Kaikohe
Kaikohe | |
|---|---|
 Bank of New Zealand Building | |
 | |
| Coordinates:35°24′27″S173°47′59″E/ 35.40750°S 173.79972°E | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Northland Region |
| District | Far North District |
| Ward | Kaikohe/Hokianga |
| Electorates | |
| Government | |
| • Territorial Authority | Far North District Council |
| • Regional council | Northland Regional Council |
| Area | |
| • Total | 5.92 km2(2.29 sq mi) |
| Population (June 2023)[2] | |
| • Total | 4,980 |
| • Density | 840/km2(2,200/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 0405 |
Kaikoheis the seat of theFar North Districtof New Zealand, situated onState Highway 12about 260 km fromAuckland.It is the largest inland town and highest community above sea level in theNorthland Region.With a population of over 4000 people[2]it is a shopping and service centre for an extensive farming district and is sometimes referred to as "the hub of the north".[3]
Geography
[edit]The town is situated on a relatively level site surrounded mainly by undulating plains[4]and is nearby many formerpāsites including Nga Huha,Pouerua,Te Rua-hoanga, Ngaungau, Kaiaia, Te Tou o Roro, Taka-poruruku, Tapa-huarau, Nga Puke-pango, Maunga-turoto, and Maunga-kawakawa.[5]On the western edge of town,Kaikohe Hillrises 300 m above sea level, allowing views of the imposing sand dunes on theHokianga Harbourto the west, farmlands to the east and south towardMount Hikurangi(625 m).
To the north of thePutahivolcanic ridge isLake Ōmāpere,five km in length, but only two to three metres deep. Around five km to the east is the small village ofNgawha Springs,where hot water springs rise to the surface from theNgawha geothermal field,and where theNorthland Region Corrections Facilityis situated.
There are several volcanicscoria conesin the area, which are part of theKaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field.
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Kaikohe (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.6 (94.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.6 (92.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.2 (73.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.4 (83.1) |
34.6 (94.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
14.1 (57.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
11.3 (52.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
13.7 (56.7) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
15.0 (59.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
14.0 (57.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.2 (48.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.4 (52.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
0.2 (32.4) |
2.5 (36.5) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.0 (41.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 104.6 (4.12) |
108.2 (4.26) |
119.3 (4.70) |
136.5 (5.37) |
156.4 (6.16) |
175.3 (6.90) |
222.4 (8.76) |
162.4 (6.39) |
123.9 (4.88) |
94.4 (3.72) |
89.4 (3.52) |
121.4 (4.78) |
1,614.2 (63.56) |
| Source: NIWA[6][7] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
[edit]Kaikohe is described by Statistics New Zealand as a small urban area. It covers 5.92 km2(2.29 sq mi)[1]and had an estimated population of 4,980 as of June 2023,[2]with a population density of 841 people per km2.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 4,041 | — |
| 2013 | 3,855 | −0.67% |
| 2018 | 4,437 | +2.85% |
| Source:[8] | ||
Before the 2023 census, Kaikohe had a smaller boundary, covering 5.68 km2(2.19 sq mi).[1]Using that boundary, Kaikohe had a population of 4,437 at the2018 New Zealand census,an increase of 582 people (15.1%) since the2013 census,and an increase of 396 people (9.8%) since the2006 census.There were 1,287 households, comprising 2,187 males and 2,247 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 29.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 1,353 people (30.5%) aged under 15 years, 927 (20.9%) aged 15 to 29, 1,623 (36.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 531 (12.0%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 33.9% European/Pākehā, 78.4% Māori, 8.4% Pacific peoples, 4.0% Asian, and 0.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 6.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 37.8% had no religion, 42.0% were Christian, 12.4% hadMāori religious beliefs,0.6% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.1% were Buddhist and 1.1% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 246 (8.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 825 (26.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 132 people (4.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,020 (33.1%) people were employed full-time, 411 (13.3%) were part-time, and 342 (11.1%) were unemployed.[8]
Ngapuhi statistical area
[edit]The area around Kaikohe, from the southern side of Lake Ōmāpere toKaikohe Airportand includingNgawha Springs,is the statistical area of Ngapuhi, which covers 175.14 km2(67.62 sq mi)[1]and had an estimated population of 2,030 as of June 2023,[9]with a population density of 12 people per km2.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 1,506 | — |
| 2013 | 1,371 | −1.33% |
| 2018 | 1,797 | +5.56% |
| Source:[10] | ||
