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Kiki Camarena

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In thisSpanish name,the first or paternalsurnameisCamarenaand the second or maternal family name isSalazar.
Enrique Camarena
upright=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_Camarena
Born
Enrique Camarena Salazar

July 26, 1947
Mexicali,Baja California, Mexico
DiedFebruary 9, 1985(1985-02-09)(aged 37)
Guadalajara,Jalisco, Mexico
Other namesKiki[a]
EducationCalexico High School
SpouseMika Camarena
Police career
Department
Service years1970–1985
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Service/ branchUnited States Marine Corps
Years of service1965–1970
RankLance corporal

Enrique"Kiki"Camarena Salazar(July 26, 1947 – February 9, 1985) was a Mexican-American intelligence officer for theDrug Enforcement Administration(DEA). In February 1985, Camarena was kidnapped by corrupt police officers hired by theGuadalajara Cartel.He was interrogated under torture and murdered. Three leaders of the cartel were eventually convicted in Mexico for Camarena's murder. The U.S. investigation into Camarena's murder led to ten more trials in Los Angeles for other Mexican nationals involved in the crime. The case continues to troubleU.S.–Mexican relations,most recently whenRafael Caro Quintero,one of the three convicted traffickers, was released from a Mexican prison in 2013. Caro Quintero again was captured by Mexican forces in July 2022.

Several journalists, historians, former DEA and CIA agents, and Mexican police officers have written that the USCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA) was complicit in Camarena's murder, because Camarena discovered CIA involvement in drug trafficking operations in Mexico, which were used to fund theContrasin Nicaragua.[3]The CIA has denied the allegations.[4][5]

Early life and career

[edit]

Enrique Camarena was born on July 26, 1947, in the border city ofMexicali, Mexico.The family—three brothers and three sisters—immigrated toCalexico, Californiawhen Camarena was a child.[6]Camarena's parents divorced when he was young and the family endured considerable poverty after their move.[6]His oldest brother PFC Eduardo Camarena-Salazar died of malaria while serving with the U.S. Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade in Vietnam in September 1965.[7]His other brother Ernesto had a troubled police record, including drug problems.[8]Despite the family's difficulties, Camarena graduated fromCalexico High Schoolin 1966.[9]

After graduating from high school, Camarena joined the Marines. Following his discharge in 1970, he returned to Calexico and joined the police department.[8]From regular police work, he moved on to undercover narcotics work as a Special Agent on the Imperial County Narcotic Task Force (ICNTF).

After theDrug Enforcement Administration(DEA) was established in 1973, it quickly instituted a hiring program for Spanish-speaking agents. Both Camarena and his sister Myrna joined the agency in 1973, Myrna as a secretary and Enrique as a special agent in the DEA's Calexico resident office.[10]

In 1977, Camarena transferred to the agency's field office inFresno,where he worked undercover on smuggling activities in theSan Joaquin Valley.AuthorElaine Shannondescribes Camarena as "a natural in the theater of the street", able to "slip effortlessly into a Puerto Rican accent or toss off Mexican gutter slang—whatever the role demanded."[11]Colleagues described him as driven, even by the standards of job-focused DEA agents.[11]

In 1980, a colleague and close friend who had moved from Fresno to the DEA resident office in Guadalajara suggested that Camarena also apply for an assignment at the office, where a position was open.[11]Foreign assignments were important for job advancement in the DEA and the Guadalajara office was seeing a surge in work, foreshadowing the explosion in drug trafficking of the 1980s.[11]By this time, Camarena was married and had three sons.[12]Guadalajara's spring-like weather and the city's American school and favorable exchange rate convinced Camarena and his family that the move would be good for the family as well.[11]

Mexican background

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American anti-narcotic efforts in Mexico long predate the Camarena case. Mexican heroin and marijuana production became a concern to U.S. drug enforcement by the 1960s, but the first major American joint actions with the Mexican government did not begin until the 1970s.

Early anti-narcotic efforts in Mexico

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When theFrench heroin connectionwas shut down in the early 1970s, Mexico took its place as an important source of American heroin.[13]Mexican marijuana production boomed in the early 1970s as well,[14]and was later a major component of the Guadalajara cartel's production and trafficking.[15]At this point Mexico was not yet a major transshipment point for cocaine, which is produced primarily in the Andean countries of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.

