Kashmiri language

Kashmiri
کٲشُر कॉशुर 𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀
The word "Koshur" inPerso-Arabic script(contemporary, official status),Sharada script(ancient, liturgical) andDevanagari
Native to	IndiaandPakistan
Region	Kashmir(Kashmir divisionand parts ofChenab valley,Jammu and Kashmir,parts of northernAzad Kashmir)
Ethnicity	Kashmiris
Native speakers	7.1 million (2011)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Eastern Dardic Kashmiric Kashmiri
Dialects	Kishtwari,Poguli
Writing system	Official:Perso-Arabic script(contemporary) Others:Devanagari(informally used by some sections within theKashmiri Panditcommunity after 1990), Sharada script(ancient/liturgical)
Official status
Official language in	India Jammu and Kashmir
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ks
ISO 639-2	kas
ISO 639-3	kas
Glottolog	kash1277

Kashmiri(English:/kæʃˈmɪəri/)orKoshur(Kashmiri:کٲشُر(Perso-Arabic,Official Script);Kashmiri pronunciation:[kəːʃur])is aDardicIndo-Aryan languagespoken by around 7 millionKashmirisof theKashmir region,primarily in theKashmir Valleyof the Indian-administratedunion territoryofJammu and Kashmir,over half the population of that territory.Kashmiri hassplit ergativityand the unusualverb-second word order.

Since 2020, It has been made an official language ofJammu and Kashmiralong withDogri,Hindi,Urduand English.Kashmiri is also among the 22scheduled languagesof India.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Pakistani-administratedAzad Kashmir's population.

Geographic distribution and status

There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst theKashmiri diasporain other states of India.Most Kashmiri speakers are located in theKashmir Valleyand other areas of Jammu and Kashmir.In the Kashmir valley, they form a majority.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent ofAzad Kashmir's population.According to the1998 Pakistan Census,there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,particularly in the districts ofMuzaffarabad(15%),Neelam(20%) andHattian(15%), with very small minorities inHaveli(5%) andBagh(2%).The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although stillintelligiblewith, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularlyKupwara.At the2017 Census of Pakistan,as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.

A process oflanguage shiftis observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguistTariq Rahman,as they gradually adopt local dialects such asPahari-Pothwari,Hindkoor move towards thelingua francaUrdu.This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri.There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims ofAzad Kashmirhave seen as their identity symbol.Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.

The Kashmiri language is one of the22 scheduled languagesofIndia.It was a part of theeighth Schedulein the former constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in theSixth Schedule,as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.AfterHindi,Kashmiri is the second fastest growinglanguage of India,followed byMeitei(Manipuri) as well asGujaratiin the third place, andBengaliin the fourth place, according to the2011 census of India.

Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during theDogra rule.In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory ofJammu and Kashmirfor the first time.

PoguliandKishtwariare closely related to Kashmiri, which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.

The people in theChenab regionof Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir mainly speak Kashmiri, but the accent and various words differentiate it from the Kashmiri spoken in the Kashmir Valley. The Chenab Times, a news outlet known for promoting lesser-known languages, has termed this language asChenabich Kashir,meaningthe Kashmiri language spoken in Chenab Valley.

Phonology

Kashmiri has the following phonemes.

Vowels

The oral vowels are as follows:

	Front	Central	Back
High	iiː	ɨɨː	uuː
Mid	eeː	əəː	ooː
Low		aaː	ɔɔː

The short high vowels arenear-high,and the low vowels apart from/aː/arenear-low.

Nasalizationis phonemic. All sixteen oral vowels have nasal counterparts.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡s	ʈ	t͡ʃ	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	t͡sʰ	ʈʰ	t͡ʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d		ɖ	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless			s		ʃ		h
	voiced			z
Approximant		w	l			j
Trill			r

Palatalizationis phonemic. All consonants apart from those in the post-alveolar/palatal column have palatalized counterparts.

Archaisms

Kashmiri, as also the other Dardic languages, shows important divergences from the Indo-Aryan mainstream. One is the partial maintenance of the threesibilant consonantss ṣ śof the Old Indo-Aryan period. For another example, the prefi xing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit asdvi-,has developed intoba-/bi-in most other Indo-Aryan languages, butdu-in Kashmiri (preserving the original dental stopd).Seventy-twoisdusatathin Kashmiri,bahattarin Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi, anddvisaptatiin Sanskrit.

Certain features in Kashmiri even appear to stem from Indo-Aryan even predating the Vedic period. For instance, there was an /s/ > /h/ consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit (This tendency was complete in the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian), yet is lacking in Kashmiri equivalents. The wordrahitin Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi-Urdu (meaning 'excluding' or 'without') corresponds torostin Kashmiri. Similarly,sahit(meaning 'including' or 'with') corresponds tosostin Kashmiri.

Writing system

There are threeorthographical systemsused to write the Kashmiri language: thePerso-Arabic script,theDevanagari scriptand theSharada script.TheRoman scriptis also sometimes informally used to write Kashmiri, especially online.

Today Kashmiri is primarily written in Perso-Arabic (with some modifications).Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds.

The Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script is recognized as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and theJammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.The Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script has been derived fromPersian Alpha bet.The consonant inventory and their corresponding pronunciations of Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script doesn't differ from Perso-Arabic script, with the exception of the letterژ,which is pronounced as/t͡s/instead of/ʒ/.However, the vowel inventory of Kashmiri is significantly larger than other Perso-Arabic derived or influenced South Asian Perso-Arabic scripts. There are 17 vowels in Kashmiri, shown withdiacritics,letters (alif,waw,ye), or both. In Kashmiri, the convention is that most vowel diacritics are written at all times.

Despite Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script cutting across religious boundaries and being used by both theKashmiri Hindusand theKashmiri Muslims,some attempts have been made to give a religious outlook regarding the script and make Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script to be associated withKashmiri Muslims,while the Kashmiri Devanagari script to be associated with some sections ofKashmiri Hinducommunity.

The Kashmiri language was traditionally written in theSharada scriptafter the 8th Century A.D.The script grew increasingly unsuitable for writing Kashmiri because it couldn't adequately represent Kashmiri peculiar sounds by the usage of its vowel signs.Therefore, it is not in common use today and is restricted to religious ceremonies of theKashmiri Pandits.

Perso-Arabic script

Consonants

Name	Forms				IPA	Transliteration	Unicode	Example
Kashmiri	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial				Kashmiri Word	IPA	Meaning
ألِف ạlif	ا	ـا	ـا	ا	/∅/,silent	–	U+0627	اَفسانہٕ afsānü	/afsaːnɨ/	Short Story
بے bē	ب	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	/b/	b	U+0628	بِکھٲرؠ bikhạ̄r'	/bikʰəːrʲ/	Beggar
پے pē	پ	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	/p/	p	U+067E	پَمپوش pampōsh	/pampoːʃ/	Lotus flower
پھَ pha	پھ	ـپھ	ـپھـ	پھـ	/pʰ/	ph	U+067E and U+06BE	پھَل phal	/pʰal/	Fruit
تے tē	ت	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	/t̪/	t	U+062A	تَجويٖز tajvīz	/t̪ad͡ʒwiːz/	Proposal
تھَ tha	تھ	ـتھ	ـتھـ	تھـ	/t̪ʰ/	th	U+062A and U+06BE	تھٲلؠ thạ̄l'	/t̪ʰəːlʲ/	Plate
ٹے ṭē	ٹ	ـٹ	ـٹـ	ٹـ	/ʈ/	ṭ	U+0679	ٹوٗپؠ ṭūp'	/ʈuːpʲ/	Cap
ٹھَ ṭha	ٹھ	ـٹھ	ـٹھـ	ٹھـ	/ʈʰ/	ṭh	U+0679 and U+06BE	ٹھوٗل ṭhūl	/ʈʰuːl/	Egg
ثے sē	ث	ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	/s/	s	U+062B	ثۆبوٗتھ sobūth	/sobuːt̪ʰ/	Proof
جیٖم jīm	ج	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	/d͡ʒ/	j	U+062C	جاے jāy	/d͡ʒaːj/	Place
چیٖم chīm	چ	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	/t͡ʃ/	ch,č	U+0686	چٲنٛدؠ chạ̄n̂d'	/t͡ʃə̃ːd̪ʲ/	Silver
چھَ chha	چھ	ـچھ	ـچھـ	چھـ	/t͡ʃʰ/	chh,čh	U+0686 and U+06BE	چھان chhān	/t͡ʃʰaːn/	Carpenter
حَے hay	ح	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	/h/	h	U+062D	حاجَتھ ḥājath	/haːd͡ʒat̪ʰ/	Need
خَے khay	خ	ـخ	ـخـ	خـ	/x/~/kʰ/	kh	U+062E	خَطَرناكھ khatarnākh	/xatarnaːkʰ/	Dangerous
دال dāl	د	ـد	ـد	د	/d̪/	d	U+062F	دُكان dukān	/d̪ukaːn/	Shop
ڈال ḍāl	ڈ	ـڈ	ـڈ	ڈ	/ɖ/	ḍ	U+0688	ڈۄڈ ḍọḍ	/ɖɔɖ/	One and a half
ذال zāl	ذ	ـذ	ـذ	ذ	/z/	z	U+0630	ذیٚہَن zehan	/zehan/	Mind
رے rē	ر	ـر	ـر	ر	/r/	r	U+0631	رٕكھ rükh کھرٛۄکھ khrọkh	/rɨkʰ/ /kʰrɔkʰ/	Line Snore
ڑے ṛē	ڑ	ـڑ	ـڑ	ڑ	/ɽ/	ṛ	U+0691	لٔڑکہٕ lạṛkü	/ləɽkɨ/	Boy
زے zē	ز	ـز	ـز	ز	/z/	z	U+0632	زامَن zāman	/zaːman/	Yawn
ژے tsē	ژ	ـژ	ـژ	ژ	/t͡s/	ts	U+0698	ژٔر tsạr	/t͡sər/	House sparrow
ژھَ tsha	ژھ	ـژھ	ـژھـ	ژھـ	/t͡sʰ/	tsh	U+0698 and U+06BE	ژھاے tshāy	/t͡sʰaːj/	Shadow
سیٖن sīn	س	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	/s/	s	U+0633	سَنٛگُر sangur	/sãɡur/	Mountain
شـیٖـن shīn	ش	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	/ʃ/	sh,š	U+0634	شۆد shod	/ʃod̪/	Pure, Genuine
صۄاد sọ̄d	ص	ـص	ـصـ	صـ	/s/	s	U+0635	صَدقہٕ sadqü	/sad̪qɨ/	Charity
ضۄاد zọ̄d	ض	ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	/z/	z	U+0636	ضٲمیٖن ẓạ̄mīn	/zəːmiːn/	Responsible, Guarantor
طۄے tọy	ط	ـط	ـطـ	طـ	/t̪/	t	U+0637	طوطہٕ tōtü	/t̪oːt̪ɨ/	Parrot
ظۄے zọy	ظ	ـظ	ـظـ	ظـ	/z/	z	U+0638	ظٲلِم zạ̄lim	/zəːlim/	Cruel
عٲن ạ̄n	ع	ـع	ـعـ	عـ	/∅/,silent	–	U+0639	عَقٕل aqül	/aqɨl/	Wisdom
غٲن gạ̄n	غ	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	/ɣ/~/ɡ/	g,ğ	U+063A	غۄصہٕ gọsü	/ɣɔsɨ/	Anger
فے fē	ف	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	/f/~/pʰ/	f	U+0641	فِرِنـؠ firin'	/firinʲ/	Sweet pudding
قاف qāf	ق	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	/q/~/k/	q	U+0642	قاشوٕ qāshwü	/qaːʃwɨ/	Spoon
كیٖف kīf	ک	ـک	ـكـ	كـ	/k/	k	U+0643	کۄکُر kọkur	/kɔkur/	Chicken
کھَ kha	کھ	ـکھ	ـکھـ	کھـ	/kʰ/	kh	U+0643 and U+06BE	کھۄر khọr	/kʰɔr/	Foot
گاف gāf	گ	ـگ	ـگـ	گـ	/ɡ/	g	U+06AF	گاش gāsh	/ɡaːʃ/	Light
لام lām	ل	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	/l/	l	U+0644	لۄکچار lọkchār	/lɔkt͡ʃaːr/	Childhood
میٖم mim	م	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	/m/	m	U+0645	مَرٕگ marüg	/marɨɡ/	Meadow
نوٗن nūn	ن	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	/n/,/◌̃/	n	U+0646	نَب nab	/nab/	Sky
نوٗن غۄنَہ nūn gọna	ں	ـں			/◌̃/	ñ	U+06BA	داں زٔمیٖن dāñ zạmīn	/d̪ãːzəmiːn/	Paddy field
واو wāw	و	ـو	ـو	و	/w/	v,w	U+0648	وَن van	/wan/	Forest
ہے hē	ہ	ـہ	ـہـ	ہـ	/h/	h	U+06C1	ہۄپہٕ họpü ؤہمہٕ wạhmü پَگاہ pagāh	/hɔpɨ/ /wəhmɨ/ /paɡaːh/	Chubby Fear, Anxiety Tomorrow
یے yē	ی	-	ـیـ	یـ	/j/	y	U+06CC	یال yāl پیٛالہٕ pyālü	/jaːl/ /pʲaːlɨ/	Hair of horse Cup
لۄکُٹ یے Lọkuṭ yē
بۆڈ یے boḍ yē	ے	ـے	-	-	/j/	y	U+06D2	ڈاے ḍāy	/ɖaːj/	Two and a half
تالٕرؠ tālür'	ؠ	ـؠ	ـؠ	-	/◌ʲ/	',ⁱ	U+0620	سٟتؠ sǖt'	/sɨːt̪ʲ/	With

