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Khalwati order

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TheKhalwati order(also known asKhalwatiyya,Khalwatiya,orHalveti,as it is known in Turkey) is anIslamicSufibrotherhood (tariqa). Along with theNaqshbandi,Qadiri,andShadhiliorders, it is among the most famous Sufi orders. The order takes its name from the Arabic wordkhalwa,meaning “method of withdrawal or isolation from the world for mystical purposes.”[1]

The order was founded byUmar al-Khalwatiin the city ofHeratin medievalKhorasan(now located in westernAfghanistan). However, it was Umar'sdisciple,Yahya Shirvani,who founded the “Khalwati Way.”[2]Yahya Shirvani wrote Wird al-Sattar, a devotional text read by the members of nearly all the branches of Khalwatiyya.[3]

The Khalwati order is known for its strict ritual training of itsdervishesand its emphasis of individualism.[3]Particularly, the order promoted individual asceticism (zuhd) and retreat (khalwa), differentiating themselves from other orders at the time.[3]The order is associated as one of the source schools of many other Sufi orders.

History[edit]

14th to 17th centuries[edit]

There were two major historical movements of the Khalwati order. The first one started in the late 14th century and ended in the 17th century. The first historical movement marks its origins and spread in vast area, now being part of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.[1]The second movement began in the late 15th century to the mid-19th century mostly focused in Egypt, considered the reform period of the Khalwati order.[2]The order lost popularity in 1865, but many of its leaders branched off to form different orders to expand Islam throughout Africa.[4]The order resided mostly in large urban areas.[1]

Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Umar al-Khalwati, the establishment of the Khalwati order, and Sayyeed Yahya Shirvani[edit]

Main article:Seyid Yahya Bakuvi

The origins of the Khalwati order are obscure but according to a Khalwati shaykh named Osman Shehu (born 1970 died 2017, was the leader of the Khalwati Karabas order in Junik, Kosovo) Al-Hasan Al-Basri was the founder of the Khalwati order. Many parts are against this fact due to the intern conflicts that exist in the tariqa on who is the founding fathers. Shaykh Osman continued and added that Khalwa or seclusion is a practice that Al-Hasan Al-Basri mainly lived by and is the fundamental practice in the Khalwati order.[citation needed]Al-Hasan Al-Basri is known as pir of the pirs which by all the 12 tariqa orders have their silsilas from. He also added that Umar al-Khalwati is a shaykh that died in seclusion after being in it for 40 days. He continued to point out that all the other orders have their silsila from Khalwati. Because in order to achieve self-fulfilment a murid or dervish need to practice Khalwa. Then we have the others that attribute Umar al-Khalwati as its founder, or the "firstpir".[4]However, Umar- Khalwati was considered a mysterious man who did very little to spread the order.Shaykh Yahya Shirvaniwas considered "the second pir" that was responsible for the spread of the Khalwati order.[4]Yahya Shirvani lived during a time of great political instability in the wake of the Mongol invasion. After the Mongol invasions, Turkish nomads began to gather into urban centers of theIslamic world.All these cities had Sufishaykhsperforming miracles for the nomads. Thus, these Turkish nomads were easily converted to mystical Islam when the Sufishaykhspromised them union with Allah.[4]Yahya Shirvani enteredBakuat this time of religious fervor and political instability, and he was able to start a movement. Yahya Shirvani was able to gather ten thousand people to his movement. Yahya had many popular, charismatic disciples to spread the order, including Pir Ilyas.[1]

The period of the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid II and Sheikh Chelebi Khalifa[edit]

The time of greatest popularity for Khalwati order was during the thirty-year reign of “SufiBayazid II”(1481–1511) inOttomanTurkey.[1]During this time, the sultan practiced Sufi rituals, which, without a doubt, brought in many people to the order who wanted to advance their political career. This is the time period where members of the upper class, Ottoman military, and higher ranks of civil services were all involved with the Khalwati order. The Sufi sheikh, Chelebi Khalifa, moved the headquarters of the Khalwati order fromAmasyatoIstanbul.[1]Here, they rebuilt a former church into atekke,or Sufi lodge. The tekke became known as theKoca Mustafa Pasha Mosque.[1]These buildings spread throughout the region as Khalwati's popularity grew. The order spread from its origins in the Middle East to theBalkans(especially in southern Greece,KosovoandNorth Macedonia,to Egypt,Sudanand almost all corners of theOttoman Empire.