In response to strong American pressure, and to domestic law enforcement concerns, Mexico began eradication programs of opium and marijuana plantations, with large infusions of U.S. assistance. The first programs were on a smaller scale and used mostly manual eradication, such as "Operation Cooperation" in 1970.[16]As plantation sizes grew, the eradication efforts also grew. In 1975, Mexican presidentLuis Echeverríaapproved Operation Trizo, which used aerial surveillance and spraying of herbicides and defoliants from a fleet of dozens of planes and helicopters.[17]

The spraying programs required extensive American involvement, both for funding and operations. DEA pilots performed important operational roles; in addition to training Mexican pilots, they helped spot fields for spraying and verified that spraying runs had destroyed targeted fields. As part of the program, DEA was allowed to freely fly in Mexican airspace.[17]

These flights produced positive results, reducing acreage planted and eventually a reduction in Mexican heroin quality and quantity.[18]Mexican law enforcement on the ground also had some positive results. Alberto Sicilia Falcon, a major trafficker who was one of the first to transship cocaine through Mexico, was arrested in 1975.[19]Pedro Avilés Pérez,an important Sinaloa trafficker was killed in a shoot-out with Mexican Federal Police in 1978.[20]

DEA personnel abroad

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As part of these efforts, the first American narcotics law enforcement office was opened in Mexico City in the mid-1960s by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, a branch of the Treasury Department.[21]A Guadalajara office was opened in 1969.[21]These and other offices opened by various agencies remained in place as American drug enforcement agencies first proliferated, then finally merged into the DEA. While the offices were opened with Mexican government permission, they later became controversial, particularly during the Camarena case.[22]

DEA agents stationed in Mexico and other countries then and now are subject to a number of restrictions by the host country. They have no law enforcement powers, instead performing intelligence, liaison, and advisory functions, collecting and passing along information on drug trafficking, and advising on local anti-narcotics programs. In Mexico, although there had been an informal agreement with the Mexican federal government that agents could carry personal weapons, it was illegal for foreigners to do so and local officials were free to arrest them for this. DEA agents accredited to the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City had full diplomatic status, but agents in the resident offices did not and could be arrested and imprisoned without any official protections.[23]

American law also restricts DEA activities abroad. As a practical result of host country restrictions, DEA policy prohibits agents from doing undercover work abroad. A law known as the Mansfield amendment, introduced by SenatorMike Mansfieldand passed by Congress in 1975, prohibited DEA personnel to be present at the scene of an arrest outside the U.S. It also banned agents from using force, except where lives were threatened.[24]This later complicated DEA efforts in the investigation of Camarena's death.[25]

Camarena in Guadalajara

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By the time Camarena took up his post in Guadalajara in the summer of 1980, drug trafficking in Mexico was on the rise.[26]There were several reasons for this.

Under Mexican PresidentJosé López Portillo,the aerial spotting and eradication endorsed by President Echeverría were curtailed, and American participation in these activities ended in 1978.[27]This made it easier for producers to build the large plantations discovered later in the 1980s and harder to verify that areas identified had actually been sprayed.

In addition, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, cocaine trafficking, driven mostly by Colombian smugglers, grew rapidly in the United States and became a primary target of DEA, leaving Mexican enforcement a secondary concern.[28]

Finally, during Camarena's4+1⁄2years in Guadalajara, major traffickers arose to take the place of the figures arrested and killed in the 1970s. The best known of these wereMiguel Ángel Félix Gallardo,Ernesto Fonseca CarrilloandRafael Caro Quintero.[29]These three often coordinated their production and operations and formed the core of what came to be called theGuadalajara Cartel.All three were found guilty of having participated in Camarena's kidnap and murder.

Resident agent

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Many of Camarena's investigations involved the major marijuana plantations that sprang up beginning in the early 1980s. Earlier plantations were usually located in remote mountain areas where they were hard to spot and irrigation did not require drilling wells. Yields were relatively low, quality varied, and transportation was expensive.

The new plantations used an improved production technique for marijuana, developed by American cultivators, called "sinsemilla" (seedless). This more powerful, higher-quality product brought much higher prices in North American markets.[30]The plantations were located in remote desert areas, where transportation was much less expensive.

The new plantations faced several problems. Desert production required well drilling for irrigation, and Mexico had strict laws governing well digging, a problem that was eventually solved by massive bribery. It was also easier to spot plantations in the barren deserts; the larger the farm, the easier to spot. With an end to solo American overflights as part of the eradication program, however, money and intimidation allowed farms to grow dramatically without coming to official notice.