Before the 2023 census, Ngapuhi had a larger boundary, covering 175.39 km2(67.72 sq mi).[1]Using that boundary, Ngapuhi had a population of 1,797 at the2018 New Zealand census,an increase of 426 people (31.1%) since the2013 census,and an increase of 291 people (19.3%) since the2006 census.There were 462 households, comprising 1,065 males and 729 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.46 males per female. The median age was 35.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 369 people (20.5%) aged under 15 years, 375 (20.9%) aged 15 to 29, 852 (47.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 201 (11.2%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 42.9% European/Pākehā, 71.0% Māori, 7.2% Pacific peoples, 2.7% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 7.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 39.1% had no religion, 40.4% were Christian, 10.0% hadMāori religious beliefs,0.3% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 2.8% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 114 (8.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 285 (20.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $16,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 81 people (5.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 489 (34.2%) people were employed full-time, 144 (10.1%) were part-time, and 165 (11.6%) were unemployed.[10]
History and culture
[edit]Early history
[edit]Originally aMāorivillage calledŌpango,Kaikohe is recognised as being the very heart of the culture of the greatNgāpuhiiwi.In the early 19th century a rival Māori tribe raided the village and fugitives subsisted among theKohekohe(a native tree) groves on Tokareireia (Kaikohe Hill). After the incident, the village became known asKaikohekohe(kaimeaning food) but was later shortened to Kaikohe.
Battles during theFlagstaff War(also known as 'Hōne Heke's Rebellion') were fought around Kaikohe: atHōne Heke's pā at Puketutu on the shores of Lake Ōmāpere; followed by a battle atTe Ahuahu;with the warriors ofTe Ruki Kawitifighting theBattle of Ōhaeawai.St. Michael's Anglican Church in nearbyNgāwhā Springswas built on the site of the pā at which the battle took place. The warrior chiefHōne Hekesettled in Kaikohe after fighting ceased, and died there in 1850.[11]His grand-nephew Hone Heke Ngapua,MPforNorthern Maori,also lived in Kaikohe. In April 1911, a monument to him was unveiled on Kaikohe Hill by SirJames Carroll,actingPrime Minister.A park in the town is dedicated toRawiri Taiwhangawho has a very strong claim to being New Zealand's first commercialdairy farmer.He milked a herd of cows and soldbutterin 1834.
To the west of the town is the Aperahama Anglican Church, named after Aperahama Te Awa. It was opened in 1885, a year after his death, and he is buried in the churchyard. It is on the site of an earlier church, built in 1837, and the existing memorial gates were erected and dedicated for that earlier church.[12][13]The building is registered as a place".... of special or outstanding historical or cultural heritage significance or value...."byHeritage New Zealand.
Kaikohe was an important location for the late 19th/early 20th centurykauri gumdigging trade.[14]
Also in the town is a Pioneer Village, a 19th-century Northland community recreated with all its colourful atmosphere, history and detail.
Railway links
[edit]Kaikohe was linked to thenational rail networkwith the arrival of abranch linerailwaybeing built fromOtiriaon theNorth Auckland LinetoKaitaia,which opened to Kaikohe on 1 May 1914. The line continued north toŌkaihau,opening on 29 October 1923 and eventually reachedRangiahua,although the section between Okaihau and Rangiahua was never handed over to theNew Zealand Railways Departmentfor operation and the line never reached Kaitaia. The line between Okaihau and Rangiahua was operated for a short time by thePublic Works Departmentbefore being closed and dismantled during World War II. The railway through Kaikohe thus became known as theOkaihau Branch.
Although Kaikohe became the service centre of the Far North, it failed to generate much rail traffic in the early years of the line. During the first ten months of existence, just 1,500 tons of inbound freight was carried, with roughly half that carried outbound, and the decline continued to the point where in 1918 Kaikohe lost its stationmaster. Minimal services were offered, and although losses increased up to 1930, fortunes had somewhat improved by 1940, and by 1950 there was sufficient traffic to justify six trains each way a week. Two carried only freight, while four weremixed goods/passenger trains.At that time, a full complement of staff was again employed at Kaikohe.
Whenrailcarswere introduced on services north ofAucklandin November 1956, they ran through Kaikohe all the way to Okaihau. Previously, a carriage train known as theNorthland Expresshad run from Auckland to Opua with connections to Kaikohe and Okaihau via the mixed trains, but with the change of the northern terminus to Okaihau, the branch increased in importance. This proved to be short-lived; in July 1967 the popular railcar service was withdrawn due to mechanical problems plaguing the railcars. Passengers had to use the mixed trains, with significantly older rolling stock on a slower schedule. Demand decreased and the branch closed to passengers on 21 June 1976.