The period of Sunbul Efendi[edit]

After Chelebi Khalifa's death, the power was passed to his son-in-law,Sunbul Efendi.He was considered a very spiritual man that saved theKoca Mustafa Pasha Mosque.[1]According to the miraculous account, the new sultanSelim I,was suspicious of the Khalwati order and wanted to destroy itstekke.Selim Isent workers to tear down thetekke,but an angry Sunbul Efendi turned them away. Hearing this, Selim I went down there himself only to see hundreds of silentdervishesgathered around Shaykh Sunbul dressed with hiskhirqa.Selim was astonished by Sunbul's spiritual power and canceled the plans to destroy thetekke.[1]

The attacks from theulama,the orthodox religious class, were more serious in the long run. Their hostility were on many Sufi orders, not just the Khalwatiya. Their criticism was a political concern, which suggested that they Khalwatis were disloyal to the Ottoman state, and a doctrinal concern, that the Sufis were thought by the ulama to be too close to folk Islam and too far from theshari'a.The ulama also held a cultural hostility towards them, which made the ulama intolerant of the Sufis.[4]

Further information:Sunbul Efendi

The periods of the Wali Sha`ban-i Kastamoni and `Omer el-Fu'ad-i, and the Kadizadeli movement[edit]

The order began to transform itself over the course of the 16th and 17th centuries as it became more embedded inOttomansocial and religious life. A good example of this is the branch of the order founded bySha`ban-i Veli(d. 1569) inKastamonu.Whereas Sha`ban was a retiring ascetic who kept a low profile in the 16th century, by the 17th century his spiritual follower `Omer el-Fu'adi (d. 1636) wrote multiple books and treatises that sought to cement the order's doctrines and practices, in addition to combatting a growing anti-Sufi feeling that later took shape in the form of the Kadizadeli movement.[5]Also during this period, the order sought to reassert itsSunniidentity, by disassociating itself with theShi’ienemy. With the reign ofSulaymanthe Magnificent andSelim IIthe order entered a revival. They had links with many high-ranking officials in the Ottoman administration and received substantial donations in cash and property, which helped to recruit more members.[6]

The influences of Niyazi al-Misri[edit]

By this time, members of the Khalwati order broke ties with the common people, who they previously aligned themselves so closely. They attempted to rid the order of folk Islam to a more orthodox order.[1]The Khalwati was very conscious of their public image and wanted the order to become more of an exclusive membership for the upper class. From here, the Khalwati order broke off into many suborders. In 1650s rose one of the most famous Anatolian Khalwati shaykhs,Niyazi al-Misri.Niyazi was famous for his poetry, his spiritual powers, and public opposition to the government.[1]He was a leader that represented the old Khalwati order, one for the masses.[1]Niyazi gave the common people and their spiritual aspirations a voice again in the Khalwati order. Niyazi's poetry demonstrates some of the Khalwati's aspects of retreat. He writes in one of his poems:

"I thought that in the world no friend was left for me--
I left myself, and lo, no fiend was left for me "[7]

18th and 19th centuries: Khalwati reform[edit]

Most scholars believe that the Khalwati went through a revival during the 18th century when Mustafa ibn Kamal ad-Din al-Bakri (1688-1748)[8]was in charge. Al-Bakri was considered a great shaykh who wrote many books, invented Sufi techniques, and was very charismatic.[1]He travelled throughout Jerusalem, Aleppo, Istanbul, Baghdad, and Basra. Before he died he wrote 220 books, mostly aboutadab.[2]It is said that he saw the prophet nineteen times andal-Khidrthree times. In many cities, people would mob al-Bakri to receive his blessing.[1]After al-Bakri died, Khalwati dome scholars believe that al-Bakri set “a great Sufi renaissance in motion.”[1]He was considered the reformer who renewed the Khalwati order in the Egypt. The Khalwati order still remains strong inEgyptwhere the Sufi orders do receive a degree of support from the government. The Khalwati order also remains strong in theSudan.