Vowels

Name	Final vowel glyph (Vowel and lettersbēب andrēر)	Medial vowel glyph (Vowel and lettersbēب andrēر)	Initial vowel glyph	IPA	Transliteration	Unicode	Example
Kashmiri							Kashmiri Word	IPA	Meaning
زَبَر zabar	ہ، ـہ بَہ / ـبَہ / رَ	–َ بَـ / ـبَـ / رَ	اَ	[a]	a	U+64E	اَپُز apuz پَلَو palav	/apuz/ /palaw/	Lie Garments, Clothes
مَد mad	ا با / ـبا / را	ا با / ـبا / را	آ	[aː]	ā	U+0622 U+0627	آب āb پان pān	/aːb/ /paːn/	Lie Body
اَمالہٕ amālü	–ٔ / ـٔہ بٔہ / ـبٔہ / رٔ	–ٔ بٔـ / ـبٔـ / رٔ	أ	[ə]	ạ,ö,ȧ	U+0623 U+0654	أچھ ạchh گٔر gạr	/ət͡ʃʰ/ /ɡər/	Eye Clock, Watch
اَمالہٕ مَد amālü mad	ٲ بٲ / ـبٲ / رٲ	ٲ بٲ / ـبٲ / رٲ	ٲ	[əː]	ạ̄,ȫ,ä	U+0672	ٲس ạ̄s دٲن dạ̄n	/əːs/ /d̪əːn/	Mouth Pomegranate
زیر zēr	–ِ / ـہِ بہِ / ـبہِ / رِ	–ِ بِـ / ـبِـ / رِ	اِ	[i]	i,í	U+0650	اِنسان insān سِر sir	/insaːn/ /sir/	Human Being Secret
کَشہِ زیر kashi zēr	ی بی / ـبی / ری	ـیٖـ / یٖـ بیٖـ / ـبیٖـ / ریٖـ	ایٖـ / ای	[iː]	ī	Initial and Medial: U+06CC and U+0656 Final: U+06CC	ایٖمان īmān سیٖر sīr وَردی wardī	/iːmaːn/ /siːr/ /ward̪iː/	Faith Brick Uniform
سایہِ sāyi	–ٕ / ـہٕ بہٕ / ـبہٕ / رٕ	–ٕ بٕـ / ـبٕـ / رٕ	إ	[ɨ]	ü,ụ,u',ι	Initial: U+0625 Medial and Final: U+0655	بہٕ bü کٔدٕل kạdül	/bɨ/ /kəd̪ɨl/	I Bridge
سایہِ مَد sāyi mad	–ٟ / ـہٟ بہٟ / ـبہٟ / رٟ	–ٟ بٟـ / ـبٟـ / رٟ	ٳ	[ɨː]	ǖ,ụ̄,ū'	Initial: U+0673 Medial and Final: U+065F	تٟر tǖr خٟمہٕ khǖmü	/t̪ɨːr/ /xɨːmɨ/	Cold Tent
پیش pēsh	–ُ / ـُہ بُہ / ـبُہ / رُ	–ُ بُـ / ـبُـ / رُ	اُ	[u]	u	U+064F	پُج puj	/pud͡ʒ/	Butcher
کَشہِ واوُک kashi wāwuk	ـوٗ / وٗ بوٗ / ـبوٗ / روٗ	ـوٗ / وٗ بوٗ / ـبوٗ / روٗ	اوٗ	[uː]	ū	U+0648 and U+0657	پوٗت‎ pūt	/puːt̪/	Chick
نیٖمہٕ واوُک nīmü wāwuk	ـۆ / ۆ بۆ / ـبۆ / رۆ	ـۆ / ۆ بۆ / ـبۆ / رۆ	اۆ	[o]	o,ó	U+06C6	دۆب dob	/d̪ob/	Washerman
واوُک wāwuk	ـو / و بو / ـبو / رو	ـو / و بو / ـبو / رو	او	[oː]	ō	U+0648	مور‎ mōr	/moːr/	Peacock
لٔٹؠ واوُک lạṭ' wāwuk	ـۄ / ۄ بۄ / ـبۄ / رۄ	ـۄ / ۄ بۄ / ـبۄ / رۄ	اۄ	[ɔ]	ọ,ŏ	U+06C4	گۄلاب gọlāb	/ɡɔlaːb/	Rose
لٔٹؠ واوُک مَد lạṭ' wāwuk mad	ـۄا / ۄا بۄا / ـبۄا / رۄا	ـۄا / ۄا بۄا / ـبۄا / رۄا	اۄا	[ɔː]	ọ̄,ŏa	U+06C4 and U+0627	سۄاد sọ̄d	/sɔːd̪/	One and a quarter
نیٖمہٕ یایُک nīmü yāyuk	ـےٚ / ـےٚ بےٚ / ـبےٚ / رےٚ	ـێـ / ێـ بیٚـ / ـبیٚـ / ریٚـ	ایٚـ / اےٚ	[e]	e,ë	Initial and Medial: U+06CC and U+065A Final: U+06D2 and U+065A	بیٚنہِ beni مےٚ‎ me	/beni/ /me/	Sister Me, I
یایُک yāyuk	ـے / ے بے / ـبے / رے	ـیـ / یـ بیـ / ـبیـ / ریـ	ایـ / اے	[eː]	ē	Initial and Medial: U+06CC Final: U+06D2	ریش rēsh	/reːʃ/	Beard
گول یایُک gōl yāyuk	-	ـؠـ / ؠـ بؠـ / ـبؠـ / رؠـ	اؠـ / اؠے	[ʲa]	ĕ,ya	Initial and Medial: U+0620	مؠقراض mĕqrāz	/mʲaqraːz/	Scissors

Devanagari

Consonants

Letter	क	ख	ग	च	छ	ज	च़	छ़	ज़	ट	ठ	ड	त	थ	द	न	प	फ	ब	म	य	र	ल	व	श	स	ह
IPA	[k]	[kʰ]	[g]	[t͡ʃ]	[t͡ʃʰ]	[d͡ʒ]	[t͡s]	[t͡sʰ]	[z]	[ʈ]	[ʈʰ]	[ɖ]	[t]	[tʰ]	[d]	[n]	[p]	[pʰ]	[b]	[m]	[j]	[r]	[l]	[w]	[ʃ]	[s]	[h]
Transliteration	k	kh	g	ch	chh	j	ts	tsh	z	ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	t	th	d	n	p	ph	b	m	y	r	l	w	sh	s	h

Vowels

There have been a few versions of the Devanagari script for Kashmiri. The 2002 version of the proposal is shown below.This version has readers and more content available on the Internet, even though this is an older proposal. This version makes use of the vowels ॲ/ऑ and vowel signs कॅ/कॉ for the schwa-like vowel[ə]and elongated schwa-like vowel[əː]that also exist in other Devanagari-based scripts such as Marathi and Hindi but are used for the sound of other vowels.

