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KRINanggala(402)

Coordinates:7°48′56″S114°51′20″E/ 7.81556°S 114.85556°E/-7.81556; 114.85556
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refer to caption
KRINanggalaunderway in theJava Sea,August 2015
History
Indonesia
NameKRINanggala
NamesakeDivine spear ofPrabhu Baladewa
Ordered2 April 1977
BuilderHowaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
Laid down14 March 1978
Launched10 September 1980
Completed6 July 1981
Commissioned21 October 1981
Out of service21 April 2021
IdentificationPennant number 402
FateImploded during torpedo drill, 21 April 2021 (with all hands)
Badge
General characteristics
Class and typeCakra-classattack submarine
Displacement
  • 1,285 tons surfaced
  • 1,390 tons submerged
Length59.5 m (195 ft 3 in)
Beam6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)
Draft5.4 m (17 ft 9 in)
Propulsion
  • 4 × MTU 12V493 AZ80 GA31L diesel engines rated at 1.8MW(2,400hp)[1]
  • 4 × Siemens alternators rated at 2,300hp(1.7MW)
  • 1 × Siemens motor rated at 3.4MW(4,600hp)
  • 1 × shaft
Speed
  • 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) surfaced[1]
  • 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) submerged
Range8,200 nmi (15,200 km; 9,400 mi) at 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph)
Endurance50 days[1]
Test depth240 m (790 ft)[1]
Complement50 includingspecial forcesunit[2]
Crew6 officers, 28 enlisted[3]
Sensors and
processing systems
Electronic warfare
& decoys
  • ESM: Thomson-CSF DR2000U[1]
  • CMS: Kongsberg MSI-90U Mk 2[4]
Armament
  • 8 × 533 mm (21 in) bow tubes[1]
  • 14 ×AEG SUTtorpedoes

KRINanggala(402),also known asNanggala II,was one of twoCakra-classType 209/1300diesel-electricattack submarinesof theIndonesian Navy.It sank following an implosion in April 2021.

Ordered in 1977,Nanggalawas launched in 1980 and commissioned in 1981. It conducted intelligence gathering operations in the Indian Ocean and aroundEast TimorandNorth Kalimantan.It was a participant of the internationalCooperation Afloat Readiness and Trainingnaval exercise and conducted apassing exercisewithUSSOklahoma City.The vessel underwent major refits byDaewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering(DSME) in 2012 and Indonesian state-owned shipyardPT PALin 2020.

On 21 April 2021, the ship went missing during a routine exercise in theBali Sea.It was commanded by ColonelHarry Setyawan,and had 49 crewmembers and 3 weapon specialists on board. The Indonesian Navy, assisted by other countries, conducted a search, and three days later debris was discovered 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the point of last contact, andNanggalawas declared sunk. There were no survivors; all 53 people on board the ship died. On 26 April, the Indonesian government awarded posthumous promotions to everyone aboard the ship.

The cause of the sinking is presumed to be a power outage.Nanggalahad experienced outages before but recovered successfully. Lt. Col. Heri Oktavian, who was killed in the incident, had previously voiced his frustrations about the maintenance of the ship; he claimed that the workmanship quality and maintenance services performed by state-owned naval dockyardPT PALwere unsatisfactory.

Name

[edit]

The submarine was named after theNanggala,a powerful, divine short spear wielded byPrabhu Baladewa,aHindugod mentioned in theMahabharataand a character inwayangpuppet theatre.[5][6]Legend states that the spear is capable of melting mountains and splitting oceans.[7]

The vessel was also known asNanggala IIin order to differentiate it from RINanggala(S-02), an olderWhiskey-classsubmarine sharing the same name.[8]

Design and construction

[edit]
Some of the first crews of KRI Nanggala, the date of the picture is unclear.
Members ofNanggala'sfirst crew
An undated picture of KRI Nanggala, taken before the 2012 refit
KRINanggalabefore 2012 refitting
Nanggala in training in East Kalimantan, with Indonesian soldiers on her deck.
Training nearEast Kalimantan,1992
refer to caption
Periscope (above) and control room, in 2017 after South Korean refit