However, not all scholars agree with al-Bakri's influence. Frederick de Jong argues in his collected studies that al Bakri's influence was limited. He argues that many scholars speak of his influence, but without much detail about what he actually did.[9]Jong argues that al-Bakri's influence was limited to adding a prayer litany to the Khalwati rituals.[2]He made his disciples read this litany before sunrise and called it the Wird al-sahar. Al-Bakri wrote this prayer litany himself and thought it necessary to add it to the practices of the Khalwati order. Jong argues al-Bakri should not be attributed with the revival of the Sufi order for his limited effect.[2]

19th-century political influence[edit]

Members of the Khwalti order were involved in political movements by playing a huge role in theUrabi insurrectionin Egypt. The order helped others oppose British occupation in Egypt. The Khalwati groups in Upper Egypt protested British occupation due to high taxes and unpaid labor, which, in addition to drought, made living very hard in the 1870s.[2]Their protests blended with the large stream nationalist protests that lead up to the Urabi insurrection. It can be said that the Khalwati's fight to improve living conditions eventually lead to the larger nationalist protests.[2]

Further information:Urabi Revolt

20th century to modern day[edit]

The situation varies from region to region. In 1945, the government inAlbaniarecognized the principaltariqasas independent religious communities, but this came to an end after the Albanian Cultural Revolution in 1967. In 1939 there were twenty-five Khalwatiyya tekkes inAlbania,MacedoniaandKosovo.In 1925 the orders were abolished in Turkey and all tekkes and zawiyas were closed and their possessions confiscated by the government, and there is no data available on the status of the Khalwatiyya. In Egypt there are still many active branches of the Khalwatiyya.[10]

Modernity has affected the orders to have quite different forms in different environments. They vary depending on the locality, personality of the shaykh and the needs of the community. There may also be different prayer practices, patterns of association, and the nature of relations linking the disciples to the shaykh and to each other.[11]

Khalwati tekkes[edit]

The Khalwati order had many tekkes inIstanbul,the most famous being theJerrahi,Ussaki,Sunbuli,Ramazani andNasuhi.Although the Sufi orders are now abolished in theRepublic of Turkey,the above are almost all now mosques and/or places of visitation byMuslimsfor prayer.

Active branches in the Ottoman era[edit]

  • Pîr İlyas Amâsî branch
  • Seyyid Yâhyâ-yı Şirvânîbranch
    • Molla Hâbib Karamanî sub-branch
    • Cemâli’îyye sub-branch(Followers of Çelebi Hâlife Cemâl-i Halvetî)
      • Sünbül’îyye
      • Assâl’îyye
      • Bahş’îyye
      • Şâbân’îyye
        • Karabaş’îyye
          • Bekr’îyye
            • Kemal’îyye
            • Hufn’îyye
              • Tecân’îyye
              • Dırdîr’îyye
              • Sâv’îyye
            • Semmân’îyye
              • Feyz’îyye
          • Nasûh’îyye
            • Çerkeş’îyye
              • İbrahim’îyye/Kuşadav’îyye
            • Halîl’îyye
    • Ahmed’îyye sub-branch(Followers of Yiğitbaşı Ahmed Şemseddîn bin Îsâ Marmarâvî)
      • Ramazan’îyye
      • Cihângir’îyye
      • Sinan’îyye
      • Muslih’îyye
      • Zeherr’îyye
      • Hayât’îyye
      • Uşşâk’îyye
        • Câhid’îyye
        • Selâh’îyye
      • Niyâz’îyye/Mısr’îyye
      • Beyûm’îyye
    • Rûşen’îyye sub-branch(Followers of Dede Ömer-i Rûşenî)
    • Şems’îyye sub-branch(Followers of Şemseddîn Ahmed Sivâsî)