Letter	अ	आ	ॲ	ऑ	इ	ई	ॶ	ॷ	उ	ऊ	ऎ	ए	ऐ	ऒ	ओ	औ	-व	ँ
IPA	[a]	[aː]	[ə]	[əː]	[i]	[iː]	[ɨ]	[ɨː]	[u]	[uː]	[e]	[eː]	[əi]	[o]	[oː]	[ɔː]	[ɔ]	[◌̃]
Transliteration	a	ā	ạ	ạ̄	i	ī	ü	ǖ	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	ọ̄	ọ	̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonantk	क	का	कॅ	कॉ	कि	की	कॖ	कॗ	कु	कू	कॆ	के	कै	कॊ	को	कौ	क्वorकव	कं

Tabulated below is the latest (2009) version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari. The primary change in this version is the changed stand alone characters ॳ / ॴ and vowel signsकऺ/कऻfor the schwa-like vowel[ə]& elongated schwa-like vowel[əː]and a new stand alone vowelॵand vowel signकॏfor the open-mid back rounded vowel[ɔ]which can be used instead of the consonant व standing-in for this vowel.

Letter	अ	आ	ॳ	ॴ	इ	ई	ॶ	ॷ	उ	ऊ	ऎ	ए	ऐ	ऒ	ओ	औ	ॵ	ँ
IPA	[a]	[aː]	[ə]	[əː]	[i]	[iː]	[ɨ]	[ɨː]	[u]	[uː]	[e]	[eː]	[əi]	[o]	[oː]	[ɔː]	[ɔ]	[◌̃]
Transliteration	a	ā	ạ	ạ̄	i	ī	ü	ǖ	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	ọ̄	ọ	̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonantk	क	का	कऺ	कऻ	कि	की	कॖ	कॗ	कु	कू	कॆ	के	कै	कॊ	को	कौ	कॏ	कं

Sharada script

Consonants

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph	Remarks
𑆑𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆑	kōv kạ	ka	[ka]	𑆑
𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤𑆴 𑆒	khvani khạ	kha	[kʰa]	𑆒
𑆓𑆓𑆫𑇀 𑆓	gagar gạ	ga	[ɡa]	𑆓
𑆓𑆳𑆱𑆴 𑆔	gāsi ghạ	gha	[ɡʰa]	𑆔	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆳𑆫𑆶𑆓𑇀 𑆕	nārug ṅạ	ṅa	[ŋa]	𑆕	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆖𑆳𑆛𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆖	tsāṭuv chạ	cha	[t͡ʃa]	𑆖
𑆗𑇀𑆮𑆛𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆗	tshvaṭiñ chhạ	chha	[t͡ʃʰa]	𑆗
𑆘𑆪𑆴 𑆘	zayi jạ	ja	[d͡ʒa]	𑆘
𑆘𑆳𑆯𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆙	zashiñ jhạ	jha	[d͡ʒʰa]	𑆙	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤 𑆦𑆶𑆛𑆴 𑆚	khvana phuṭi ñạ	ña	[ɲa]	𑆚	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆃𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆛	ar mām̐ṭa	ṭa	[ʈa]	𑆛
𑆱𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆜	sar mām̐ṭha	ṭha	[ʈʰa]	𑆜
𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝	ḍuḍ ḍạ	ḍa	[ɖa]	𑆝
𑆝𑆑 𑆞	ḍaka ḍhạ	ḍha	[ɖʰa]	𑆞	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆳𑆤𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆟	nānaguri ṇạ	ṇa	[ɳa]	𑆟	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆠𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆠	tov tạ	ta	[ta]	𑆠
𑆡𑆳𑆯𑆴 𑆡	thāshi thạ	tha	[tʰa]	𑆡
𑆢𑆢𑆮𑇀 𑆢	dadav dạ	da	[da]	𑆢
𑆢𑆷𑆚𑇀 𑆣	dūñ dhạ	dha	[dʰa]	𑆣	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆤	nastūv nạ	na	[na]	𑆤
𑆥𑆝𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆥	paḍuri pạ	pa	[pa]	𑆥
𑆦𑆫𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆦	phariñ phạ	pha	[pʰa]	𑆦
𑆧𑆶𑆧𑇀 𑆧	bub bạ	ba	[ba]	𑆧
𑆧𑆳𑆪𑆴 𑆨	bāyi bhạ	bha	[bʰa]	𑆨	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆩𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆩	mōv mạ	ma	[ma]	𑆩
𑆪𑆳𑆮 𑆪	yāva yạ	ya	[ja]	𑆪
𑆫𑆑 𑆫	raka rạ	ra	[ra]	𑆫
𑆬𑆳𑆮 𑆬	lāva lạ	la	[la]	𑆬
𑆧𑆝𑆶 𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝	boḍu ḍuḍ ḍạ	ḷa	[ɭa]	𑆭	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆮𑆯𑆴 𑆮	vashi vạ	va	[wa]	𑆮
𑆯𑆑𑆫𑇀 𑆯	shakar shạ	sha	[ʃa]	𑆯
𑆦𑆳𑆫𑆴 𑆰	phāri ṣạ	ṣa	[ʂa]	𑆰	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆱𑆶𑆱𑇀 𑆱	sus sạ	sa	[sa]	𑆱
𑆲𑆳𑆬 𑆲	hala hạ	ha	[ha]	𑆲

Vowels

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph	Remarks
𑆄𑆢𑆿 𑆃	ādau a	a	[a]	𑆃
𑆎𑆠𑆮𑇀 𑆄	aitav ā	ā	[aː]	𑆄
𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆪𑆼	yeyev yē	i	[i]	𑆅
𑆅𑆯𑆫𑆮𑇀 𑆆	yisherav yī	ī	[iː]	𑆆
𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆮𑆾	vọpal vō	u	[u]	𑆇
𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆧𑆳 𑆈	vọpal bā ū	ū	[uː]	𑆈
𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉	r̥enav	r̥	[r̩]	𑆉	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊	rakhav	r̥̄	[r̩ː]	𑆊	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋	leyev	l̥	[l̩]	𑆋	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆬𑆵𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆌	līsav	l̥̄	[l̩ː]	𑆌	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆠𑆬𑆮𑇀𑆪𑇀 𑆍	talavya yē	ē	[eː]	𑆍
𑆠𑆳𑆬𑆵 𑆎	tolī ai	ai	[əi]	𑆎
𑆮𑆶𑆜𑆾 𑆏	vuṭhō ō	ō	[oː]	𑆏
𑆃𑆯𑆴𑆢𑆵 𑆐	ashidī au	au	[ɔː]	𑆐
𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶	aḍi tsandra phyor	am̐	[◌̃]	𑆃𑆀
𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁	mas phyori aṃ	aṃ	[n],[m]	𑆃𑆁
𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂	dō phyori aḥ	aḥ	[h]	𑆃𑆂

Vowel mark

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated vowel mark	Vowel mark indicated on consonant pa	Distinct ways of indicating vowel marks on special consonants
𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀	vahāy	-ā	[aː]	𑆳	𑆥𑆳	𑆕=𑆕𑆳 𑆘=𑆘𑆳 𑆛=𑆛𑆳 𑆟=𑆟𑆳
𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀	mūnthar	-i	[i]	𑆴	𑆥𑆴
𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀	ar mūnthar	-ī	[iː]	𑆵	𑆥𑆵
𑆒𑆶𑆫𑆶	khuru	-u	[u]	𑆶	𑆥𑆶	𑆑=𑆑𑆶 𑆓=𑆓𑆶 𑆙=𑆙𑆶 𑆚=𑆚𑆶 𑆝=𑆝𑆶 𑆠=𑆠𑆶 𑆨=𑆨𑆶 𑆫=𑆫𑆶 𑆯=𑆯𑆶
𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆒𑆷𑆫𑆷	ar khūrū	-ū	[uː]	𑆷	𑆥𑆷	𑆑=𑆑𑆷 𑆓=𑆓𑆷 𑆙=𑆙𑆷 𑆚=𑆚𑆷 𑆝=𑆝𑆷 𑆠=𑆠𑆷 𑆨=𑆨𑆷 𑆫=𑆫𑆷 𑆯=𑆯𑆷
𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉	r̥enav r̥a	-r̥	[r̩]	𑆸	𑆥𑆸	𑆑=𑆑𑆸
𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊	rakhav ru	-r̥̄	[r̩ː]	𑆹	𑆥𑆹	𑆑=𑆑𑆹
𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋	leyev l̥a	-l̥	[l̩]	𑆺	𑆥𑆺
𑆬𑆵𑆱𑆮𑇀 𑆌	līsav l̥̄a	-l̥̄	[l̩ː]	𑆻	𑆥𑆻
𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆝𑆷	hvanḍū	-ē	[eː]	𑆼	𑆥𑆼
𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆘𑆾𑆫𑇀	hvanjōr	-ai	[əi]	𑆽	𑆥𑆽
𑆃𑆑𑆶 𑆯𑇀𑆪𑆷𑆫𑆶	oku shyūr	-ō	[oː]	𑆾	𑆥𑆾
𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆯𑆴 𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀	okushi vahāy	-au	[ɔː]	𑆿	𑆥𑆿
𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑇀𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶	aḍi tsandra phyor	-am̐	[◌̃]	𑆀	𑆥𑆀
𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁	mas phyori aṃ	-aṃ	[n],[m]	𑆁	𑆥𑆁
𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂	dō phyori aḥ	-aḥ	[h]	𑆂	𑆥𑆂

Grammar

Kashmiri is afusional languagewithverb-second (V2)word order.Several of Kashmiri's grammatical features distinguish it from otherIndo-Aryan languages.

Nouns

Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are noarticles,nor is there any grammatical distinction fordefiniteness,although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.

