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Kantō region
Quan đông địa phương
Region
Map showing location of Kantō region within Japan
The Kantō region in comparison to the rest of Japan
Map
CountryJapan
Area
• Total32,423.9 km2(12,518.9 sq mi)
Population
(October 1, 2010)
• Total42,607,376
• Density1,300/km2(3,400/sq mi)
Gross Regional Product
[1]
• TotalJP￥218.563 trillion
US$2.044 trillion
Time zoneUTC+09:00(JST)
Geofeatures map of Kantō

TheKantō region(Quan đông địa phương,Kantō-chihō,IPA:[ka(ꜜ)ntoːtɕiꜜhoː])is ageographicalregionofHonshu,the largest island ofJapan.[2]In a common definition, the region includes theGreater Tokyo Areaand encompasses sevenprefectures:Gunma,Tochigi,Ibaraki,Saitama,Tokyo,Chiba,andKanagawa.Slightly more than 45 percent of the land area within its boundaries is theKantō Plain.The rest consists of the hills and mountains that form land borders with otherregions of Japan.

As the Kantō region containsTokyo,the capital and largest city of Japan, the region is considered the center of Japan's politics and economy. According to the official census on October 1, 2010, by theStatistics Bureau of Japan,the population was 42,607,376,[3]amounting to approximately one third of the total population of Japan.

Other definitions

[edit]

The Kantō regional governors' association(Quan đông địa phương biết sự sẽ,Kantō chihō chijikai)assembles the prefectural governors of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka.[4][5]

The Kantō Regional Development Bureau(Quan đông địa phương chỉnh đốn và sắp đặt cục,Kantō chihō seibi-kyoku)of theMinistry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourismin the national government is responsible for eight prefectures generally (Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi) and parts of the waterways in two others (Nagano and Shizuoka).[6]

The KantōBureau of Economy, Trade and Industry(Quan đông kinh tế sản nghiệp cục,Kantō keizai-sangyō-kyoku)is responsible for eleven prefectures: Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano and Shizuoka.[7]

In the police organization of Japan, theNational Police Agency's supervisory office for Kantō(Quan đông quận Cục Cảnh Sát,Kantō kanku keisatsu-kyoku)is responsible for thePrefectural police departmentsof Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano and Shizuoka.[8]Tokyo is not part of Kantō or any NPA region, its police has a dedicated liaison office with the national agency of its own.[citation needed]

Geography

[edit]
Kantō region satellite photo

The surface geology of the Kantō Plain is the Quaternary alluvium and diluvium. The low mountain vegetation at an altitude of about 500 to 900 m in and around the plain is an evergreen broad-leaved forest zone. The distribution height range oflaurel forestsis 900 m in Hakone, about 800 m in Tanzawa and Takao, about 700 m in Okutama, Oku Musashi and Oku Chichibu, about 600 m in Nishijoshu, Akagiyama, Ashio Mountains and Tsukuba Mountains and about 500 m in Kitage andNasu Mountains.

Over the evergreen broad-leaved forest are deciduous broad-leaved forests such as beech, birch, andQuercus crispula.In addition, coniferous forests such asAbies veitchiiandBetula ermaniispread above the deciduous broad-leaved forest from an altitude of about 1100 m higher than the lower limit of the deciduous broad-leaved forest.

Mountains are spread out such as the Taishaku Mountains, Mt. Takahara, Mt. Nasu, Mt. Yamizo, and Mt. The Kantō Plain, which is the largest plain in Japan. Just north of the Enna Hills is Japan's largest alluvial fan Nasuno at the foot of Mt. The Kujukuri Plain. The southern part of Chiba Prefecture is the Boso hills. The area around Kasumigaura in Ibaraki Prefecture is the Joso plateau and Hitachi plateau. Gunma Prefecture and the Chichibu region of Saitama Prefecture are basins. Rivers such as the Arakawa and Edo rivers pour into Tokyo Bay, and the Kinugawa and Tone rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean in Inubōsaki.

Tokyo Bay is surrounded by the Boso Peninsula and the Miura Peninsula, facing the west side of Chiba Prefecture, a part of Tokyo and the east side of Kanagawa Prefecture, and borders the Pacific Ocean from Uraga Suido. The coastal area is an industrial area. The south side of Kanagawa Prefecture faces Sagami Bay and Sagami Nada. The southern coast of Ibaraki Prefecture faces Kashima Nada. The Sagami Trough, which was the epicenter of the two Kanto earthquakes, passes through Sagami Bay. Efforts are being made to take safety measures against earthquakes in various places.