KRINanggalawas ordered on 2 April 1977[9]and was financed as part of a US$625 million loan by the West German government to the Indonesian government.[10]About $100 million was spent on the submarine and its sister vessel,KRICakra.[10]The vessel was designed byIngenieurkontor LübeckofLübeck,constructed byHowaldtswerke-Deutsche WerftofKiel,and sold byFerrostaalofEssen– all acting together as a West German consortium.[1]

Nanggalawas laid down on 14 March 1978 and launched on 10 September 1980.[1]It wastestedin West German waters before it was handed over to Indonesia on 6 July 1981.[8]

Nanggalaleft West Germany in early August 1981 with 38 crew members under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Armand Aksyah.[8]The submarine was first presented to the public on the 36th anniversary of theIndonesian National Armed Forceson 5 October 1981.[11]Sixteen days later, it was commissioned by the Minister of Defense and Security, GeneralM.Jusuf.[12]

Historical context

[edit]

During the 1960s, Indonesia was known as one of the largest Asian naval powers, with 12 Soviet-made Whiskey-class submarines in its fleet.[13][14]However, by 1981, during theNew Order,whenCakraandNanggalaarrived in Indonesia to reinforce the country's naval defenses, only one of the 12 Whiskey-class submarines had still retained the ability to dive.[15][13]The Indonesian government had planned to purchase aType 206A submarinefrom Germany in the late 1990s, but was unable to do so due to funding issues.[14]

During the beginning of theReform Era,an embargo on military equipment imposed by the U.S., as well as continuing financial problems experienced as a result ofthe Asian financial crisis,meant that the Indonesian Navy was unable to procure any additional submarines until 2017.[14][13]As a result,CakraandNanggalawere the only active submarines in the Indonesian Navy between the decommissioning ofKRIPasopatiin 1994[16]and the commissioning ofKRINagapasain 2017.[17][18]

By 2020, Indonesia had made plans to own and operate eight submarines by 2024.[14]

Service history

[edit]

Nanggalaparticipated in several naval exercises, including theCooperation Afloat Readiness and Trainingexercises in 2002 and 2015.[19][20]In 2004, the boat participated in the Joint Marine Operations Exercise held in the Indian Ocean, during which it sank the decommissionedKRIRakata.[19][21]In August 2012, the boat conducted apassing exercisewithUSSOklahoma City,accompanied byKRIDiponegoroand aBölkow-Blohmhelicopter.[22]

The submarine conducted a number of intelligence-gathering operations in the waters around Indonesia, including one in the Indian Ocean from April to May 1992, and another around East Timor from August to October 1999, in which the boat tracked the movements of theInternational Force East Timoras it landed in the region.[23]During May 2005, the submarine was tasked with scouting, infiltrating, and hunting down strategic targets aroundAmbalat,after IndonesianKRITedong Naga[id]and MalaysianKDRencongwere involved ina minor collisionnear the area.[24][23]

Nanggalaunderwent a refit at Howaldtswerke that was completed in 1989.[25]Roughly two decades later, the boat underwent a full refit for two years in South Korea byDaewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering(DSME) that was completed in January 2012.[26][2][a]The refit cost US$63.7 million,[28]replaced much of the submarine's upper structure, and upgraded its weaponry, sonar, radar, combat control and propulsion systems.[29][2]After the refit,Nanggalabecame capable of firing four torpedoes simultaneously at four different targets and launchinganti-ship missilessuch asExocetorHarpoon.Itssafe diving depthwas increased to 257 metres (843 ft), and its top speed was increased from 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h) to 25 knots (46 km/h).[2]In November 2016, the submarine was equipped with anASELSANKULAÇechosounder system.[30]

In 2012, three crew members of theNanggaladied in a failed torpedo launch exercise. The submarine was then sent to South Korea for repair.[31]

Sinking

[edit]

On 21 April 2021, Air Chief MarshalHadi Tjahjanto,Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces,reported thatNanggalawas believed to have disappeared in waters about 95 km (51 nautical miles) north of Bali.[15][b]Indonesian Navy spokesperson First AdmiralJulius Widjojono[id]stated thatNanggalahad been conducting a torpedo drill, but failed to report its results as expected.[32][33]Further details emerged thatNanggalahad requested permission to dive to fire anSUT torpedo[21]at03:00WIB(20:00UTC,20 April).[34][35]At around 04:00,Nanggalashould have been flooding its torpedo tubes in preparation for the firing of the torpedo. The last communication withNanggalawas at04:25,when the commanding officer of the training task force would have authorized the firing of torpedo number 8.[36]Chief of Staff of the Indonesian NavyYudo Margonoreported thatNanggalahad fired a live torpedo and a practice torpedo before contact was lost.[35][34][37]