Gender

The Kashmirigendersystem is divided into masculine and feminine. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix (or in most cases, amorphophonemicchange, or both) to a masculine noun.A relatively small group of feminine nouns have uniquesuppletionforms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms.The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:

Process	Masculine	Feminine	Meaning
-en’ suffix	[d̪ukaːnd̪aːr] دُکاندار	[d̪ukaːnd̪aːrenʲ] دُکانداریٚنؠ	shopkeeper
-bāy suffix	[maːʃʈar] ماشٹَر	[maːʃʈarbaːj] ماشٹَر باے	teacher
-in’ + vowel change	[xar] خَر	[xərinʲ] خٔرِنؠ	donkey
-ür + vowel change	[pʰot̪] پھۆت	[pʰɔt̪ɨr] پھۄتٕر	basket
Adding of affix	[huːn] ہوٗن	[huːnʲ] ہوٗنؠ	dog/bitch
vowel change	[ɡaɡur] گَگُر	[ɡaɡɨr] گَگٕر	rat
consonant change	[hokʰ] ہۆکھ	[hot͡ʃʰ] ہۆچھ	dry
vowel/consonant change	[t̪ot̪] تۆت	[t̪ət͡s] تٔژ	hot
suppletive form	[marɨd̪] مَرٕد	[zanaːn] زَنان	man/woman
masculine only	[nuːl] نوٗل	---	mongoose
feminine only	---	[mət͡ʃʰ] مٔچھ	housefly

Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri.

Case

There are fivecasesin Kashmiri:nominative,dative,ergative,ablativeandvocative.Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun.

Kashmiri utilizes anergative-absolutive case structurewhen the verb is in simple past tense.Thus, in these sentences, thesubjectof atransitive verbis marked in the ergative case and theobjectin nominative, which is identical to how the subject of anintransitive verbis marked.However, in sentences constructed in any other tense, or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs, a nominative-dative paradigm is adopted, with objects (whether direct or indirect) generally marked in dative case.

Other case distinctions, such aslocative,instrumental,genitive,comitativeandallative,are marked bypostpositionsrather than suffixation.

Noun morphology

The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender, number and case.

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nom.	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø
Erg.	-[an] اَن	-[aw] اَو	-[i] اِ	-[aw] اَو
Dat.	-[as]or -[is] اَسorاِس	-[an] اَن	-[i] اِ	-[an] اَن
Abl.	-[i]or -[ɨ] اِorإ	-[aw] اَو	-[i] اِ	-[aw] اَو
Voc.	-[aː] ا	-[aw] اَو	-[ij] اِے	-[aw] اَو

Verbs

Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense andperson,and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions ofaspect,is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem (minus theinfinitiveending - /un/), and in many cases by the addition of variousmodal auxiliaries.Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.

Tense

Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of thecopulaand the imperfective suffix -/aːn/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /jun/ (to come):

Present

	Masculine	Feminine
1st Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰusjiwaːn] چھُس یِوان	[t͡ʃʰasjiwaːn] چھَس یِوان
2nd Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰukʰjiwaːn] چھُکھ یِوان	[t͡ʃʰakʰjiwaːn] چھَکھ یِوان
3rd Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰujiwaːn] چھُ یِوان	[t͡ʃʰejiwaːn] چھےٚ یِوان
1st Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰijiwaːn] چھِ یِوان	[t͡ʃʰajiwaːn] چھَ یِوان
2nd Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰiwjiwaːn] چھِو یِوان	[t͡ʃʰawjiwaːn] چھَو یِوان
3rd Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰijiwaːn] چھِ یِوان	[t͡ʃʰejiwaːn] چھےٚ یِوان

Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses, and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions.The simple (sometimes called proximate) past refers to completed past actions. Remote past refers to actions that lack this in-built perfective aspect. Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago, and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts.

As described above, Kashmiri is asplit-ergativelanguage; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative. Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative.Nominative arguments, whether subjects or objects, dictate gender, number and person marking on the verb.

Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes. First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number, but there are second person verb endings. The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb /parun/ ( "to read" ):

Simple Past (Transitive)

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[por] پۆر	[pərʲ] پٔرؠ	[pər] پٔر	[pari] پَرِ
2nd Person	Non-honorific	[porut̪ʰ] پۆرُتھ	[pərit̪ʰ] پٔرِتھ	[pərɨt̪ʰ] پٔرٕتھ	[parʲat̪ʰ] پَرؠتھ
	Honorific	[porwɨ] پۆروٕ	[pəriwɨ] پٔرِوٕ	[pərwɨ] پٔروٕ	[pariwɨ] پَرِوٕ
3rd Person		[por] پۆر	[pərʲ] پٔرؠ	[pər] پٔر	[pari] پَرِ

A group of irregular intransitive verbs (special intransitives), take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.

Simple Past (Special Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[us] اُس	-[ʲ] ؠ	-[as] اَس	-[i] اِ
2nd Person	-[kʰ] کھ	-[wɨ] وٕ	-[kʰ] کھ	-[wɨ] وٕ
3rd Person	-Ø	-Ø	-[t͡ʃʰ] چھ	-[i] اِ

Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form.

Simple Past (Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jas] یَس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːjas] یے یَس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person	-[jaːkʰ] یاکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ	-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person	-[joːw] یوو	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːji] یے یہِ

In contrast to the simple past, verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past, although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change.Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm:

Indefinite Past (Transitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st/3rd Person	-[joːw] یوو	-[eːji] ے یہِ	-[eːji] ے یہِ	-[eːji] ے یہِ
2nd Person	-[joːt̪ʰ] یوتھ	-[eːjat̪ʰ] ے یَتھ	-[eːjat̪ʰ] ے یَتھ	-[eːjat̪ʰ] ے یَتھ

Remote Past (Transitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st/3rd Person	-[eːjoːw] ے یوو	-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ	-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ	-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ
2nd Person	-[eːjoːt̪ʰ] ے یوتھ	-[eːjeːjat̪ʰ] ے یے یَتھ	-[eːjeːjat̪ʰ] ے یے یَتھ	-[eːjeːjat̪ʰ] ے یے یَتھ

As in the simple past, "special intransitive" verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past:

Indefinite Past (Special Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[aːs] اس	-[aːjas] ایَس	-[aːjas] ایَس	-[aːji] ایہِ
2nd Person	-[kʰ] کھ	-[kʰ] کھ	-[aːjakʰ] ایَکھ	-[aːjiwɨ] ایِوٕ
3rd Person	-[aw] اَو	-[aːji] ایہِ	-[aːji] ایہِ	-[aːji] ایہِ

Remote Past (Special Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Perso	-[aːjaːs] ایاس	-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ	-[eːjeːjas] ے یے یَس	-[eːjeːji] ے یے یہِ
2nd Person	-[aːkʰ] اکھ	-[eːjiwɨ] ے یِوٕ	-[aːjakʰ] ایَکھ	-[aːjiwɨ] ایِوٕ
3rd Person	-[eːjoːw] ے یوو	-[eːjeːji] ے یے یہِ	-[eːjaːjɨ] ے یایہٕ	-[eːjaːjɨ] ے یایہٕ

Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past, subject to some morphophonetic variation:

Indefinite Past (Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jas] یَس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːjas] یے یَس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person	-[jaːkʰ] یاکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ	-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person	-[joːw] یوو	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːji] یے یہِ

Remote Past (Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jeːjaːs] یے یاس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːjaːs] یے یاس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person	-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ	-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person	-[jeːjoːw] یے یوو	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːjaːjɨ] یے یایہٕ	-[jeːjɨ] یے یہٕ

Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem:

Future (Intransitive)

	Singular	Plural
1st Person	-[mɨ] مہٕ	-[maw] مَو
2nd Person	-[akʰ] اَکھ	-[jiw] یِو
3rd Person	-[ji] یِہ	-[an] اَن

The future tense of transitive verbs, however, is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number, in a complex fashion:

Future (Transitive)

	Singular Object	Plural Object
1st Person Sing.	-[an] اَن	-[akʰ] اَکھ
1st Person Pl.	-[ɨhoːn] إہون	-[ɨhoːkʰ] إہوکھ
2nd Person Sing.	-[ɨhǝn] إۂن	-[ɨhǝkʰ] إۂکھ
2nd Person Pl.	-[ɨhuːn] إہوٗن	-[ɨhuːkʰ] إہوٗکھ
3rd Person Sing.	-[jas] یَس	-[jakʰ] یَکھ
3rd Person Pl.	-[ɨnas] إنَس	-[ɨnakʰ] إنَکھ

Aspect

There are two mainaspectualdistinctions in Kashmiri, perfective and imperfective. Both employ aparticipleformed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary /aːsun/ ( "to be" )—which agrees according to gender, number and person with the object (for transitive verbs) or the subject (for intransitive verbs).

Like the auxiliary, the participle suffix used with theperfectiveaspect (expressing completed or concluded action) agrees in gender and number with the object (for transitive verbs) or subject (for intransitives) as illustrated below:

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
	-[mut̪] مُت	-[mɨt̪ʲ] مٕتؠ	-[mɨt͡s] مٕژ	-[mat͡sɨ] مَژٕ

Theimperfective(expressing habitual or progressive action) is simpler, taking the participle suffix -/aːn/ in all forms, with only the auxiliary showing agreement.A type ofiterative aspectcan be expressed byreduplicatingthe imperfective participle.

Pronouns

Pronounsare declined according to person, gender, number and case, although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered. Also in third person, a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity, called proximate, remote I and remote II.

Nominative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[bɨ] بہٕ	[ǝsʲ] أسؠ	[bɨ] بہٕ	[ǝsʲ] أسؠ
2nd Person		[t͡sɨ] ژٕ	[t̪ohʲ]or[t̪uhʲ] تۆہؠorتُہؠ	[t͡sɨ] ژٕ	[t̪ohʲ]or[t̪uhʲ] تۆہؠorتُہؠ
3rd Person	proximate	[ji] یہِ	[jim] یِم	[ji] یہِ	[jimɨ] یِمہٕ
	remote I	[hu] ہُہ	[hum] ہُم	[hɔ] ہۄ	[humɨ] ہُمہٕ
	remote II	[su] سُہ	[t̪im] تِم	[sɔ] سۄ	[t̪imɨ] تِمہٕ

Ergative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ	[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[t̪ɔhi] تۄہِہ	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[t̪ɔhi] تۄہِہ
3rd Person	proximate	[jemʲ] ییٚمؠ	[jimaw] یِمَو	[jemi] ییٚمِہ	[jimaw] یِمَو
	remote I	[humʲ] ہُمؠ	[humaw] ہُمَو	[humi] ہُمہِ	[humaw] ہُمَو
	remote II	[t̪ǝmʲ] تٔمؠ	[t̪imaw] تِمَو	[t̪ami] تَمہِ	[t̪imaw] تِمَو

Dative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ	[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[t̪ɔhi] تۄہہِ	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[t̪ɔhi] تۄہہِ
3rd Person	proximate	[jemis] ییٚمِس	[jiman] یِمَن	[jemis] ییٚمِس	[jiman] یِمَن
	remote I	[humis] ہُمِس	[human] ہُمَن	[humis] ہُمِس	[human] ہُمَن
	remote II	[t̪ǝmis] تٔمِس	[t̪iman] تِمَن	[t̪ǝmis] تٔمِس	[t̪iman] تِمَن

Ablative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ	[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[t̪ɔhi] تۄہہِ	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[t̪ɔhi] تۄہہِ
3rd Person	proximate	[jemi] ییٚمہِ	[jimaw] یِمَو	[jemi] ییٚمہِ	[jimaw] یِمَو
	remote I	[humi] ہُمہِ	[humaw] ہُمَو	[humi] ہُمہِ	[humaw] ہُمَو
	remote II	[t̪ǝmi] تٔمہِ	[t̪imaw] تِمَو	[t̪ǝmi] تٔمہِ	[t̪imaw] تِمَو

There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set, in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere. As with future tense, these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number.