The highest point is the summit of Mt. Nikko-Shirane (Mt. Oku-Shirane) on the border between Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture and Katashina Village, Gunma Prefecture. It is the eighth highest point in Japan's prefectures. It is also the highest point north of Kanto (Kanto, Tohoku, Hokkaido). The highest points of the prefectures are Mt. Sanpo (2,483 m) in Saitama, Mt. Kumotori (2,017 m) in Tokyo, Mt. Hiru (1,673 m) in Kanagawa, Mt. Yamizo (1,022 m) in Ibaraki, and Mt. Atago (408 m) in Chiba. Atagoyama in Chiba Prefecture is the lowest among the highest peaks in each prefecture.

The region experiences ahumid subtropical climatewith a summer to fall precipitation maximum (Cfa/Cwa).

History

[edit]
Mount Nikkō-Shirane in the Kantō region

The heartland of feudal power during theKamakura period.[citation needed]

In 1591,Tokugawa Ieyasugave up control of his five provinces (Mikawa,Tōtōmi,Suruga,Shinano,andKai) and moved all his soldiers and vassals to his new eight provinces in theKantō region.The proclamation of this decision happened on the same day Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the de facto ruler of Japan at that time, entered Odawara castle following the surrender of theHōjō clanafter theSiege of Odawara (1590).[9]The moment Ieyasu appointed to rule Kantō, he immediately assign his premier vassals such asIi Naomasa,Honda Tadakatsu,Sakakibara Yasumasa,and Sakai Ietsugu, son of Sakai Tadatsugu, each to control large area of the formerHōjō clanterritories in Kantō. Historian such as Kawamura saw this step was meant to bring order the newly subdued population of the area, while also to guard the eastern domains from the influence or threat from theSatomi clanwhich was not yet submit to the rule of Toyotomi at that time.[10][11]The governors of Kantō region under Ieyasu rule:

Province Territory Koku Daimyo Notes
Kōzuke Province Minowa(laterTakasaki Domain) 120,000 Ii Naomasa[12]
TatebayashiDomain 100,000 Sakakibara Yasumasa[13]
Maebashi Domain 33,000 Hiraiwa Chikayoshi[14]
Shiroi Domain 20,000 Honda Yasushige[15] The total domain revenue was 33,000. However, the 13,000 of its koku revenue were controlled by the father of Yasushige instead, Honda Hirotaka.
Miyazaki (Obata Domain) 30,000 Okudaira Nobumasa[16]
Fujioka 30,000 Yoda Yasukatsu ( y điền khang thắng )[17]
Ogo Domain 20,000 Makino Yasunari[18]
Yoshii Domain 20,000 Suganuma Sadatsugu[19]
SōjaDomain 12,000 Suwa Yorimizu[20]
Naba Domain 10,000 Matsudaira Ienobu[20]
Shimotsuke Province Minagawa Domain 10,000 Minagawa Hiroteru[21]
Shimōsa Province Yūki Domain&Tsuchiura Castle 101,000 Yuki Hideyasu[22]
Yahagi Domain 40,000 Torii Mototada[23]
Usui Domain 30,000 Sakai Ietsugu[24]
Koga Domain 30,000 Ogasawara Hidemasa[25][26]
Sekiyado Domain 20,000 koku Matsudaira Yasumoto[27]
Yamasaki Domain 12,000 Okabe Nagamori[28]
Ashido Domain 10,000 Kiso Yoshimasa[29]
MoriyaDomain 10,000 Suganuma Sadamasa[30]
Tako Domain 10,000 Hoshina Masamitsu[31]
Sakura Domain 10,000 Miura Shigenari ( tam phổ trọng thành )[32][33][34]
Iwatomi Domain 10,000 Hōjō Ujikatsu
Musashi Province Iwatsuki Domain 20,000 Kōriki Kiyonaga
KisaiDomain 20,000 Matsudaira Yasushige[35]
Kawagoe Domain 10,000 koku Sakai Shigetada[36]
Musashi Komuro Domain 10,000 Ina Tadatsugu[37]
Musashi Matsuyama Domain 10,000 Matsudaira Iehiro ( tùng bình gia quảng )[38]
Oshi Domain 10,000 Matsudaira Ietada
Hanyu Domain 20,000 Ōkubo Tadachika[39]
FukayaDomain 10,000 Matsudaira Yasutada[40]
Tōhō Domain 10,000 Matsudaira Yasunaga[41]
Honjō Domain 10,000 Ogasawara Nobumine ( tiểu nón nguyên tin lĩnh )
Aho Domain 10,000 Suganuma Sadamitsu[42]
HachimanyamaDomain 10,000 Matsudaira Kiyomune ( tùng bình thanh tông )
Kazusa Province Ōtaki Domain 100,000 Honda Tadakatsu Initially the capital of Domain were in Mangi castle
Kururi Domain 30,000 Ōsuga Tadamasa
Sanuki Domain 20,000 Naitō Ienaga
Naruto Domain 20,000 Ishikawa Yasumichi
Sagami Province Odawara Domain 45,000 Ōkubo Tadayo
TamanawaDomain 10,000 Honda Masanobu
Izu Province NirayamaDomain 10,000 Naitō Nobunari