The navy sent a distress call to theInternational Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Officeat around09:37to report the boat as missing and presumably sunk.[38]The navy stated that it was possible thatNanggalaexperienced a power outage before falling to a depth of 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft).[37]Widjojono stated thatNanggalawas able to dive to a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft).[35]The deepest areas of the Bali Sea are over 1,500 m (4,900 ft) below sea level.[39]It was also reported that theunderwater telephone(UWT) of the submarine was defective during the drill, hampering communications between the boat and rescue vessels in the area.[40]

At the time it went missing,Nanggalahad 53 people on board: 49 crew members, 1 commander, and 3 weapons specialists.[41]The highest-ranking naval officer in the submarine was ColonelHarry Setyawan,the commander of the submarine unit of the 2nd Fleet Command. Subordinates with him were Lieutenant Colonel Heri Oktavian, the commander of the submarine, and Lieutenant Colonel Irfan Suri, an officer from the Weapons Materials and Electronics Service.[42]

At noon on 22 April, Yudo Margono stated that the oxygen reserves onNanggalawould be sufficient for the entire crew and passengers for three days after it had submerged, noting that the oxygen would run out on Saturday, 24 April, at 03:00 (20:00 UTC, 23 April).[43]Submarine experts stated that submarines have backup systems that may provide sufficient oxygen for some time depending on the state of the equipment.[44]A crisis center equipped with an ambulance and a mobilehyperbaric chamberwas established at the2nd Fleet Command[id]headquarters inSurabaya.[45][46]The center was also a source of information for the media and families of the submarine crew members.[46]

Indonesian presidentJoko Widodostated that the safety of the crew ofNanggalawas of top priority and invited everyone to pray for the crew's safety.[47]

Rescue efforts

[edit]

On21 Aprilaround 07:00, an aerial search revealed traces of an oil spill on the surface of the water near the location where the submarine was believed to have dived.[48][35]Indonesian Navy deployed three warships—KRIDiponegoro,KRIRaden Eddy Martadinata,andKRII Gusti Ngurah Rai—to search forNanggala.[49]Widjojono stated that a team of divers was searching for the boat.[32]Janes Defence Newsalso reported that the navy had sent a number of other warships to the area.[38]The governments of Australia, Singapore, and India had responded to Indonesian requests for assistance.[48]

On22 April,the Indonesian Navy reported that an oil slick had been observed at multiple locations.[50]Indonesian frigateRaden Eddy Martadinatahad detected movement underwater at a speed of 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h) but was unable to obtain enough information to identify the contact before it disappeared.[50]Admiral Yudo Margono, Chief Staff of Indonesian Navy, also reported that an Indonesian naval vessel had detected an object that was magnetic at a depth of 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 feet).[35][c]

The Indonesian Navy had deployed six additional ships to the area:KRIDr. Soeharso,KRIHasan Basri,KRIKarel Satsuitubun,KRISinga,KRIHiuandKRILayang.[51]Yudo Margono also noted on Thursday that three submarines, five airplanes, and 21 warships had been deployed in the search effort.[35]SubmarineKRIAlugorohad also joined the search.[52]KRIRigel,a warship with more powerful sonar equipment, was expected to arrive on23 April.[53][54]TheRepublic of Singapore Navydeployed its submarine rescue vessel,MVSwift Rescueand theRoyal Malaysian Navysent itsMVMega Baktirespectively, to the scene.[50]TheIndian Navyannounced that theirdeep-submergence rescue vehicle(DSRV) had departed naval facilities atVisakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh,en route to the search area.[55]U.S. Department of Defensepress secretaryJohn Kirbystated that the department was sending airborne assets to assist in the search.[39]These included aP-8 Poseidonmaritime patrol aircraft.[56][57]

