Kaytha
Kaytha
Kayatha | |
|---|---|
village | |
  Kaytha | |
| Coordinates:23°14′13″N76°01′08″E/ 23.237°N 76.0189°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Ujjain |
| Tehsil | Tarana |
| Elevation | 495 m (1,624 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 8,040 |
| Language | |
| • Official | Hindi[1] |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30(IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | MP-IN |
| Censuscode | 471803 |
KaythaorKayathais a village and an archaeological site in theUjjain districtofMadhya Pradesh,India,in theTaranatehsil,near the city of Ujjain, on the banks of Choti-Kali Sindh river.
In 1964,V. S. Wakankardiscovered the archeologically importantKayatha culturehere, dating back to more than 4000 years.[2][3][4]
Archaeology[edit]
SeveralChalcolithicsites, with four occupational phases,[5]have been discovered in theMalwaregion of central India. The site at Kayatha, situated on the right bank of the Choti Kali Sindh river (a tributary ofChambal river), is thetype siteof this culture, known as "Kayatha culture".[6]
Excavations conducted byV. S. Wakankar(1965–66), and byM. K. Dhavalikarand Z. D. Ansari (1968) revealed layers from five different periods:[6]
- Period I: Kayatha culture
- Period II:Ahar culture
- Period III:Malwa culture
- Period IV: Early historical culture
- Period V: Sunga-Kushan-Gupta culture
Of these, period I to III areChalcolithic.There are four C-14 dated from period I and three from period III giving a range from 2000 BC to 1200 BC to the Chalcolithic culture at Kayatha.[3][7]
The Kayatha culture represents the earliest known agriculture settlement in the present-day Malwa region. It also featured advanced copper metallurgy and stone blade industry. Usingcalibratedradiocarbon, Dhavalikar dated this culture to a period spanning from 2400 BCE to 2000 BCE. However, calibrated dates byGregory Possehlplace it between 2200 BCE and 2000 BCE.[8]
Excavation at Kayatha in 1964-65, revealed the Kayatha culture dates much earlier than the Malwa culture.[9] An interesting aspect is that the earliest occupants used triangular terracota cake-like objects, stone weights, buff ware etc.[10]Depictions of bull, deer, panther and elephants have been discovered later.[3]Interestingly, a clay figure of horse has also been discovered.[2]Also of archeological and anthropological significance is the parallel between the bull forms from Kayatha and south European sites.[3]Though not much is known about the religious practices of the Kayatha culture but it is suggested that they must have been in contact withOCPpeople in North and theHarappans.[11]
Demographics[edit]
According to the 2011census of India,Kaytha has a population of 8040, including 4143 males and 3897 females. The sex ratio of the village is 955. The effective literacy rate (excluding children below 6) is 70.5%.[12]
References[edit]
- ^"52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA"(PDF).nclm.nic.in.Ministry of Minority Affairs.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 May 2017.Retrieved25 August2019.
- ^abMohinder Singh Randhawa (1980).A History of Agriculture in India: Beginning to 12th century.Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
- ^abcdMK Dhawalikar; ZD Ansari (1975).Excavations at Kayatha.Pune: Lokasangraha Press.
- ^RK Sharma; OP Misra (2003).Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.New Delhi: Mittal Publication.
- ^K Roy (2009).Historical Dictionary of Ancient India.Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.ISBN0-8108-5366-3.
- ^abRanjit Pratap Singh (2008). Vinod Chandra Srivastava (ed.).History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D.Concept. p. 310.ISBN9788180695216.
- ^BP Sahu (1988).From Hunters to Breeders: Faunal Background of Early India.Anamika Prakashan.ISBN81-85150-06-0.
- ^P. K. Basant (2012).The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa.Primus. pp. 78–81.ISBN9789380607153.
- ^RA Sharma (1991).Technology and Material Life of Central India: From Chalcolithic Period to Mauryan Period.Agam Kala Prakashan.
- ^Archaeological Survey of India (1993).Indian Archaeology.Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India.
- ^VS Wakankar & KK Chakravarty (1989).Dangawada Excavations.Commissioner, Archaeology and Museums, Madhya Pradesh.
- ^"District Census Handbook: Ujjain"(PDF).Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh.Retrieved24 November2015.