Prohibited from solo overflights and undercover work, DEA agents in Mexico concentrated on cultivating informants, an often difficult task, especially as informing became more and more dangerous. Camarena, however, excelled at working with informants; Shannon writes that "Nobody else in the Guadalajara office could match Kiki's charisma with informants. He had a way of convincing a man to screw up his courage and venture where he never dreamed he would go."[31]

Camarena's work with an informant they called "Miguel Sanchez" led to the first discovery of one of the new style plantations in 1982.[32]"Sanchez" became friends with the man running the plantation, who told "Miguel" it was outside the small, isolated town of Vanegas in the state ofSan Luis Potosí,just across the border from the state of Zacatecas.[33]According to "Miguel" 's information, the main financier of the plantation was cartel memberJuan José Esparragoza Moreno.Camarena and "Miguel" finally located the plantation in August 1982. Camarena arranged two surreptitious solo overflights to confirm that it was a major plantation.[34]He then briefed Mexican authorities, who raided the plantation in September. Astonishingly, the plantation was over 200 acres, employing hundreds of growers. The Guadalajara DEA estimated over 4,000 tons of sinsemilla marijuana were destroyed in the raid, making it the largest plantation discovered up to that time.[35]

Abduction and murder

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In 1984, acting on information from the DEA, 450 Mexican soldiers backed by helicopters destroyed a 1,000-hectare (2,500-acre) marijuana plantation in Allende, Chihuahua,[36][37]known as Rancho Búfalo, with an estimated annual production of $8 billion.[38][39]Camarena, who was suspected of being the source of the information, was abducted in broad daylight on February 7, 1985, by corrupt Mexican officials working for the major drug traffickers in Mexico.

Camarena was taken to a residence at 881 Lope de Vega in thecoloniaof Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city of Guadalajara, owned byRafael Caro Quintero,[40]where he was tortured over a 30-hour period and then murdered. His skull was punctured by a piece of rebar, and his ribs were broken.[41]Camarena's body was found wrapped in plastic in a rural area outside the small town of La Angostura in the state of Michoacán on March 5, 1985.[42]

Investigation

[edit]

Camarena's torture and murder prompted a swift reaction from the U.S.Drug Enforcement Administration(DEA) and launched Operation Leyenda (legend), the largest DEA homicide investigation ever undertaken.[39][43]A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, where government officials were implicated—including Manuel Ibarra Herrera, past director of MexicanFederal Judicial Police,andMiguel Aldana Ibarra,the former director ofInterpolin Mexico.[44]

Investigators soon identifiedMiguel Ángel Félix Gallardoand his two close associates,Ernesto Fonseca Carrilloand Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping and that under pressure from the U.S. government, Mexican PresidentMiguel de la Madridquickly apprehended Carrillo and Quintero, but Félix Gallardo still enjoyed political protection.

The United States government pursued a lengthy investigation of Camarena's murder. Due to the difficulty of extraditing Mexican citizens, the DEA went as far as to detainHumberto Álvarez Machaín,the physician who allegedly prolonged Camarena's life so the torture could continue, andJavier Vásquez Velasco;both were taken by bounty hunters to the United States.

Despite vigorous protests from the Mexican government, Álvarez was brought to trial in Los Angeles in 1992. After the government presented its case, the judge ruled that there was insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict and ordered Álvarez's release. Álvarez subsequently initiated acivil suitagainst the U.S. government, charging that his arrest had breached the U.S.–Mexico extradition treaty. The case eventually reached theU.S. Supreme Court,whichruled thatÁlvarez was not entitled to relief.[45]The four other defendants, Vásquez Velasco,Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros,Juan José Bernabé Ramírez, and Rubén Zuno Arce (a brother-in-law of former PresidentLuis Echeverría), were tried and found guilty of Camarena's kidnapping.[46]

Zuno had known ties to corrupt Mexican officials,[47]and Mexican officials were implicated in covering up the murder.[48]Mexican police had destroyed evidence on Camarena's body.[49]

Allegations of CIA involvement

[edit]

A number of former DEA agents, CIA agents, Mexican police officers, and historians contend that the CIA was complicit in Camarena's death.[3]Between 2013 and 2015, the Mexican newspaperProceso,[52]journalist Jesús Esquivel,[53]journalistsCharles Bowdenand Molly Malloy,[54]and historians Russell and Silvia Bartley[55]published investigative reports and books making the same allegation. They wrote that Camarena, like Mexican journalistManuel Buendía,discovered that the CIA helped organize drug trafficking from Mexico into the United States in order to fund the anti-communistContrasin Nicaragua as a part of theCold War.Historian Wil Pansters explained that US victory in the Cold War was more important to the CIA than the DEA's War on Drugs:[56]

