Jump to content

Justin I

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Justin I
Golden coin depicting Justin I
Solidusof Justin I marked:
d·n·iustinusp·p·aug·
Byzantine emperor
Reign9 July 518 – 1 August 527
Coronation10 July 518[a]
PredecessorAnastasius I
SuccessorJustinian I
Co-emperorJustinian I (from 1 April 527)
Bornc. 450
Bederiana,Eastern Roman Empire
Died1 August 527 (aged 77)
Constantinople,Eastern Roman Empire
SpouseEuphemia
IssueJustinian I (adoptive)
Names
Iustinus[b]
Regnal name
Imperator Caesar Flavius Iustinus Augustus
DynastyJustinian
ReligionChalcedonian Christianity
Justinian dynasty
Chronology
Succession
Preceded by
Leonid dynasty 		Followed by
Phocasand theHeraclian dynasty

Justin I(Latin:Iustinus;Greek:Ἰουστῖνος,translit.Ioustînos;c.450 – 1 August 527), also calledJustin the Thracian(Latin:Justinus Thrax;Greek:Ἰουστῖνος ὁ Θρᾷξ,translit.Ioustînos ho Thrâix),[7]wasEastern Roman emperorfrom 518 to 527. Born to a peasant family, he rose through the ranks of the army to become commander of the imperial guard and whenEmperor Anastasiusdied, he out-maneouvered his rivals and was elected as his successor, in spite of being around 68 years old. His reign is significant for the founding of theJustinian dynastythat included his eminent nephew,Justinian I,and three succeeding emperors. Hisconsortwas EmpressEuphemia.

He was noted for his strongly orthodox Christian views. This facilitated the ending of theAcacian schismbetween the churches of Rome and Constantinople, resulting in good relations between Justin and the papacy. Throughout his reign, he stressed the religious nature of his office and passed edicts against various Christian groups seen at the time as non-Orthodox. In foreign affairs, he used religion as an instrument of state. He endeavoured to cultivate client states on the borders of the Empire, and avoided any significant warfare until late in his reign.

Early career

[edit]

Justin was a peasant and possibly aswineherdby occupation,[8]from the region of Dardania, part of thePrefecture of Illyricum.[9]He was born in thehamletBederiana nearNaissus(modernNiš,Serbia).[8]He was ofThraco-Roman[10][11]orIllyro-Romandescent,[12][13][14]spoke Latin and only rudimentary Greek, and bore, like his companions and members of his family (Zimarchus, Dityvistus, Boraides, Bigleniza, Sabbatius, etc.), a Thracian name.[12][15][failed verification]His sister Vigilantia (bornc. 455) married Sabbatius and had two children: the future emperorPetrus Sabbatius Justinianus(born 483) andVigilantia(bornc.490). The younger Vigilantia married Dulcissimus (or Dulcidio) and had at least three children: the future emperorJustin II(bornc.520); the future generalMarcellus;andPraejecta(bornc.520), who married the senator Areobindus.[16]

As a young man, he and two companions left Dardania in order to escape the poverty of the region.[17]Taking refuge inConstantinople,the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, they possessed nothing more than the ragged clothes on their backs and a sack of bread among them.[18]Illiterate at the time of his arrival there,[18]Justin joined the newly formed palace guard, theexcubitors.He served in various positions, campaigning against the Isaurians and theSassanian Persiansand was noticed for his bravery. Because of his ability he was successively appointed atribune,acomes,asenatorand, under the EmperorAnastasius I,the influential position ofcomes excubitorum,commander of the palace guard.[19][20]During this period he married Lupicina; no surviving children are recorded from this marriage. According to contemporary historianProcopius,Lupicina was abarbarianslavewho had been Justin'sconcubinebefore their marriage.[21]

Succession

[edit]

During the night of 8–9 July 518, Anastasius died and hissilentarii,a senior servant, summoned Justin andCelerto his deathbed. Celer was themagister officiorum(master of offices) and commander of the palace regiments of theScholae Palatinae,a force of parade-ground display troops. By morning the event had been announced throughout the capital, Constantinople. The high officials, includingJohn of Cappadocia,the recently appointedPatriarch of Constantinople,were summoned to theGreat Palacefor the election of a new emperor. Meanwhile, the people gathered in theHippodrome of Constantinopleand awaited the proclamation of the name of the new emperor.[22]

Bronze head of Euphemi
Bronze head ofEuphemiain theNational Museum of Serbia.[23]

Anastasius had died childless but had a host of known relatives.[24]This extensive family included several viable candidates for the throne.[22]His brotherPaulushad served asconsulin 496.[25]According toJohn Malalas,thepraepositus sacri cubiculi(grand chamberlain), Amantius, had intended to haveTheocritus,commander of an elite guard unit, elected to the throne.[26]Theocritus and Amantius were relying on their control of a large military force and on buying the support of the other officials.Amantiuswas said to have given a substantial sum of money to Justin in order to buy his support. However, Justin controlled a smaller, but higher-quality group of soldiers, and used the money to buy support for himself. He was elected as the new emperor by the council and was proclaimed emperor in the Hippodrome as JustinI.[22]