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Sing.	[mʲoːn] میٛون	[mʲəːnʲ] میٛٲنؠ	[mʲəːnʲ] میٛٲنؠ	[mʲaːni] میٛانہِ
1st Pl.	[soːn] سون	[səːnʲ] سٲنؠ	[səːnʲ] سٲنؠ	[saːni] سانہِ
2nd Sing.	[t͡ʃoːn] چون	[t͡ʃəːnʲ] چٲنؠ	[t͡ʃəːnʲ] چٲنؠ	[t͡ʃaːni] چانہِ
2nd Pl.	[t̪uhund̪] تُہُنٛد	[t̪uhɨnd̪ʲ] تُہٕنٛدؠ	[t̪uhɨnz] تُہٕنٛز	[t̪uhnzɨ] تُہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. Prox.	[jemʲsund̪] ییٚمؠ سُنٛد	[jemʲsɨnd̪ʲ] ییٚمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[jemʲsɨnz] ییٚمؠ سٕنٛز	[jemʲsɨnzɨ] ییٚمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. Prox.	[jihund̪] یِہُنٛد	[jihɨnd̪ʲ] یِہٕنٛدؠ	[jihɨnz] یِہٕنٛز	[jihnzɨ] یِہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. R I	[humʲsund] ہُمؠ سُنٛد	[humʲsɨnd̪ʲ] ہُمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[humʲsɨnz] ہُمؠ سٕنٛز	[humʲsɨnzɨ] ہُمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. R I	[huhund̪] ہُہُنٛد	[huhɨnd̪ʲ] ہُہٕنٛدؠ	[huhɨnz] ہُہٕنٛز	[huhnzɨ] ہُہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. R II	[t̪ǝmʲsund̪] تٔمؠ سُنٛد	[t̪ǝmʲsɨnd̪ʲ] تٔمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[t̪ǝmʲsɨnz] تٔمؠ سٕنٛز	[t̪ǝmʲsɨnzɨ] تٔمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. R II	[t̪ihɨnd̪] تِہٕنٛد	[t̪ihɨnd̪ʲ] تِہٕنٛدؠ	[t̪ihɨnz] تِہٕنٛز	[t̪ihnzɨ] تِہنٛزٕ

Adjectives

There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri, those that agree with their referent noun (according to case, gender and number) and those that are not declined at all.Most adjectives are declined, and generally take the same endings and gender-specific stem changes as nouns.The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below, using the adjective /wɔzul/ ( "red" ):

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nom.	[wɔzul] وۄزُل	[wɔzɨlʲ] وۄزٕلؠ	[wɔzɨd͡ʒ] وۄزٕج	[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ
Erg.	[wɔzlɨ] وۄزلہٕ	[wɔzlʲaw] وۄزلؠو	[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ	[wɔzd͡ʒaw] وۄزجَو
Dat.	[wɔzlis] وۄزلِس	[wɔzlʲan] وۄزلؠن	[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ	[wɔzd͡ʒan] وۄزجَن
Abl.	[wɔzlɨ] وۄزلہٕ	[wɔzlʲaw] وۄزلؠو	[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ	[wɔzd͡ʒaw] وۄزجَو

Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in -lad or -a, adjectives borrowed from other languages, and a few isolated irregulars.

The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the wordstsor( "more" ) andsitha( "most" ), respectively.

Numerals

Within the Kashmir language, numerals are separated intocardinal numbersandordinal numbers.These numeral forms, as well as their aggregative (both, all the five, etc.),multiplicative(two times, four times, etc.), and emphatic forms (only one, only three, etc.) are provided by the table below.