"Since the overriding concern of the CIA was the anti-Sandinistaproject, it trumped the DEA's task of combating drug trafficking, and covertly incorporated (or pressured) parts of the Mexican state into subservience. Buendía had found out about the CIA-contra-drugs-DFS connection, which seriously questioned Mexican sovereignty, while Camarena learned that the CIA had infiltrated the DEA and sabotaged its work so as to interfere with the clandestine contra-DFS-traffickers network. They knew too much and were eliminated on the orders of the U.S. with Mexican complicity. Later official investigations attempted to limit criminal responsibility to the dirty connections between drug traffickers, secret agents and corrupt police, leaving out the (geo)political ramifications. "[56]

In 2019 the United States Department of Justice began reinvestigating Camarena's murder,[4]and in 2020Amazon Studiosreleased a documentary,The Last Narc,supporting the allegations.[5]The CIA has said the allegations are untrue.[5]In a blog post, Camarena biographer Elaine Shannon described the allegations as a "Deep State conspiracy theory," and interviewed former DEA agent Jack Lawn, who agreed with her.[57]

The notion of CIA involvement in Camarena's murder has received wide currency in Latin America.[58]

Legacy

[edit]

In November 1988,Timemagazine featured Camarena on the cover.[59]Camarena received numerous awards while with the DEA, and he posthumously received the Administrator's Award of Honor, the highest award given by the organization.[2]In Fresno, the California Narcotic Officers' Association (CNOA) hosts a yearly memorial golf tournament named after him and presents an annual scholarship to graduating high school seniors.[2]A school, a library and a street in his home town of Calexico, California, are named after him.[2]Enrique Camarena Junior High School of theCalexico Unified School Districtopened in 2006.[60]Additionally, Enrique Camarena Elementary School in Mission, Texas of theLa Joya Independent School District,is named after him and had its dedication ceremony in 2006.[61]The nationwide annualRed Ribbon Week,which teaches school children and youths to avoid drug use, was established in his memory.[2]

In 2004, the Enrique S. Camarena Foundation was established in Camarena's memory.[62]Camarena's wife Mika and son Enrique Jr. serve on the all-volunteer board of directors together with former DEA agents, law enforcement personnel, family and friends of the Camarenas, and others who share their commitment to alcohol, tobacco and other drug and violence prevention. As part of its ongoing Drug Awareness program, theBenevolent and Protective Order of Elksawards an annual Enrique Camarena Award at local, state and national levels to a member of law enforcement who carries out anti-drugs work.[63]

In 2004, the Calexico Police Department erected a memorial dedicated to Camarena. The memorial is located in the halls of the department, where Camarena served.

Several books have been written on the subject. Camarena is the subject of the book¿O Plata o Plomo? The abduction and murder of DEA Agent Enrique Camarena(2005) by retired DEA resident agent in charge James H. Kuykendall.[64]Roberto Saviano's non-fiction bookZero Zero Zero(2015) deals in part with Camarena's undercover work and his eventual fate.

Personal life

[edit]

Camarena and his wife Mika had three sons.[65]

Media depictions

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Drug Wars: The Camarena Story(1990) is an American television miniseries about Camarena.

Heroes Under Fire: Righteous Vendetta(2005)[66]is a TV documentary that chronicles the events associated with and features interviews with family members, DEA agents, and others involved in the investigation.

In the dramaNarcos,Camarena's death and its aftermath are recapped in news footage in the first-season episode "The Men of Always". The first season of the spin-off seriesNarcos: Mexicois dedicated to the Camarena story from his arrival to Mexico through his career there and the eventual murder.

Miss Bala(2011) is a Mexican film that portrays a fictionalized version of Camarena's murder.[67]