His wife became his empress consort under the name Euphemia. The name was probably chosen for reasons of respectability.[21]The originalEuphemiawas aChristian martyrduring theDiocletianic Persecution.She was a local saint ofChalcedonand theCouncil of Chalcedon(451) had taken place in a cathedralconsecratedin her name.[27]The selection of this name was an early indication that Justin and Lupicina were ferventChalcedonian Christians.[21]The population of the capital was supportive because of his strongChalcedonianposition on the fierceChristologicaldebate of the time, in opposition to his predecessor'sMonophysiteleanings.[citation needed]

Emperor

[edit]

Justin cemented his position by assassinating potential opponents, especially anti-Chalcedonian supporters of Anastasius. Both Amantius and Theocritus were executed nine days after the election.[22]A career soldier with little knowledge of statecraft, Justin surrounded himself with trusted advisors. The most prominent of these was his nephew Flavius Petrus Sabbatius, whom he adopted as his son and invested with the name Iustinianus (Justinian).[28]

Foreign affairs

[edit]
The extent of the Byzantine Empire under Justin I is shown in brown. (The light orange shows the conquests of his successor, Justinian.)

Justin endeavoured to cultivate client states on the borders of the Empire, and avoided any significant warfare until late in his reign.[29]

In 497 Anastasius had agreed withTheoderic,theOstrogothicking of Italy, that he would rule Italy as Anastasius' deputy. This preserved Italy as nominally a part of the Empire, and neutralised a potentially dangerous neighbour. The arrangement suited Theodoric, as the Ostrogoths were a small aristocratic minority in Italy and the blessing of Constantinople helped reconcile the majority of the population to their rule. The feelings of the majority of Italians towards the Empire were mixed, as Anastasius was a Monophysite, while they were Chalcedonian. The Ostrogoths were Arians, and there was a tendency to consider both them and Monophysites as different breeds of heretics. With a strongly Chalcedonian emperor on the throne and the Italian-based papacy formally healing the rift the situation became less stable. Initially relations were friendly. Theodoric's son-in-lawEutharicwas appointed consul in Constantinople in 519 and confirmed as Theodoric's heir. Eutharic died in 522, by which time Justin's policies, possibly influenced by Justinian, had become more anti-Arian. In 526 Theodoric died, leaving Eutharic's ten-year-old sonAthalaricas heir to the throne.[30][31]

Justin I (left) persecuting Monophysites, miniature from the 12th centuryManasses Chronicle

A number of initiatives in respect of neighbouring states were founded on religious motives, and were usually developed by Justinian as he assumed more power towards the end of Justin's reign.Kaleb IofAksumwas probably encouraged to aggressively enlarge his empire by Justin. Contemporary chronicler John Malalas reported that Byzantine merchants were robbed and killed by the Jewish king of the south Arabian kingdom ofHimyar,causing Kaleb to claim, "You have acted badly because you have killed merchants of the Christian Romans, which is a loss both to myself and my kingdom."[32]Himyar was a client state of the Sassanian Persians, perennial enemies of the Byzantines. After Kaleb invaded Himyar around 523, Justin saw what is now Yemen pass from Sassanian control to the rule of an allied Christian state.[32]

A number of small states on the borders of the Byzantine Empire and of Sassanian Persia were constant areas of contention between the two powers. The GeorgianPrincipality of Iberiawas in the Sassanian sphere of influence, but was Christian. Iberian bishops were sent toAntiochin the Byzantine Empire to beconsecrated.Vakhtang I of Iberiawas encouraged into war with the Sassanians. A "fervent Christian", his religious policies were "part and parcel of his larger strategic aims".[32]After a lengthy struggle he was defeated and Iberia subjugated as a Sassanian province in 522.[32]

Lazicawas another border state; it was Christian, but in the Sassanid sphere. Its king,Tzath,wished to weaken Sassanid influence. In 521 or 522, he went to Constantinople to receive the insignia and royal robes of kingship from Justin's hand and to make his submission. He was alsobaptizedas aChristianand married a Byzantine noblewoman, Valeriana. After having been confirmed in his kingdom by the Byzantine emperor, he returned to Lazica. Shortly after Justin's death, the Sassanids attempted to forcibly regain control, but were beaten off with assistance from Justin's successor.[33][34]