	Cardinal	Ordinal	Aggregative	Multiplicative	Emphatic
Suffix		-[jum]for masculine -[im]for feminine	-[waj]	-[ɡun]or -[ɡon]for masculine -[ɡɨn]for feminine	-[j]
0.	[sifar] صِفَر
1.	[akʰ] اَکھ	[ǝkʲum]or[ǝkim] أکیُٛمorأکِم		[oɡun]or[oɡɨn] اۆگُنorاۆگٕن	[akuj] اَکُے
2.	[zɨ] زٕ	[dojum]or[dojim] دۆیُمorدۆیِم	[dɔʃwaj] دۄشوَے	[doɡun]or[doɡɨn] دۆگُنorدۆگٕن	[zɨj] زٕے
3.	[tre] ترٛےٚ	[trejum]or[trejim] ترٛیٚیُمorترٛیٚیِم	[treʃwaj] ترٛیٚشوَے	[troɡun]or[troɡɨn] ترٛۆگُنorترٛۆگٕن	[trej] ترٛیٚے
4.	[t͡soːr] ژور	[t͡suːrʲum]or[t͡suːrim] ژوٗریُٛمorژوٗرِم	[t͡sɔʃwaj] ژۄشوَے	[t͡soɡun]or[t͡soɡɨn] ژۆگُنorژۆگٕن	[t͡soːraj] ژورَے
5.	[pãːt͡sʰ]or[pə̃ːt͡sʰ] پانٛژھorپٲنٛژھ	[pɨ̃:t͡sjum]or[pɨ̃:t͡sim] پٟنٛژیُٛمorپٟنٛژِم	[pãːt͡sɨwaj] پانٛژٕوَے	[pãːt͡sɨɡun]or[pãːt͡sɨɡɨn] پانٛژٕگُنorپانٛژٕگٕن	[pãːt͡saj] پانٛژَے
6.	[ʃe] شےٚ	[ʃejum]or[ʃejim] شیٚیُمorشیٚیِم	[ʃenɨwaj] شیٚنہٕ وَے	[ʃuɡun]or[ʃuɡɨn] شُگُنorشُگٕن	[ʃej] شیٚے
7.	[satʰ] سَتھ	[sətjum]or[sətim] سٔتیُٛمorسٔتِم	[satɨwaj] سَتہٕ وَے	[satɨɡun]or[satɨɡɨn] سَتہٕ گُنorسَتہٕ گٕن	[sataj] سَتَے
8.	[əːʈʰ] ٲٹھ	[ɨːʈʰjum]or[uːʈʰjum] اٟٹھیُٛمorاوٗٹھیُٛم [ɨːʈʰim]or[uːʈʰim] اٟٹھِمorاوٗٹھِم	[əːʈʰɨwaj] ٲٹھٕ وَے	[əːʈʰɨɡun]or[əːʈʰɨɡɨn] ٲٹھٕ گُنorٲٹھٕ گٕن	[əːʈʰaj] ٲٹھَے
9.	[naw] نَو	[nəwjum]or[nəwim] نٔویُٛمorنٔوِم	[nawɨwaj] نَوٕوَے	[nawɨɡun]or[nawɨɡɨn] نَوٕگُنorنَوٕگٕن	[nawaj] نَوَے
10.	[dəh]or[daːh] دٔہorداہ	[dəhjum]or[dəhim] دٔہیُٛمorدٔہِم	[dəhɨwaj] دٔہہٕ وَے	[dəhɨɡon]or[dəhɨɡɨn] دٔہہٕ گۆنorدٔہہٕ گٕن	[dəhaj] دٔہَے
11.	[kah]or[kaːh] کَہہorکاہ	[kəhjum]or[kəhim] کٔہیُٛمorکٔہِم
12.	[bah]or[baːh] بَہہorباہ	[bəhjum]or[bəhim] بٔہیُٛمorبٔہِم
13.	[truwaːh] ترُٛواہ	[truwəːhjum]or[truwəːhim] ترُٛوٲہیُٛمorترُٛوٲہِم
14.	[t͡sɔdaːh] ژۄداہ	[t͡sɔdəːhjum]or[t͡sɔdəːhim] ژۄدٲہیُٛمorژۄدٲہِم
15.	[pandaːh] پَنٛداہ	[pandəːhjum]or[pandəːhim] پَنٛدٲہیُٛمorپَنٛدٲہِم
16.	[ʃuraːh] شُراہ	[ʃurəːhjum]or[ʃurəːhim] شُرٲہیُٛمorشُرٲہِم
17.	[sadaːh] سَداہ	[sadəːhjum]or[sadəːhim] سَدٲہیُٛمorسَدٲہِم
18.	[arɨdaːh] اَرٕداہ	[arɨdəːhjum]or[arɨdəːhim] اَرٕدٲہیُٛمorاَرٕدٲہِم
19.	[kunɨwuh] کُنہٕ وُہ	[kunɨwuhjum]or[kunɨwuhim] کُنہٕ وُہیُٛمorکُنہٕ وُہِم
20.	[wuh] وُہ	[wuhjum]or[wuhim] وُہیُٛمorوُہِم
21.	[akɨwuh] اَکہٕ وُہ	[akɨwuhjum]or[akɨwuhim] اَکہٕ وُہیُٛمorاَکہٕ وُہِم
22.	[zɨtoːwuh] زٕتووُہ	[zɨtoːwuhjum]or[zɨtoːwuhim] زٕتووُہیُٛمorزٕتووُہِم
23.	[trowuh] ترٛۆوُہ	[trowuhjum]or[trowuhim] ترٛۆوُہیُٛمorترٛۆوُہِم
24.	[t͡sowuh] ژۆوُہ	[t͡sowuhjum]or[t͡sowuhim] ژۆوُہیُٛمorژۆوُہِم
25.	[pɨnt͡sɨh] پٕنٛژٕہ	[pɨnt͡sɨhjum]or[pɨnt͡sɨhim] پٕنٛژٕہیُٛمorپٕنٛژٕہِم
26.	[ʃatɨwuh] شَتہٕ وُہ	[ʃatɨwuhjum]or[ʃatɨwuhim] شَتہٕ وُہیُٛمorشَتہٕ وُہِم
27.	[satoːwuh] سَتووُہ	[satoːwuhjum]or[satoːwuhim] سَتووُہیُٛمorسَتووُہِم
28.	[aʈʰoːwuh] اَٹھووُہ	[aʈʰoːwuhjum]or[aʈʰoːwuhim] اَٹھووُہیُٛمorاَٹھووُہِم
29.	[kunɨtrɨh] کُنہٕ ترٕٛہ	[kunɨtrɨhjum]or[kunɨtrɨhim] کُنہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛمorکُنہٕ ترٕٛہِم
30.	[trɨh] ترٕٛہ	[trɨhjum]or[trɨhim] ترٕٛہیُٛمorترٕٛہِم
31.	[akɨtrɨh] اَکہٕ ترٕٛہ	[akɨtrɨhjum]or[akɨtrɨhim] اَکہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛمorاَکہٕ ترٕٛہِم
32.	[dɔjitrɨh] دۄیہِ ترٕٛہ	[dɔjitrɨhjum]or[dɔjitrɨhjim] دۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛمorدۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم
33.	[tejitrɨh] تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ	[tejitrɨhjum]or[tejitrɨhim] تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛمorتیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم
34.	[t͡sɔjitrɨh] ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہ	[t͡sɔjitrɨhjum]or[t͡sɔjitrɨhim] ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛمorژۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم
35.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨh]or[pãːt͡sɨtrɨh] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہorپانٛژٕ ترٕٛہ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhjum]or[pãːt͡sɨtrɨhjum] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛمorپانٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhim]or[pãːt͡sɨtrɨhim] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہِمorپانٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم
36.	[ʃejitrɨh] شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ	[ʃejitrɨhjum]or[ʃejitrɨhim] شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛمorشیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم
37.	[satɨtrɨh] سَتہٕ ترٕٛہ	[satɨtrɨhjum]or[satɨtrɨhim] سَتہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛمorسَتہٕ ترٕٛہِم
38.	[arɨtrɨh] اَرٕترٕٛہ	[arɨtrɨhjum]or[arɨtrɨhim] اَرٕترٕٛہیُٛمorاَرٕترٕٛہِم
39.	[kunɨtəːd͡ʒih]or[kunɨtəːd͡ʒiː] کُنہٕ تٲجِہہorکُنہٕ تٲجی	[kunɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]or[kunɨtəːd͡ʒihim] کُنہٕ تٲجِہیُٛمorکُنہٕ تٲجِہِم
40.	[t͡satd͡ʒih]or[t͡satd͡ʒiː] ژَتجِہہorژَتجی	[t͡satd͡ʒihjum]or[t͡satd͡ʒihim] ژَتجِہیُٛمorژَتجِہِم
41.	[akɨtəːd͡ʒih]or[akɨtəːd͡ʒiː] اَکہٕ تٲجِہہorاَکہٕ تٲجی	[akɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]or[akɨtəːd͡ʒihim] اَکہٕ تٲجِہیُٛمorاَکہٕ تٲجِہِم
42.	[dɔjitəːd͡ʒih]or[dɔjitəːd͡ʒiː] دۄیہِ تٲجِہہorدۄیہِ تٲجی	[dɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum]or[dɔjitəːd͡ʒihim] دۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛمorدۄیہِ تٲجِہِم
43.	[tejitəːd͡ʒih]or[tejitəːd͡ʒiː] تیٚیہِ تٲجِہہorتیٚیہِ تٲجی	[tejitəːd͡ʒihjum]or[tejitəːd͡ʒihim] تیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛمorتیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم
44.	[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒih]or[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒiː] ژۄیہِ تٲجِہہorژۄیہِ تٲجی	[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum]or[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihim] ژۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛمorژۄیہِ تٲجِہِم
45.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih]or[pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih]or[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː]or[pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہہorپانٛژٕ تٲجِہہorپٲنٛژٕ تٲجیorپانٛژٕ تٲجی	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]or[pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛمorپانٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim]or[pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہِمorپانٛژٕ تٲجِہِم
46.	[ʃejitəːd͡ʒih]or[ʃejitəːd͡ʒiː] شیٚیہِ تٲجِہہorشیٚیہِ تٲجی	[ʃejitəːd͡ʒihjum]or[ʃejitəːd͡ʒihim] شیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛمorشیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم
47.	[satɨtəːd͡ʒih]or[satɨtəːd͡ʒiː] سَتہٕ تٲجِہہorسَتہٕ تٲجی	[satɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]or[satɨtəːd͡ʒihim] سَتہٕ تٲجِہیُٛمorسَتہٕ تٲجِہِم
48.	[arɨtəːd͡ʒih]or[arɨtəːd͡ʒiː] اَرٕتٲجِہہorاَرٕتٲجی	[arɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]or[arɨtəːd͡ʒihim] اَرٕتٲجِہیُٛمorاَرٕتٲجِہِم
49.	[kunɨwanzaːh] کُنہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[kunɨwanzəːhjum]or[kunɨwanzəːhim] کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛمorکُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
50.	[pant͡saːh] پَنٛژاہ	[pant͡səːhjum]or[pant͡səːhim] پَنٛژٲہیُٛمorپَنٛژٲہِم
51.	[akɨwanzaːh] اَکہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[akɨwanzəːhjum]or[akɨwanzəːhim] اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛمorاَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
52.	[duwanzaːh] دُوَنٛزاہ	[duwanzəːhjum]or[duwanzəːhim] دُوَنٛزٲہیُٛمorدُوَنٛزٲہِم
53.	[truwanzaːh]or[trɨwanzaːh] ترُٛوَنٛزاہorترٕٛوَنٛزاہ	[truwanzəːhjum]or[truwanzəːhim] ترُٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛمorترُٛوَنٛزٲہِم [trɨwanzəːhjum]or[trɨwanzəːhim] ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛمorترٕٛوَنٛزٲہِم
54.	[t͡suwanzaːh] ژُوَنٛزاہ	[t͡suwanzəːhjum]or[t͡suwanzəːhim] ژُوَنٛزٲہیُٛمorژُوَنٛزٲہِم
55.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzaːh]or[pãːt͡sɨwanzaːh] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزاہorپانٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum]or[pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛمorپانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhim]or[pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhim] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِمorپانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
56.	[ʃuwanzaːh] شُوَنٛزاہ	[ʃuwanzəːhjum]or[ʃuwanzəːhim] شُوَنٛزٲہیُٛمorشُوَنٛزٲہِم