On 23 April, theIndonesian National Policealso sent four police ships equipped withremotely operated vehicles(ROVs) and sonar devices.[58]Fleet Commander Australia, Rear AdmiralMark Hammondannounced thatHMASBallaratandHMASSiriuswould join the search operation.[59]Other nations, including Germany, France, Russia, Turkey, and Thailand, offered assistance.[60]

Lieutenant Colonel Heri Oktavian
Colonel Harry Setyawan
Lt. Col Heri Oktavian (left) and ColonelHarry Setyawan,commanders aboardNanggalawhen it sank in 2021

Discovery

[edit]
Map
The location whereNanggalawas found

On 24 April 2021, the Indonesian Navy announced the finding of debris, including a part associated with torpedo tubes, a coolant pipe insulator, a bottle of periscope grease, andprayer rugs.[61][62][63]Because the debris was found within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of the point of last contact and no other vessels were believed to be in the area, the debris was believed to have come from the submarine, andNanggalawas declared sunk.[63][d]Yudo Margono stated that a sonar scan had shown the submarine at a depth of 850 m (2,800 ft),[64]and itscrush depthwas presumed to be 500 m (1,600 ft).[63]Due to the maximum operational depth limitation of 800 m (2,600 ft) ofRigel's two underwater ROVs,Rigelwas unable to launch them and was assisted by the submarine rescue shipMVSwift Rescueof theRepublic of Singapore Navy,which launched its 1,000-metre (3,300 ft) depth-capable drone and located and made visual contact withNanggalaat 09:04.[65][66]

On 25 April 2021, the Indonesian Navy confirmed that the Nanggala had imploded and that all 53 personnel on board were lost.[67][68]Underwater scans identified parts of the submarine, including the rudder,diving plane,anchor, and external parts of thepressure hull,as well as items such as an MK11submarine escape suit.[69]

The ROV Super Spartan[clarification needed]fromMV Swift Rescueof theSingapore Navyfirst made visual contact with the wreck and determined that the submarine had split into three parts.[70]Using amultibeam echosounder,KRIRigelconfirmed the final position ofNanggalaat a depth of 838 m (2,749 ft) at the coordinates7°48′56″S114°51′20″E/ 7.81556°S 114.85556°E/-7.81556; 114.85556,roughly 1,400 m (1,500 yd) from whereNanggalahad dived.[71][72][73]

Analysis

[edit]

Cause

[edit]

The Navy saidNanggalamight have had a power outage.[37]The boat had experienced a power outage before because of a blown electrical fuse, but the boat successfully recovered after the ship executed anemergency main ballast tank blow.[74]After the finding of debris fromNanggala,Yudo Margono said the submarine might have cracked instead of exploded, as an explosion would have been detected by sonar.[75]

Indonesian legislator and retired Major GeneralTubagus Hasanuddinsuspected the refit, performed by the South Korean firm DSME in 2012, may not have been performed properly. He said that after the refit, the submarine had failed a torpedo firing test, which resulted in three deaths. Hasanuddin also saidNanggalahad exceeded its design capacity of 38 with 53 people on board when it sank. Yudo Margono said the vessel was combat ready, had received a letter of acceptance, and had a history of successful firing exercises.[76]Hasanuddin also questioned why 53 people were allowed on board theNanggalawhen it sunk despite the ship only being designed for 34 crew.[77]

Alleged poor maintenance

[edit]

Nanggalacommander Lt. Col. Heri Oktavian, who died in the incident, had voiced his frustration with the maintenance status of theNanggalato Edna C. Pattisna, a close friend, who is also a reporter with local news mediaKompas,for which she published an article titledMessage from KRI Nanggala-402 Commander.[78]Oktavian claimed that the workmanship quality and maintenance services performed by state-owned shipyardPT PAL Indonesiawere unsatisfactory and suffered from frequent delays. He lamented that an officer encountered criticism from his superiors for reporting the poor workmanship by PT PAL on the KRIAlugoro,aChangbogo-classsubmarine assembled by PT PAL's Surabaya yard and launched on 11 April 2019.[79]Oktavian was also quoted as saying: "This submarine (theAlugoro) by PT PAL, there's nothing good about it ".[80]Nanggalawas last serviced by PT PAL in 2020.[81]No further refitting ofNanggalawas requested to DSME after the 2012 refit despite the need for submarines to undergo maintenance at least once every six years.[82][83]

Aftermath

[edit]
refer to caption
Rahmat Eko Rahardjo was removed from his post.