In 1977, a relaxation of road transport laws led to a decline in freight traffic on the line and forestry proposals that would have required a railway service failed to eventuate. Scheduled trains were cancelled beyond Kaikohe on 12 August 1983, and for a little over four years the line was shunted when required. The branch closed on 1 November 1987 and the track has been lifted. The rail corridor through Kaikohe is still owned by theNew Zealand Railways Corporation,being retained in case any forestry proposals come to fruition and the railway is again required, although it now forms part of the Twin Coast Cycle Trail.
Marae
[edit]The Kaikohe area has threeNgāpuhimarae:
- Te Kiore MaraeandTe Kioremeeting house are affiliated withNgāti Whakaminenga.
- Te Iringa or Parihaka Maraeand itsParihakameeting house are affiliated withNgāti HinemutuandNgāti Tautahi.
- Ōkorihi Maraeis affiliated withNgāti Hinemutu,Ngāti TautahiandNgāti Ueoneone;its meeting house burned down in 2003.[15][16]
Local government
[edit]From 1876, Kaikohe was administered as part ofBay of Islands County.[17]The town attained borough status on 1 July 1947, separating from Bay of Islands County, after a poll of Kaikohe electors saw a vote for the establishment of the borough of 207 votes in favour and 27 against.[18][19]The first mayor and members of the Kaikohe Borough Council were elected on 20 August 1947.[20]In the1989 local government reforms,Kaikohe Borough re-amalgamated with Bay of Islands County and joined withMangonui County,Hokianga County,Whangaroa CountyandKaitaia Boroughto create theFar North District.Kaikohe was selected to be the seat of the new district and the council's main headquarters are located in the township.[21]
Mayors of Kaikohe
[edit]During the period of the Kaikohe Borough Council from 1947 to 1989, Kaikohe had at least five mayors. The following is an incomplete list:
| Name | Term of office | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Harold Fisher Guy | 1947–1959 | [22] |
| 2 | Pearce Melvin Eddy Williams | 1959–1971 | [23] |
| 3 | Wally Lomax | 1971–1977 | [24] |
| 4 | Nītama Paewai | 1977–1980 | [25] |
Attractions
[edit]Kaikohe is the geographical centre of the Far North. Within a 50 km radius are theBay of Islandsand theWaipoua,Puketiand Omahutakauri forests.Also not far away are the Whangaroa andHokiangaharbours, theWaiomiolimestone caves, many beaches and bays, and historicKerikeriwhich is Northland's largesttown.It is also the home of the Kaikohe Demolition Derby which featured in the "Kaikohe Demolition" movie[26]filmed byFlorian Habicht.
The Twin Coast Cycle Trail, part of theNew Zealand Cycle Trailproject, runs through the town.
Notable residents
[edit]Former New Zealand Prime MinisterDavid Langelived in Kaikohe for a time. FormerNew Zealand FirstMember of Parliament and brother ofWinston Peters,Jim Peters,is a current resident.Christian Huriwai,winner of thestreet unicyclingcompetition at the 2010 World Championships inWellington,is a current resident. TheNew Zealand Kiwis rugby league playerOlsen Filipainawas born in the town.[27]Two professional boxers have lived in Kaikohe includingDaniella SmithandPatricia Vaka.
Education
[edit]Northland Collegeis a secondary (years 9-15) school with a roll of 226.[28]It was founded in 1947 on the site of a formerUnited States Armycamp.[29]The school incorporates a working farm and forestry block.[30]A $14 million reconstruction of the school was completed in 2016-17.[31]
Kaikohe Intermediate School (years 7-8) has a roll of 52.[32]It was established in 1969, taking over the grounds of the former Kaikohe Primary School.[29]
Kaikohe East School and Kaikohe West School are contributing primary (years 1-6) schools with rolls of 210[33]and 142[34]respectively. Kaikohe West School opened in 1882 as Kaikohe Native School. The name changed to Kaikohe Maori School in the mid-1950s, and to the current name in 1969.[35]Kaikohe East School has a Māori unit offering bilingual and total immersion classes.[29]
Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Kaikohe is a composite (years 1-15) school with a roll of 186.[36]It is aKura Kaupapa Māorischool which teaches fully in theMāori languagethrough to Year 13. The school originated in the early 1990s and opened on its present site about 2003.[29]
Kaikohe Christian School is a state-integrated composite school (years 1-13) with a roll of 145[37]The school has a Kaikohe campus and a smaller Kerikeri campus which opened in 1985[29]and 2004,[38]respectively.