Meanwhile, Ieyasu himself establish his personal new seat of power onEdotown, which at that time was an underdeveloped town in Kantō.[43][a]

In theEdo period,Kanto became the center of modern development. Within theGreater Tokyo Areaand especially the Tokyo-Yokohamametropolitan area, Kanto houses not only Japan's seat of government but also the nation's largest group of universities and cultural institutions, the greatest population and a large industrial zone. Although most of the Kanto plain is used for residential, commercial or industrial construction, it is still farmed. Rice is the principal crop, although the zone around Tokyo and Yokohama has been landscaped to grow garden produce for the metropolitan market.[citation needed]

In between January 1918 and April 1920, Japan was afflicted bySpanish flupandemic, which claimed more than 400,000 Japanese lives.[citation needed]

A watershed moment of Japan's modern history took place in the late Taishō period: theGreat Kantō earthquake of 1923.The quake, which claimed more than 100,000 lives and ravaged Greater Tokyo area, occurred at a time when Japan was still reeling from the economic recession in reaction to the high-flying years duringWorld War I.[citation needed]

Operation Coronet,part ofOperation Downfall,the proposed Allied invasion of Japan duringWorld War II,was scheduled to land on theKantō Plain.

The name Kanto literally means "East of the Barrier". The nameKantois nowadays generally considered to mean the region east ( đông ) of theHakone Barrier( rương căn quan ). An antonym of Kanto, "West of the Barrier" means theKansai region,which lies western Honshu and was the center of feudal Japan.[citation needed]

After the Great Kanto earthquake (1923), many people in Kanto started creating art with different varieties of colors. They made art of earthquake and small towns to symbolize the small towns destroyed in the quake.[citation needed]

Subdivisions

[edit]

North and South

[edit]

The most often used subdivision of the region is dividing it to "North Kantō"(Bắc quan đông,Kita-Kantō),consisting of Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Gunma prefectures, and "South Kantō"(Nam quan đông,Minami-Kantō),consisting of Saitama (sometimes classified North),[citation needed][by whom?]Chiba,Tokyo Metropolis(sometimes singulated),[citation needed]and Kanagawa prefectures.[citation needed]South Kantō is often regarded assynonymouswith theGreater Tokyo Area.As part of Japan's attempts topredict earthquakes,an area roughly corresponding to South Kantō has been designated an 'Area of Intensified Observation' by theCoordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction.[46]

The JapaneseHouse of Representatives' divides it into the North Kantō(Bắc quan đông,Kita-Kantō)electorate which consists of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, and Saitama prefectures, Tokyo electorate, and the South Kantō(Nam quan đông,Minami-Kantō)electorate which consists of Chiba, Kanagawa, andYamanashiprefectures (note that Yamanashi is out of the Kantō region in the orthodox definition).

Keirin's South Kantō(Nam quan đông,Minami-Kantō)consists of Chiba, Kanagawa, andShizuokaprefectures.

East and West

[edit]

This division is not often but sometimes used.

  • East Kantō(Đông quan đông,Higashi-Kantō):Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Chiba prefectures.
  • West Kantō(Tây quan đông,Nishi-Kantō):Gunma, Saitama, Tokyo, Kanagawa (and sometimes Yamanashi) prefectures.

Inland and Coastal

[edit]

This division is sometimes used in economics and geography. The border can be modified if the topography is taken for prefectural boundaries.

  • Inland Kantō(Quan đông đất liền bộ,Kantō nairiku-bu):Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama (and sometimes Yamanashi) prefectures.
  • Coastal Kantō(Quan đông ven bờ bộ,Kantō engan-bu):Ibaraki, Chiba, Tokyo, and Kanagawa prefectures.

Greater Kantō

[edit]

The Japanese national government defines theNational Capital Region(Thủ đô quyển,Shuto-ken)as the Kantō region plus Yamanashi Prefecture. Japan's national public broadcasterNHKuses Kantō-kō-shin-etsu(Quan đông giáp tin càng)involving Yamanashi, Nagano, and Niigata prefectures for regional programming and administration.