After the Indonesian Navy declaredNanggalalost with all hands, thePeople's Consultative Assemblyrecommended a posthumous promotion for all personnel on board.[84]Hadi Tjahjanto stated that he would propose the promotions to Indonesian President Joko Widodo.[85]A day later, on 26 April, Joko Widodo announced that the government would award a posthumous promotion and confer posthumously theBintang Jalasena(Navy Meritorious Service Star) to everyone on boardNanggala.[86]The ceremony conferring the awards and promotions was held on 29 April, attended by Joko Widodo,[87]Minister of DefensePrabowo Subianto,Hadi Tjahjanto, and Yudo Margono.[88][e]

Tubagus Hasanuddin recommended that the Indonesian Navy's remainingCakra-class submarine be taken out of service.[76]ParliamentarianUtut Adiantostated that Indonesia's defences required modernization.[89]Frans Wuwung,former head of the engine room ofNanggala,stated that despite the submarine's age, its equipment was still in good condition due to proper maintenance and did not consider such a modernization necessary.[90]

Two days after the sub had been declared sunk, Rahmat Eko Rahardjo, the commander of the 2nd Fleet Naval Combat Squad who had given permission forNanggalato dive,[91]and ING Sudihartawan, the commander of the 2nd Fleet, were relieved of their commands by Hadi Tjahjanto. Hadi appointed Iwan Isnurwanto, a formerNanggalacrew member and chief of staff,[92]to replace the latter.[93]Iwan later appointed Wirawan Ady Prasetya — anotherNanggalacommander — to replace the position that Harry had left posthumously.[94]

Reactions

[edit]
US sailors aboardUSSFrank Cablehold a wreath-laying ceremony in honor ofNanggalain 2022

Condolences were expressed by theKing of Malaysia,[95]Australian Prime MinisterScott Morrison,[96]the South Korean Ministry of Defense,[97]Singapore Defence MinisterNg Eng Henand Senior MinisterTeo Chee Hean,[98]the UK's Minister of State for Asia,Nigel Adams,and ambassador to Indonesia,Owen Jenkins.[99]United States Secretary of DefenseLloyd Austinexpressed his "heartfelt concern" in a call with Prabowo Subianto.[100]

During the search, use of thehashtag#PrayForKRINanggala402 and #KRINanggala402 became popular onTwitter.[101][102]AfterNanggalahad been declared sunk, the phrases "On Eternal Patrol" and "Rest In Peace", and the mottoWira Ananta Rudira(Sanskrit:Steadfast to the End), used by the submarine unit to whichNanggalabelonged, saw increased usage.[103][104][105]

Salvage

[edit]

On3 May,twoChinese navyships,ocean tugNantuo(195) and ocean salvage and rescue shipYong xing dao(863), arrived to assist with the recovery of the wreck.[106]Scientific research vesselExplorer 2was scheduled to arrive the next day.[106][107][f]There have also been discussions between the Indonesian Navy and state-owned oil regulator SKK Migas to raise the submarine.[106]

By18 May,the team had successfully recovered two life rafts that weighed approximately 700 kg (1,500 lb) each.[107]However, they had yet to locate the submarine's pressure hull, and gave up on lifting thebridgeafter a sling was broken during a failed attempt, as the bridge likely weighed over 20 tonnes (20,000 kg; 44,000 lb).[107][108]

Government housing assistance for families

[edit]

On 20 April 2022, Defense MinisterPrabowo Subiantogave keys to housing built by theMinistry of Public Works and Housingto 53 families of the deceased crew.[109][110]

Notable former crew members

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Nanggaladid not return to operations until February 2012.[27]
  2. ^The area is around 300 km (160 nautical miles) to the east of the largeEast Javacity ofSurabaya.
  3. ^It is unclear if Achmad Riad and Yudo Margono were referring to the same object.
  4. ^In addition, Korean writing was found on some of the debris, andNanggalahad been refitted in South Korea in 2012.[62]
  5. ^All awardees received theBintang Jalasena Nararya'Navy Meritorious Service Star, Third Class'.[88]
  6. ^Explorer 2is also known by its Chinese nameTan Suo Er Hao.[106][107]

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[edit]
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