57.	[satɨwanzaːh] سَتہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[satɨwanzəːhjum]or[satɨwanzəːhim] سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛمorسَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
58.	[arɨwanzaːh] اَرٕوَنٛزاہ	[arɨwanzəːhjum]or[arɨwanzəːhim] اَرٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛمorاَرٕوَنٛزٲہِم
59.	[kunɨhəːʈʰ] کُنہٕ ہٲٹھ	[kunɨhəːʈʰjum]or[kunɨhəːʈʰim] کُنہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛمorکُنہٕ ہٲٹھِم
60.	[ʃeːʈʰ] شیٹھ	[ʃeːʈʰjum]or[ʃeːʈʰim] شیٹھیُٛمorشیٹھِم
61.	[akɨhəːʈʰ] اَکہٕ ہٲٹھ	[akɨhəːʈʰjum]or[akɨhəːʈʰim] اَکہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛمorاَکہٕ ہٲٹھِم
62.	[duhəːʈʰ] دُ ہٲٹھ	[duhəːʈʰjum]or[duhəːʈʰim] دُ ہٲٹھیُٛمorدُ ہٲٹھِم
63.	[truhəːʈʰ]or[trɨhəːʈʰ] ترُٛہٲٹھorترٕٛہٲٹھ	[truhəːʈʰjum]or[truhəːʈʰim] ترُٛہٲٹھیُٛمorترُٛہٲٹھِم [trɨhəːʈʰjum]or[trɨhəːʈʰim] ترٕٛہٲٹھیُٛمorترٕٛہٲٹھِم
64.	[t͡suhəːʈʰ] ژُہٲٹھ	[t͡suhəːʈʰjum]or[t͡suhəːʈʰim] ژُہٲٹھیُٛمorژُہٲٹھِم
65.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ]or[pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھorپانٛژٕ ہٲٹھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum]or[pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛمorپانٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim]or[pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھِمorپانٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم
66.	[ʃuhəːʈʰ] شُہٲٹھ	[ʃuhəːʈʰjum]or[ʃuhəːʈʰim] شُہٲٹھیُٛمorشُہٲٹھِم
67.	[satɨhəːʈʰ] سَتہٕ ہٲٹھ	[satɨhəːʈʰjum]or[satɨhəːʈʰim] سَتہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛمorسَتہٕ ہٲٹھِم
68.	[arɨhəːʈʰ] اَرٕہٲٹھ	[arɨhəːʈʰjum]or[arɨhəːʈʰim] اَرٕہٲٹھیُٛمorاَرٕہٲٹھِم
69.	[kunɨsatatʰ] کُنہٕ سَتَتھ	[kunɨsatatyum]or[kunɨsatatim] کُنہٕ سَتَتیُٛمorکُنہٕ سَتَتِم
70.	[satatʰ] سَتَتھ	[satatjum]or[satatim] سَتَتیُٛمorسَتَتِم
71.	[akɨsatatʰ] اَکہٕ سَتَتھ	[akɨsatatjum]or[akɨsatatim] اَکہٕ سَتَتیُٛمorاَکہٕ سَتَتِم
72.	[dusatatʰ] دُسَتَتھ	[dusatatjum]or[dusatatim] دُسَتَتیُٛمorدُسَتَتِم
73.	[trusatatʰ]or[trɨsatatʰ] ترُٛسَتَتھorترٕٛسَتَتھ	[trusatatjum]or[trusatatim] ترُٛسَتَتیُٛمorترُٛسَتَتِم [trɨsatatjum]or[trɨsatatim] ترٕٛسَتَتیُٛمorترٕٛسَتَتِم
74.	[t͡susatatʰ] ژُسَتَتھ	[t͡susatatjum]or[t͡susatatim] ژُسَتَتیُٛمorژُسَتَتِم
75.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatʰ]or[pãːt͡sɨsatatʰ] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتھorپانٛژٕ سَتَتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatjum]or[pãːt͡sɨsatatjum] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛمorپانٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatim]or[pãːt͡sɨsatatim] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتِمorپانٛژٕ سَتَتِم
76.	[ʃusatatʰ] شُسَتَتھ	[ʃusatatjum]or[ʃusatatim] شُسَتَتیُٛمorشُسَتَتِم
77.	[satɨsatatʰ] سَتہٕ سَتَتھ	[satɨsatatjum]or[satɨsatatim] سَتہٕ سَتَتیُٛمorسَتہٕ سَتَتِم
78.	[arɨsatatʰ] اَرٕسَتَتھ	[arɨsatatjum]or[arɨsatatim] اَرٕسَتَتیُٛمorاَرٕسَتَتِم
79.	[kunɨʃiːtʰ] کُنہٕ شيٖتھ	[kunɨʃiːtjum]or[kunɨʃiːtim] کُنہٕ شيٖتیُٛمorکُنہٕ شيٖتِم
80.	[ʃiːtʰ] شيٖتھ	[ʃiːtjum]or[ʃiːtjim] شيٖتیُٛمorشيٖتِم
81.	[akɨʃiːtʰ] اَکہٕ شيٖتھ	[akɨʃiːtjum]or[akɨʃiːtim] اَکہٕ شيٖتیُٛمorاَکہٕ شيٖتِم
82.	[dɔjiʃiːtʰ] دۄیہِ شيٖتھ	[dɔjiʃiːtjum]or[dɔjiʃiːtjum] دۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛمorدۄیہِ شيٖتِم
83.	[trejiʃiːtʰ] ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتھ	[trejiʃiːtjum]or[trejiʃiːtim] ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛمorترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتِم
84.	[t͡sɔjiʃiːtʰ] ژۄیہِ شيٖتھ	[t͡sɔjiʃiːtjum]or[t͡sɔjiʃiːtim] ژۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛمorژۄیہِ شيٖتِم
85.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ]or[pãːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتھorپانٛژٕ شيٖتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtjum]or[pãːt͡sɨʃiːtjum] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛمorپانٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtim]or[pãːt͡sɨʃiːtim] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتِمorپانٛژٕ شيٖتِم
86.	[ʃejiʃiːtʰ] شیٚیہِ شيٖتھ	[ʃejiʃiːtjum]or[ʃejiʃiːtim] شیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛمorشیٚیہِ شيٖتِم
87.	[satɨʃiːtʰ] سَتہٕ شيٖتھ	[satɨʃiːtjum]or[satɨʃiːtim] سَتہٕ شيٖتیُٛمorسَتہٕ شيٖتِم
88.	[arɨʃiːtʰ] اَرٕشيٖتھ	[arɨʃiːtjum]or[arɨʃiːtim] اَرٕشيٖتیُٛمorاَرٕشيٖتِم
89.	[kunɨnamatʰ] کُنہٕ نَمَتھ	[kunɨnamatjum]or[kunɨnamatim] کُنہٕ نَمَتیُٛمorکُنہٕ نَمَتِم
90.	[namatʰ] نَمَتھ	[namatjum]or[namatim] نَمَتیُٛمorنَمَتِم
91.	[akɨnamatʰ] اَکہٕ نَمَتھ	[akɨnamatjum]or[akɨnamatim] اَکہٕ نَمَتیُٛمorاَکہٕ نَمَتِم
92.	[dunamatʰ] دُنَمَتھ	[dunamatjum]or[dunamatim] دُنَمَتیُٛمorدُنَمَتِم
93.	[trunamatʰ]or[trɨnamatʰ] ترُٛنَمَتھorترٕٛنَمَتھ	[trunamatjum]or[trunamatim] ترُٛنَمَتیُٛمorترُٛنَمَتِم [trɨnamatjum]or[trɨnamatim] ترٕٛنَمَتیُٛمorترٕٛنَمَتِم
94.	[t͡sunamatʰ] ژُنَمَتھ	[t͡sunamatjum]or[t͡sunamatim] ژُنَمَتیُٛمorژُنَمَتِم
95.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatʰ]or[pãːt͡sɨnamatʰ] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتھorپانٛژٕ نَمَتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatjum]or[pãːt͡sɨnamatjum] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛمorپانٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatim]or[pãːt͡sɨnamatim] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتِمorپانٛژٕ نَمَتِم
96.	[ʃunamatʰ] شُنَمَتھ	[ʃunamatjum]or[ʃunamatim] شُنَمَتیُٛمorشُنَمَتِم
97.	[satɨnamatʰ] سَتہٕ نَمَتھ	[satɨnamatjum]or[satɨnamatim] سَتہٕ نَمَتیُٛمorسَتہٕ نَمَتِم
98.	[arɨnamatʰ] اَرٕنَمَتھ	[arɨnamatjum]or[arɨnamatjim] اَرٕنَمَتیُٛمorاَرٕنَمَتِم
99.	[namɨnamatʰ] نَمہٕ نَمَتھ	[namɨnamatjum]or[namɨnamatim] نَمہٕ نَمَتیُٛمorنَمہٕ نَمَتِم
100.	[hatʰ] ہَتھ	[hatyum]or[hatim] ہَتیُٛمorہَتِم
101.	[akʰhatʰtɨakʰ] اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ اَکھ	[akʰhatʰtɨǝkjum]or[akʰhatʰtɨǝkim] اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکیُٛمorاَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکِم
102.	[akʰhatʰtɨzɨ] اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ زٕ	[akʰhatʰtɨdojum]or[akʰhatʰtɨdojim] اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیُمorاَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیِم
200.	[zɨhatʰ] زٕ ہَتھ	[duhatyum]or[duhatim] دُہَتیُٛمorدُہَتِم
300.	[trehatʰ] ترٛےٚ ہَتھ	[trɨhatyum]or[trɨhatim] ترٕٛہَتیُٛمorترٕٛہَتِم
400.	[t͡soːrhatʰ] ژور ہَتھ	[t͡suhatyum]or[t͡suhatim] ژُہَتیُٛمorژُہَتِم
500.	[pə̃ːt͡sʰhatʰ]or[pãːt͡sʰhatʰ] پٲنٛژھ ہَتھorپانٛژھ ہَتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨhatyum]or[pãːt͡sɨhatyum] پٲنٛژٕ ہَتیُٛمorپانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨhatim]or[pãːt͡sɨhatim] پٲنٛژٕ ہَتِمorپانٛژٕ ہَتِم
600.	[ʃehatʰ] شےٚ ہَتھ	[ʃehatyum]or[ʃehatim] شےٚ ہَتیُٛمorشےٚ ہَتِم
700.	[satʰhatʰ] سَتھ ہَتھ	[ʃatɨhatyum]or[ʃatɨhatim] سَتہٕ ہَتیُٛمorسَتہٕ ہَتِم
800.	[əːʈʰʃatʰ] ٲٹھ شَتھ	[əːʈʰʃatjum]or[əːʈʰʃatim] ٲٹھ شَتیُٛمorٲٹھ شَتِم
900.	[nawʃatʰ] نَو شَتھ	[nawʃatjum]or[nawʃatim] نَو شَتیُٛمorنَو شَتِم
1000.	[saːs] ساس	[səːsjum]or[səːsim] سٲسیُٛمorسٲسِم
1001.	[akʰsaːsakʰ] اَکھ ساس اَکھ	[akʰsaːsǝkjum]or[akʰsaːsǝkim] اَکھ ساس أکیُٛمorاَکھ ساس أکِم
1002.	[akʰsaːszɨ] اَکھ ساس زٕ	[akʰsaːsdojum]or[akʰsaːsdojim] اَکھ ساس دۆیُمorاَکھ ساس دۆیِم
1100.	[akʰsaːshatʰ] اَکھ ساس ہَتھ or [kahʃatʰ]or[kaːhʃatʰ] کَہہ شَتھorکاہ شَتھ	[akʰsaːshatjum]or[akʰsaːshatim] اَکھ ساس ہَتیُٛمorاَکھ ساس ہَتِم or [kahʃatjum]or[kaːhʃatjum] کَہہ شَتیُٛمorکاہ شَتیُٛم [kahʃatim]or[kaːhʃatim] کَہہ شَتِمorکاہ شَتِم
1500.	[akʰsaːspãːt͡sʰhatʰ] اَکھ ساس پانٛژھ ہَتھ or [pandaːhʃatʰ] پَنٛداہ شَتھ	[akʰsaːspãːt͡sɨhatjum]or[akʰsaːspãːt͡sɨhatim] اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛمorاَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتِم or [pandaːhʃatjum]or[pandaːhʃatim] پَنٛداہ شَتیُٛمorپَنٛداہ شَتِم
10,000.	[dəhsaːs]or[daːhsaːs] دٔہ ساسorداہ ساس	[dəhsəːsjum]or[daːhsəːsjum] دٔہ سٲسیُٛمorداہ سٲسیُٛم [dəhsəːsim]or[daːhsəːsim] دٔہ سٲسِمorداہ سٲسِم
Hundred thousand	[lat͡ʃʰ] لَچھ	[lat͡ʃʰjum]or[lat͡ʃʰim] لَچھیُٛمorلَچھِم
Million	[dəhlat͡ʃʰ]or[daːhlat͡ʃʰ] دٔہ لَچھorداہ لَچھ	[dəhlat͡ʃʰjum]or[daːhlat͡ʃʰjum] دٔہ لَچھیُٛمorداہ لَچھیُٛم [dəhlat͡ʃʰim]or[daːhlat͡ʃʰim] دٔہ لَچھِمorداہ لَچھِم
Ten million	[kɔroːr]or[karoːr] کۄرورorکَرور	[kɔroːrjum]or[karoːrjum] کۄروریُٛمorکَروریُٛم [kɔroːrim]or[karoːrim] کۄرورِمorکَرورِم
Billion	[arab] اَرَب	[arabjum]or[arabim] اَرَبیُٛمorاَرَبِم
Hundred billion	[kʰarab] کھَرَب	[kʰarabjum]or[kʰarabim] کھَرَبیُٛمorکھَرَبِم