In 524, the Sassanid emperorKavadh Iapproached Justin asking that he formally adopt his youngest son,Khosrow,in order to secure his succession over his elder, but less favoured, brothers. Justin was agreeable, but, aware that, being childless himself, an adopted Persian son would have a claim on the Byzantine throne, offered adoption according to barbarian custom. The Persians were insulted and broke off all negotiations.[35]In 526, the Byzantines raided Persian Armenia at Justinian's initiative. Justinian was increasingly taking control of policy from his aging uncle. The raiding parties were led by two of Justinian's up-and-coming military protégees,SittasandBelisarius.The raids achieved little, other than to make a statement of intent.[31]

Religion

[edit]

Justin's reign is noteworthy for the resolution of theAcacian schismbetween the eastern and western branches of the Christian church. On ascending the throne Justin invitedPope Hormisdasto Constantinople for negotiations. Justinian sent a similar, but separate, invitation; said to have been closer to a summons. Hormisdas promptly despatched a delegation to Constantinople with instructions to state the orthodox position rather than to negotiate. Carrying out a policy developed by his nephew Justinian, the future emperor, Justin endorsed Rome's view on the question of the dual nature of Christ. On 28 March 519, in the cathedral of Constantinople in the presence of a great throng of people, a reluctantPatriarch John IIaccepted the formula of Pope Hormisdas and the end of the schism was concluded in a solemn ceremony.[31]

For the first three years of his reign Justin persecuted the Monophysites, even serving soldiers. Thereafter he adopted a more pragmatic approach. In 523 Justin issued a strict edict againstArianism.Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy, was an Arian himself, as were most Ostrogoths. He despatchedPope John I,Pope Hormisdas' successor, to Constantinople with firm instructions to obtain a policy reversal. John received an exceptionally warm welcome; the population of Constantinople applauded him, Justin laid on celebrations, prostrated himself at the Pope's feet and insisted on being re-crowned by the Pope's hands. John did not succeed in having the edict overturned, it seems that he did not press the matter. On his return to Italy an enraged Theodoric had him flung into prison, where he shortly died.[31][36][37]

Again encouraged by Justinian, Justin increasingly expressed his position as emperor as a religious one. He claimed that "we have been elected to the empire by favour of the indivisibleTrinity.[38][39]Edicts were endorsed with "We continuously commit ourselves to all plans and actions in the name of Jesus Christ".[40]In either 519 or 522 Justin abandoned the tradition of depicting pagan symbols on the reverse of his coins and seals. "During the reign, the characteristic identifying the reverse female figure as Victory, a high girdle below the breasts, was substituted by a tunic, therefore identifying the figure as an angel."[29]This was a very public and widespread restatement of the Empire as a Christian state.[29]

Later years

[edit]
Mosaics of Justinian I and his wife Theodora,Basilica of San Vitale,547

The later years of the reign of Justin were marked by increased tension with the Empire's neighbours, especially the Ostrogoths, and the Sassanids. In 526 Antioch was destroyed by anearthquakewith an estimated 250,000 deaths. Justin arranged for sufficient money to be sent to the city for both immediate relief and to start reconstruction. The rebuilding of the Great Church and many other buildings was overseen byEphraim,thecomes Orientis,whose efforts saw him replace Euphrasius as theChalcedonianPatriarch of Antioch. Many of the buildings erected after the earthquake were destroyed by another major earthquake in November 528, although there were far fewer casualties.[41][42][43]

Procopius of Caesarea's Byzantine historia indicate that Justin I's mental faculties had begun todeclinein his old age, going as far as to write "the Emperor, as an idiot and advanced in age, caused the laugh of the environment, and was also accused of delays in decisions and inability for his duties."[44]

Justinian

[edit]
Solidus depicting Justin and Justinian.

During his uncle's reign Justinian successively occupied the positions ofcomes domesticorum,commander of the imperial guard, patrician, and, in 521, consul. In 525, Justin repealed a law that effectively prohibited a member of the senatorial class from marrying women from a lower class of society, including the theatre, which was considered scandalous at the time. This edict paved the way for Justinian to marryTheodora,a formermimeactress, and eventually resulted in a major change to the old class distinctions at the Imperial court. She came to participate in Justinian's rule with very significant and powerful influence. Justin's health began to decline and he formally named Justinian as co-emperor and, on 1 April 527, as his successor. On 1 August Justin died and was succeeded byJustinian.[45]

Legacy

[edit]