Khalwati practices[edit]

The hallmark of the Khalwatiyyatariqa,way, and its numerous subdivisions is its periodic retreat (khalwa) that is required of every novice.[12]These can last between three days to forty days. The khalwa for some offshoots of the Khalwatiyya is essential in preparing the pupil,murid.The collectivedhikrfollows similar rules throughout the different branches of the Khalwatiyya order.[13]The practice of dhikr is described as repetitive prayer. The practitioner is to be repeating Allah's name and remembering Allah. The dervish is to be attentive to Allah in their repetitive prayer.[14]They are to be completely focused on Allah, so much so that an early Sufi master says "True dhikr is that you forget your dhikr."[15]Another practice that distinguishes the Khalwatiyya from other tariqas is that for them it is through participation in the communal rites and rituals that one reaches a more advanced stage of awareness, one that the theorists of the order described as a face-to-face encounter with Allah.[16]

Khalwati sub-orders[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abcdefghijklmnoKeddie, Nikki R. (1972).Scholars, Saints, and Sufis.Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 401.
  2. ^abcdefgDe Jong, Frederick (2000).Sufi Orders in Ottoman and Post- Ottoman Egypt and the Middle East.Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 274.ISBN975-428-178-5.
  3. ^abcTrimingham, J. Spencer (1998).The Sufi Orders in Islam.New York: Oxford University Press. p. 333.ISBN0-19-512058-2.
  4. ^abcdeB. G. (1972). "A Short History of the Khalwati Order of Dervishes". In Nikki R. Keddie (ed.).Scholars, Saints, and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East Since 1500.University of California Press. pp. 275–306.ISBN978-0-520-02027-6.
  5. ^John J. Curry,The Transformation of Muslim Mystical Thought in the Ottoman Empire: The Rise of the Halveti Order, 1350-1650,ISBN978-0-7486-3923-6.
  6. ^Knysh, Alexander (2000).Islamic Mysticism: A Short History.Leiden: Brill. pp. 265–266.ISBN90-04-10717-7.
  7. ^Schimmel, Annemarie (1975).Mystical Dimensions of Islam.Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press.ISBN978-0-8078-1223-5.
  8. ^http:// academy.ac.il/data/egeret/70/EgeretArticles/weigert%20article%201.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  9. ^Frederick De Jong(1987).Nehemiah Levtzion;John O. Voll (eds.).Eighteenth-Century Renewal and Reform in Islam.Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. pp. 117–132.ISBN0-8156-2402-6.
  10. ^Knysh, Alexander (2000).Islamic Mysticism: A Short History.Leiden: Brill. pp. 270–271.ISBN90-04-10717-7.
  11. ^Julia Day Howell and Martin van Bruinessen(2007). Martin van Bruinessen and Julia Day Howell (ed.).Sufism and the 'Modern' in Islam.New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. pp.12–13.ISBN978-1-85043-854-0.
  12. ^Knysh, Alexander (2000).Islamic Mysticism: A Short History.Leiden: Brill. p. 268.ISBN90-04-10717-7.
  13. ^Knysh, Alexander (2000).Islamic Mysticism: A Short History.Leiden: Brill. p. 269.ISBN90-04-10717-7.
  14. ^Geels, Antoon (1996). "A Note on the Psychology of Dhikr: The Halveti-Jerrahi Order of Dervishes in Istanbul".The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion.6(4): 229–251.doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0604_1.
  15. ^Schimmel, Annemarie (1975).Mystical Dimensions of Islam.Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p.172.ISBN0-8078-1271-4.
  16. ^Knysh, Alexander (2000).Islamic Mysticism: A Short History.Leiden: Brill. p. 270.ISBN90-04-10717-7.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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