All these schools are coeducational. School rolls are as of February 2024[39].
NorthTecpolytechnic also has a campus in Kaikohe.[40]
References
[edit]- ^abcde"ArcGIS Web Application".statsnz.maps.arcgis.Retrieved14 March2024.
- ^abc"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)".Statistics New Zealand.Retrieved25 October2023.(regional councils);"Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)".Statistics New Zealand.Retrieved25 October2023.(territorial authorities);"Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)".Statistics New Zealand.Retrieved25 October2023.(urban areas)
- ^"EDITORIAL - Hard-hit Kaikohe needs to reinvent itself".The Northern Advocate.11 November 2007.
- ^"KAIKOHE".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Retrieved11 December2012.
- ^Best, Elsdon (1927)."Old Forts of the Taiamai District, Bay of Islands".The Pa Maori.Whitcombe and Tombs Limited.
- ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database: Kaikohe Aws".NIWA.Retrieved20 May2024.
- ^"CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent numbers: 1129, 1134)".NIWA.Retrieved15 May2024.
- ^ab"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census".Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Kaikohe (103500).2018 Census place summary: Kaikohe
- ^"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat".Statistics New Zealand.Retrieved25 October2023.
- ^ab"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census".Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Ngapuhi (103400).2018 Census place summary: Ngapuhi
- ^"The Church Missionary Gleaner, June 1851".Heke.Adam Matthew Digital.Retrieved18 October2015.
- ^"Early Church History in Kaikohe".
- ^"Aperahama, Kaikohe, Northland".Don Donovan.
- ^Hayward, Bruce W.(1989).Kauri Gum and the Gumdiggers.The Bush Press. p. 4.ISBN0-908608-39-X.
- ^"Te Kāhui Māngai directory".tkm.govt.nz.Te Puni Kōkiri.
- ^"Māori Maps".maorimaps.Te Potiki National Trust.
- ^"Kaikohe".The Cyclopedia of New Zealand (Auckland Provincial District.Christchurch: Cyclopedia Company. 1902. p. 575.Retrieved19 March2022.
- ^"Kaikohe gazetted a borough".Northern Advocate.27 June 1947. p. 6.Retrieved19 March2022.
- ^"Big majority for Kaikohe borough".Northern Advocate.19 June 1947. p. 4.Retrieved19 March2022.
- ^"Kaikohe's mayor and corporation".Northern Advocate.21 August 1947. p. 4.Retrieved19 March2022.
- ^"Governance".Far North District Council.Retrieved19 March2022.
- ^"Clock set to tick again".Northern News.12 June 2013.Retrieved23 October2022.
- ^"Mrs Kirk created D.B.E."The Press.Vol. 115, no. 33731. 2 January 1975. p. 1.Retrieved23 October2022.
- ^"Kaikohe mayor".The Press.Vol. 111, no. 32736. 13 October 1971. p. 3.Retrieved23 October2022.
- ^Paewai, Manahi."Paewai, Manahi Nītama".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved23 October2022.
- ^"Kaikohe Demolition".The New Zealand Film Archive. Archived fromthe originalon 8 July 2008.Retrieved23 August2008.
- ^Skene, Patrick (2020).The big O.Auckland: Mower. p. 30.ISBN978-1-988516-84-4.
- ^Education Counts: Northland College
- ^abcde"Education".Archived fromthe originalon 14 October 2008.
- ^"Northland College - The School".Archived fromthe originalon 8 October 2007.Retrieved17 January2008.
- ^"College rebuild a boon".
- ^Education Counts: Kaikohe Intermediate
- ^Education Counts: Kaikohe East School
- ^Education Counts: Kaikohe West School
- ^"Kaikohe West School - Information".Archived fromthe originalon 8 September 2007.Retrieved17 January2008.
- ^Education Counts: Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Kaikohe
- ^Education Counts: Kaikohe Christian School
- ^"Kaikohe Christian School - About".
- ^"New Zealand Schools Directory".New Zealand Ministry of Education.Retrieved14 March2024.
- ^"Kaikohe".NorthTec.Retrieved4 March2010.
External links
[edit]| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