TheCiliciancity ofCaesareawas renamed Justinopolis in 525, in honour of Justin I. The name persisted until the 12th century whenThoros I,king ofArmenian Cilicia,made it his capital and renamed itAnazarbus.[46]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ThePLREgives 10 July as the date of Justin's accession,[1]followingZacharias of Mytilene.[2]All other contemporary authors give 9 July.[3]Constantine VII'sDe Ceremoniisstates that he was crowned on the morning after Anastasius' death.[4]
  2. ^His name is sometimes given asAnicius Iustinusin older scholarship,[5]but this is not corroborated by contemporary sources. The name probably derives from the fact thatGermanus (cousin of Justinian I)was supposedly related to theAniciiaccording to theGetica,although the veracity of this statement is unknown.[6]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^Martindale, Jones & Morris 1980.
  2. ^Zacharias of MytileneVIII, 1.
  3. ^John MalalasXVII,1;Evagrius ScholasticusIV,1;Chronicon Paschale518.
  4. ^Constantine VII(c.956),De Ceremoniis,I 93.
  5. ^Walsh, Robert (1839).Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor.British Library:Fisher, Son & Co. p. xxix.
  6. ^Bury, John Bagnell(1958).History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2.Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Incorporated.ISBN0-486-20399-9.
  7. ^Joannes Zonaras(c.1140),Epitome,XIV 5.
  8. ^abCameron 2000,p. 63.
  9. ^Binns 1996.
  10. ^Browning 2003,p. 23.
  11. ^Mócsy 2014,p. 350.
  12. ^abRussu 1976,p. 73.
  13. ^Procopius 1927,p. 73.
  14. ^Croke 2001,p. 75.
  15. ^Evans 1996,p. 96.
  16. ^Martindale, Jones & Morris 1980,pp. 645–49, 1165.
  17. ^Procopius, Secret History, Chapter 6, trans. Kaldellis, pp. 28-30
  18. ^abChapman 1971,p. 210.
  19. ^Smith & Anthon 1895,p.677.
  20. ^Jones 1986,p. 658.
  21. ^abc"Roman Emperors – DIR Euphemia".roman-emperors.org.Archived fromthe originalon 21 August 2018.Retrieved20 August2018.
  22. ^abcd"Roman Emperors – DIR Justinian".roman-emperors.org.Archivedfrom the original on 15 May 2008.Retrieved21 August2006.
  23. ^Weitzmann, Kurt (1979).Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century.Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 32.ISBN978-0-87099-179-0.
  24. ^Bowersock & Grabar 1999,pp. 300–01.
  25. ^Croke 2001,p. 89.
  26. ^"Rodolphe Guilland," Les Eunuques dans l'Empire Byzantin "(English)".well.Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2013.Retrieved20 August2018.
  27. ^"Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised".ocafs.oca.org.Archivedfrom the original on 13 February 2012.Retrieved20 August2018.
  28. ^Mitchell 2007,pp. 124–25.
  29. ^abcnoahm."Justin I (518–527) – Dumbarton Oaks".doaks.org.Archived fromthe originalon 21 August 2018.Retrieved21 August2018.
  30. ^Vasiliev 1950,pp. 321–28.
  31. ^abcd"Roman Emperors – DIR Justinian".roman-emperors.org.Archivedfrom the original on 15 May 2008.Retrieved20 August2018.
  32. ^abcdHaas, Christopher (Spring 2008)."Mountain Constantines: The Christianization of Aksum and Iberi"(PDF).Project Muse.pp. 121–22.Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 March 2018.Retrieved20 August2018.
  33. ^Martindale, Jones & Morris 1980,p. 1207.
  34. ^Greatrex & Lieu 2002,pp. 79–80.
  35. ^Greatrex & Lieu 2002,pp. 181–82.
  36. ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)."Pope St. John I".Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  37. ^Meyendorff 1989,p. 222.
  38. ^Ostrogorsky 1957,p. 64.
  39. ^Mitchell 2007,pp. 124–25, 293–94.
  40. ^Mitchell 2007,p. 294.
  41. ^Meier, M. (2007). "Natural Disasters in the Chronographia of John Malalas: Reflections on their Function --An Initial Sketch".The Medieval History Journal.10(1–2): 237–266.CiteSeerX10.1.1.1025.7374.doi:10.1177/097194580701000209.S2CID162788360.[permanent dead link]
  42. ^Martindale, Jones & Morris 1980,p. 395.
  43. ^Sbeinati, M.R.; Darawcheh, R. & Mouty, M. (2005)."The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D"(PDF).Annals of Geophysics.48(3): 347–435.Archived(PDF)from the original on 26 July 2011.Retrieved22 September2011.
  44. ^Haury J, Wirth G.Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia.Lipsiae et Berolini: Teubner, 1962.
  45. ^John Malalas,Book 17–18;Chronicon Paschale527;Theophanes the ConfessorAM 6019.
  46. ^Hogarth 1911,p. 944.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toIustinus I.
Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Justin I.".
Justin I
Born:c. 450Died:1 August 527
Regnal titles
Preceded by Byzantine emperor
518–527
withJustinian I(527) 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Roman consul
519
withEutharic 		Succeeded by
Rusticius,
Vitalianus
Preceded by Roman consulII
524
withVenantius Opilio 		Succeeded by
Probus,
Theodorus Philoxenus
Soterichus Philoxenus
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_I&oldid=1232778474"