Cities

[edit]

The Kantō region is the most highly developed, urbanized, and industrialized part of Japan.TokyoandYokohamaform a single industrial complex with a concentration of light and heavy industry alongTokyo Bay.Other major cities in the area includeKawasaki(in Kanagawa Prefecture);Saitama(in Saitama Prefecture); andChiba(in Chiba Prefecture). Smaller cities, farther away from the coast, house substantial light and automotive industries. The average population density reached 1,192 persons per square kilometer in 1991.

Economy

[edit]

The Kantō region largely corresponds to the Tokyo Metropolitan Area with the exception that it does not contain Yamanashi prefecture.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Area has the largest city economy in the world and is one of the major global center of trade and commerce along with New York City, Los Angeles, Shanghai, Paris, Seoul, and London.

Greater Tokyo Area 2005

[edit]
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building
  • 2005 average exchange rate (1 U.S. Dollar = 110.22 Yen)[47]
Prefecture Gross Prefecture Product
(in billion Yen) 		Gross Prefecture Product
(in billion US$)
Tokyo 92,269 837
Kanagawa 31,184 282
Saitama 20,650 187
Chiba 19,917 180
Ibaraki 10,955 99
Tochigi 8,195 74
Gunma 7,550 68

Source[48]

GDP (purchasing power parity)

[edit]
Tokyo Tower

The agglomeration of Tokyo is the world's largest economy, with the largest gross metropolitan product atpurchasing power parity (PPP)in the world according to a study byPricewaterhouseCoopers.[49]

Kanto Region Metropolitan Employment Area

[edit]
Year 2010 1995 1980
Employed Persons 000's 16,234 16,381 12,760
Production(billion USD) 1,797 1,491 358
ProductionManufacturing(billion USD) 216 476 159
PrivateCapitalStock(billion USD) 3,618 2,631 368
Social Overhead Capital (billion USD) 1,607 1,417 310
1 U.S. Dollar (Japanese yen) 87.780 94.060 226.741

Sources:,[50]Conversion rates - Exchange rates - OECD Data

Population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
192011,127,000—
193013,773,000+23.8%
194016,866,000+22.5%
195018,241,000+8.2%
196023,003,000+26.1%
197029,496,000+28.2%
198034,896,000+18.3%
199038,542,000+10.4%
200040,433,711+4.9%
201042,604,085+5.4%
202043,653,441+2.5%

The population of Kantō region is very similar to that of theGreater Tokyo Area[51][better source needed]except that it does not contain Yamanashi Prefecture and contains the rural populations throughout the region.

Per Japanese census data,[52]and the Kantō region's data,[53]population has continuously grown but the population growth rate has slowed since early 1992.

The Kantō region at the 2020 census had a population of 43.65 million people.[54]

See also

[edit]

Appendix

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^Historian Adam Sadler saw this step as the riskiest move Ieyasu ever made—to leave his home province and rely on the uncertain loyalty of the formerly Hōjō clan samurai in Kantō. In the end however, it worked out brilliantly for Ieyasu. He reformed the Kantō region, controlled and pacified the Hōjō samurai and improved the underlying economic infrastructure of the lands. Also, because Kantō was somewhat isolated from the rest ofJapan,Ieyasu was able to ally with daimyos of north-east Japan such asDate Masamune,Mogami Yoshiaki,Satake YoshishigeandNanbu Nobunao;he was also able to maintain a unique level of autonomy fromToyotomi Hideyoshi's rule. Within a few years, Ieyasu had become the second most powerfuldaimyoin Japan. It was said by anecdotal proverb that: "Ieyasu won the Empire by retreating."[44]Historian Watanabe Daimon stated that the general opinion usually though Ieyasu was reluctant about his transfer to Kantō. However, Daimon stated the statement of Ieyasu's reluctance were opinions of the later era. Thus Daimon suspected that Ieyasu actually though this transfer positively as he saw huge undeveloped potential by making Edo as his seat of power.[45]HistorianAndō yūichirōfurther added, the true intention of Hideyoshi transfering Ieyasu to Kantō was to weaken the power of Tokugawa clan by moving them from their ancestral land in Mikawa, as he expected the former Hōjō vassals in Kantō would rebel against Ieyasu. However, this proven backfire as Ieyasu not only doubled the territories he control, but he also further added the bulk of new vassals in Kantō to the already impressive political and military power of Tokugawa regime as they already absorbed the army of Imagawa clan and Takeda clan before.[9]

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Bibliography

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