The ordinal number "1st" which is[ǝkʲum]أکیُٛمfor its masculine gender and[ǝkim]أکِمfor its feminine gender is also known as[ɡɔɖnʲuk]گۄڈنیُٛکand[ɡɔɖnit͡ʃ]گۄڈنِچrespectively.

Vocabulary

Kashmiri is anIndo-Aryan languageand was heavily influenced bySanskrit,especially early on.After the arrival ofIslamic administrative rule in India,Kashmiri acquired manyPersianloanwords.In modern times, Kashmiri vocabulary has imported words from English,HindustaniandPunjabi.

Preservation of old Indo-Aryan vocabulary

Kashmiri retains several features ofOld Indo-Aryanthat have been lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi.Some vocabulary features that Kashmiri preserves clearly date from theVedic Sanskritera and had already been lost even in Classical Sanskrit. This includes the word-formyodvai(meaningif), which is mainly found in Vedic Sanskrit texts. Classical Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan use the wordyadiinstead.

First person pronoun

Both the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches of the Indo-Iranian family have demonstrated a strong tendency to eliminate the distinctive first person pronoun ( "I" ) used in the nominative (subject) case. TheIndo-European rootfor this is reconstructed as *eǵHom, which is preserved in Sanskrit asahamand in Avestan Persian asazam.This contrasts with them-form ( "me", "my" ) that is used for the accusative, genitive, dative, ablative cases. Sanskrit and Avestan both used forms such asma(-m).However, in languages such as Modern Persian, Baluchi, Hindi and Punjabi, the distinct nominative form has been entirely lost and replaced withm-in words such asma-nandmai.However, Kashmiri belongs to a relatively small set that preserves the distinction. 'I' isba/bi/boin various Kashmiri dialects, distinct from the othermeterms. 'Mine' ismyonin Kashmiri. Other Indo-Aryan languages that preserve this feature includeDogri(aunvsme-),Gujarati(hu-nvsma-ri),Konkani(hā̃vvsmhazo), andBraj(hau-Mvsmai-M). The IranianPashtopreserves it too (zavs.maa), as well asNuristani languages,such asAskunu(âivsiũ).

Variations

There are very minor differences between the Kashmiri spoken by Hindus and Muslims.For 'fire', a traditional Hindu uses the wordاۆگُن[oɡun]while a Muslim more often uses the Arabic wordنار[naːr].

Sample text

Perso-Arabic script

Art. 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights:

سٲری اِنسان چھِ آزاد زامٕتؠ۔ وؠقار تہٕ حۆقوٗق چھِ ہِوی۔ تِمَن چھُ سوچ سَمَج عَطا کَرنہٕ آمُت تہٕ تِمَن پَزِ بٲے بَرادٔری ہٕنٛدِس جَذباتَس تَحَت اَکھ أکِس اَکار بَکار یُن ۔

[səːriːinsaːnt͡ʃʰiaːzaːdzaːmɨtʲ.wʲakaːrtɨhokuːkt͡ʃʰihiwiː.timant͡ʃʰusoːt͡ʃsamad͡ʒataːkarnɨaːmuttɨtimanpazibəːjbaraːdəriːhɨndisd͡ʒazbaːtastahatakʰəkisakaːrbakaːrjun]

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Sharada script

Verses byLalleshwari:

𑆏𑆩𑆶𑆅 𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪 𑆃𑆗𑆶𑆫 𑆥𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆱𑆶𑆪𑆲𑆳 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆫𑆾𑆛𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆮𑆶𑆤𑇀𑆢𑆱𑇀 𑆩𑆁𑆘 𑆱𑆶𑆅 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆑𑆤𑆴 𑆥𑇀𑆪𑆜 𑆓𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆠 𑆖𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆃𑆱𑆱𑇀 𑆱𑆳𑆱 𑆠 𑆱𑆥𑆤𑇀𑆪𑆱 𑆱𑆾𑆤𑇆

[oːmujakujat͡ʃʰurporum,sujmaːliroʈumwɔndasmanz,sujmaːlikanipʲaʈʰgorumtɨt͡sorum,əːsɨssaːstɨsapnissɔn.]

"I kept reciting the unique divine word" Om "and kept it safe in my heart through my resolute dedication and love. I was simply ash and by its divine grace got metamorphosed into gold."

𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪 𑆏𑆀𑆑𑆳𑆫 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆤𑆳𑆨𑆴 𑆣𑆫𑆼 𑆑𑆶𑆩𑇀𑆮𑆪 𑆧𑇀𑆫𑆲𑇀𑆩𑆳𑆟𑇀𑆝𑆱 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆓𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆒 𑆩𑆶𑆪 𑆩𑆁𑆠𑇀𑆫 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆖𑇀𑆪𑆠𑆱 𑆑𑆫𑆼 𑆠𑆱 𑆱𑆳𑆱 𑆩𑆁𑆠𑇀𑆫 𑆑𑇀𑆪𑆳 𑆑𑆫𑆼𑇆

[akujomkaːrjusnaːbidareː,kumbeːbrahmaːnɖassumgareː,akʰsujmantʰɨrt͡sʲataskareː,tassaːsmantʰɨrkjaːkareː.]

One who recites the divine word "Omkār" by devotion is capable to build a bridge between his own and the cosmic consciousness. By staying committed to this sacred word, one doesn't require any other mantra out of thousands others.

See also

• Kashmir Valley
• Kashmiri Wikipedia
• List of Kashmiri poets
• List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”
• Shina language
• States of India by Kashmiri speakers

Bibliography

• Chopra, R. M (2013). "Indo-Persian Literature in Kashmir".The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Iran Culture House.OCLC909254259.
• Grierson, George Abraham (1911)."Indo-Aryan Languages".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 487–490.
• Koul, Omkar N; Wali, Kashi (2006).Modern Kashmiri Grammar(PDF).Springfield: Dunwoody Press.ISBN1-931546-07-X.
• Wade, TR (1888).A Grammar of the Kashmiri Language.SPCK.

External links

• Bhat, Roop Krishen (1982).Kashir Kitab level 1: (state level school reader in Kashmiri for non-Kashmiri speaking students).Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Bhat, Roop Krishen (1988).Urdu Kashmiri Reader.JK Press.
• Ganjoo, Triloki Nath (1979).Kạ̄shur-Hindi Reader.Kạ̄shur Department, University of Kashmir.
• Grierson, George Abraham (1932).A dictionary of the Kashmiri language.Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.
• Handoo, Jawaharlal; Handoo, Lalita (1975).Hindi-Kashmiri Common Words.Central Institute of Indian languages.
• Handoo, Jawaharlal (1973).Kashmiri Phonetic Reader.Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Hassan, Sheeba."A pronouncing dictionary of Kashmiri language".Digital Dictionaries of South Asia.
• Hindi-Kashmiri Conversational Guide.Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India. 1990.
• Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary.Vol. 1. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988.
• Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary.Vol. 2. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988.
• Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary.Vol. 3. Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). 1988.
• Hinton, James Knowles (1885).A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs & Sayings: Explained and Illustrated From the Rich and Interesting Folklore of the Valley.Bombay: Education Society's Press.
• Hook, Peter E.1976. Is Kashmiri an SVO language? Indian Linguistics 37: 133–142.
• "Indo Wordnet: A wordnet of Indian languages".
• Kamil, Amin (1966).Achar Zan.Walidarul Kitabat.
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class1
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 2
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 3
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 6
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 8
• Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 10
• Koshur:An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
• Koul, Ashok K (2008).Lexical Borrowings in Kashmiri.Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.ISBN9788186323298.
• Koul, Omkar Nath (1985).An Intensive Course in Kashmiri.Central Institute of Indian Languages.ISBN9780781801768.
• Koul, Omkar Nath (1995).An intermediate course in Kashmiri Language.Central Institute of Indian Languages.ISBN8173420270.
• Koul, Omkar Nath (1992).A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs(PDF).Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.ISBN9788186323212.
• Koul, Omkar Nath (2000).kəːʃir dəpitʲ dikʃənəriː (A dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs).Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Koul, Omkar Nath; Talashi, Rattan Lal (1999).Punjabi Kashmiri Kosh.Bhasha Vibhag Punjab.
• Koul, Omkar Nath; Kumari, B Syamala (1996).Nursery Rhymes in Kashmiri.Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Koul, Omkar N; Bhat, Roop Krishen; Betab, Brij Nath (2010).English – Kashmiri Administrative Terminology.New Delhi: Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology.
• Koul, Omkar N; Raina, S.N.; Bhat, Roop Krishen (2000).Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners.Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Library and Information Science Glossary (English-Hindi-Kashmiri).Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. 2018.
• "Neab", Kashmiri Language Literary Magazine
• Raina, Soom Nath (2011).An advance course in Kashmiri.Central institute of Indian languages.
• "Sangarmal", Kashmiri Language Newspaper
• Shauq, Shafi (2017).Kaesher Lugaat (A dictionary of the Kashmiri Language).Srinagar: Ali Mohammad and Sons.
• "Soan Meeraas", Kashmiri Language Newspaper
• Subbiah, Pon (2000).Tests of Language Proficiency: Kashmiri.Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Tickoo, Jawahir Lal (2006).Kashmiri-English Dictionary.Indian Institute of Language Studies.
• Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980).Kashir Dikshanri.Vol. 1. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
• Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980).Kashir Dikshanri.Vol. 2. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
• Toshakhani, S. K.; Kaul, J. Lal; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiuddin, Akhtar (1968–1980).Kashir Dikshanri.Vol. 3. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
• Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980).Kashir Dikshanri.Vol. 4. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
• Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980).Kashir Dikshanri.Vol. 5. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
• Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan; Gowhar, Ghulam Nabi (1968–1980).Kashir Dikshanri.Vol. 6. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
• Toshakhani, S. K.; Hajni, Mohiuddin; Pushp, P. N.; Beg Arif, Mirza Ghulam Hassan (1968–1980).Kashir Dikshanri.Vol. 7. Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
• the word koshur(𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀) written on New Testament in Kashmiri, (manuscript)