.5 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23189800 −736.51 164.5 0.252 2010 2011 Jacobson et al. Carme
S/2003 J 9♥
16.9 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 23199400 −736.86 164.8 0.263 2003 2003 Sheppard Carme
LXVI S/2017 J 5♥ 16.5 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23206200 −737.28 164.8 0.257 2017 2018 Sheppard Carme
LXVII S/2017 J 6‡ 16.6 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23245300 −733.99 149.7 0.336 2017 2018 Sheppard Pasiphae
XXIII Kalyke♥ /ˈkæləkiː/
15.4 6.9 ≈ 0.017 23302600 −742.02 164.8 0.260 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
XXXIX Hegemone‡ /həˈdʒɛməniː/ 15.9 ≈ 3 ≈ 0.0014 23348700 −739.81 152.6 0.358 2003 2003 Sheppard Pasiphae
S/2018 J 3♥ 17.3 ≈ 1 ≈ 0.000052 23400300 −747.02 164.9 0.268 2018 2023 Sheppard Carme
S/2021 J 5♥ 16.8 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23414600 −747.74 164.9 0.272 2021 2023 Sheppard et al. Carme
VIII Pasiphae‡ /pəˈsɪfeɪiː/
10.1 57.8 ≈ 10 23468200 −743.61 148.4 0.412 1908 1908 Melotte Pasiphae
XXXVI Sponde‡ /ˈspɒndiː/
16.7 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23543300 −748.29 149.3 0.322 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
S/2003 J 10♥
16.9 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23576300 −755.43 164.4 0.264 2003 2003 Sheppard Carme
XIX Megaclite‡ /ˌmɛɡəˈklaɪtiː/
15.0 ≈ 5 ≈ 0.0065 23644600 −752.86 149.8 0.421 2000 2001 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
XLVIII Cyllene‡ /səˈliːniː/ 16.3 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23654700 −751.97 146.8 0.419 2003 2003 Sheppard Pasiphae
IX Sinope‡ /səˈnoʊpiː/
11.1 35 ≈ 2.2 23683900 −758.85 157.3 0.264 1914 1914 Nicholson Pasiphae
LIX S/2017 J 1‡
16.8 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23744800 −756.41 145.8 0.328 2017 2017 Sheppard Pasiphae
XLI Aoede‡ /eɪˈiːdiː/ 15.6 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 23778200 −761.42 155.7 0.436 2003 2003 Sheppard Pasiphae
XXVIII Autonoe‡ /ɔːˈtɒnoʊiː/
15.5 ≈ 4 ≈ 0.0034 23792500 −761.00 150.8 0.330 2001 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
XVII Callirrhoe‡ /kəˈlɪroʊiː/
14.0 9.6 ≈ 0.046 23795500 −758.87 145.1 0.297 1999 2000 Scotti et al. Pasiphae
S/2003 J 23‡
16.6 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 23829300 −760.00 144.7 0.313 2003 2004 Sheppard Pasiphae
XLIX Kore‡ /ˈkɔːriː/
16.6 ≈ 2 ≈ 0.00042 24205200 −776.76 141.5 0.328 2003 2003 Sheppard Pasiphae

Exploration[edit]

Main articles:Exploration of Jupiter,Ganymede (moon) § Exploration,Europa (moon) § Exploration,Callisto (moon) § Exploration,andIo (moon) § Observational history
The orbit and motion of theGalilean moonsaround Jupiter, as captured byJunoCamaboard theJunospacecraft
Ganymede taken byJunoduring its 34th perijove

Nine spacecraft have visited Jupiter. The first werePioneer 10in 1973, andPioneer 11a year later, taking low-resolution images of the four Galilean moons and returning data on their atmospheres and radiation belts.[74]TheVoyager 1andVoyager 2probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering thevolcanic activity on Ioand the presence of watericeon the surface ofEuropa.Ulyssesfurther studied Jupiter's magnetosphere in 1992 and then again in 2000.

TheGalileospacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. During this period,Galileogathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath the surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. It also discovered amagnetic field around Ganymede.

Then theCassiniprobe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter's extended atmosphere. TheNew Horizonsspacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites' orbital parameters.

In 2016, theJunospacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion, creating a time-lapse movie of their motion.[75]With a mission extension,Junohas since begun close flybys of the Galileans, flying by Ganymede in 2021 followed by Europa and Io in 2022. It flew by Io again in late 2023 and once more in early 2024.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The most-recently announced moons of Jupiter areS/2022 J 1,S/2022 J 2,andS/2022 J 3,published inMPECs2023-D44 to 2023-D46.[2]These add three more to the previous count of 92 from January 2023, bringing the total up to 95.[3]
  2. ^For comparison, the area of a sphere with diameter 250 km is about the area ofSenegaland comparable to the area ofBelarus,SyriaandUruguay.The area of a sphere with a diameter of 5 km is about the area ofGuernseyand somewhat more than the area ofSan Marino.(But note that these smaller moons are not spherical.)
  3. ^Jupiter Mass of 1.8986 × 1027kg /Mass of Galilean moons3.93 × 1023kg = 4,828
  4. ^Label refers to theRoman numeralattributed to each moon in order of their naming.
  5. ^Diameters with multiple entries such as "60 × 40 × 34" reflect that the body is not a perfectspheroidand that each of its dimensions has been measured well enough.
  6. ^The only satellites with measured masses are Amalthea, Himalia, and the four Galilean moons. The masses of the inner satellites are estimated by assuming a density similar to Amalthea's (0.86 g/cm3), while the rest of the irregular satellites are estimated by assuming a spherical volume and a density of1 g/cm3.
  7. ^Periods with negative values are retrograde.
  8. ^"?"refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.

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