The Last Narc,[68]released in 2020 on Amazon Prime Video is a miniseries that depicts the kidnapping of Camarena and the events leading to it. On December 21, 2020, retired DEA agent James Kuykendall filed a lawsuit over the show's claims that he was involved in Camarena's murder.[69]Kuykendall filed for voluntary dismissal in May 2022 and the court dismissed the lawsuit with prejudice.[70]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Also spelled Quique or Kiké (Spanish)[1][2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Sifuentes, Hervey."Proclamarán Semana del Listón Rojo en honor a 'Kike' Camarena"ArchivedJune 26, 2020, at theWayback Machine.Zócalo Saltillo.Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  2. ^abcde"Kiki and the History of Red Ribbon Week"ArchivedNovember 4, 2014, at theWayback Machine.Drug Enforcement Administration.Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  3. ^ab[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]
  4. ^abHeath, Brad (2020)."Killed by a cartel. Betrayed by his own? US reexamines murder of federal agent featured in 'Narcos'".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on April 4, 2020.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
  5. ^abcOganesyan, Natalie (December 21, 2020)."Former DEA Agent Accuses Amazon of Portraying Him as Murder Accessory in 'The Last Narc'".Variety.Archivedfrom the original on December 22, 2020.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
  6. ^abReza, H. G. (March 10, 1985)."Slain Agent 'Narc's Narc,' Friend Recalls".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2024.RetrievedNovember 2,2016.
  7. ^"The Coffelt Database of Vietnam casualties".
  8. ^abShannon 1988,p. 5.
  9. ^"Kiki and the History of Red Ribbon Week".dea.gov.Archived fromthe originalon August 11, 2018.RetrievedMay 14,2020.
  10. ^Skorneck, Carolyn (January 7, 1990)."Slain Drug Agent's Family Relives Horror Through TV Miniseries".AP NEWS.Archivedfrom the original on December 1, 2020.RetrievedAugust 24,2020.
  11. ^abcdeShannon 1988,p. 115.
  12. ^Brierley, Kate (May 14, 2020)."Where's Kiki Camarena's Wife Now After Her Husband's Murder?".Distractify.Archivedfrom the original on December 26, 2022.RetrievedDecember 26,2022.... Camarena was also the father of three sons. His boys were 11 (Enrique), 6 (Erik), and 4 (Daniel) at the time of his passing, and Mika was left a widow at the age of 37....
  13. ^Shannon 1988,pp. 54–55.
  14. ^Shannon 1988,pp. 54.
  15. ^Shannon 1988,p. xvii.
  16. ^Shannon 1988,p. 52-53.
  17. ^abShannon 1988,p. 65.
  18. ^Shannon 1988,p. 68-69.
  19. ^Shannon 1988,p. 62.
  20. ^Shannon 1988,p. 72.
  21. ^abKuykendall 2005,p. 205.
  22. ^Williams, Dan (December 22, 1992)."Mexicans Assail U.S. Drug Agents' Presence as Foreign Meddling".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2024.RetrievedAugust 29,2020.
  23. ^Shannon 1988,p. 128.
  24. ^Shannon 1988,p. 500-501.
  25. ^Shannon 1988,p. 263.
  26. ^Kuykendall 2005,p. 26-27.
  27. ^Shannon 1988,pp. 69–70.
  28. ^Shannon 1988,p. 112.
  29. ^"Mexico drugs: How one DEA killing began a brutal war".BBC News.February 7, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 30,2024.
  30. ^Shannon 1988,p. 3.
  31. ^Shannon 1988,p. 2.
  32. ^Kuykendall 2005,p. 145-157.
  33. ^Kuykendall 2005,p. 147.
  34. ^Kuykendall 2005,p. 152.
  35. ^Kuykendall 2005,p. 153-154.
  36. ^"SE CUMPLEN 32 AÑOS DEL HISTÓRICO GOLPE AL NARCOTRAFICO EN BÚFALO".elmonitorparral.Archivedfrom the original on November 29, 2018.RetrievedMarch 7,2019.
  37. ^Juárez, El Diario de."Chihuahua: la huella de Caro Quintero - El Diario".El Diario de Juárez.Archivedfrom the original on August 18, 2013.RetrievedMarch 7,2019.
  38. ^Gorman, Peter."Big-time Smuggler's Blues"ArchivedApril 5, 2012, at theWayback Machine.Cannabis Culture.Thursday June 15, 2006.
  39. ^abBeith, Malcolm (2010).The Last Narco.New York, New York: Grove Press. p.41.ISBN978-0-8021-1952-0.
  40. ^"The death house on Lope de Vega"ArchivedJanuary 8, 2021, at theWayback Machine,MGR - the Mexico Gulf Reporter,2013
  41. ^Seper, J. (May 5, 2010). Brutal DEA agent murder reminder of agency priority.The Washington TimesarchiveArchivedJune 5, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  42. ^Orme Jr., William A. (March 7, 1985)."Body of DEA Agent Is Found in Mexico".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2018.RetrievedDecember 10,2018.
  43. ^"Camarena Investigation Leads to Operation Leyenda"(PDF).A Tradition of Excellence, History:1985–1990.DEA. January 15, 2009. p. 64. Archived fromthe original(PDF 1.73MB)on January 24, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 20,2013.
  44. ^Weinstein, Henry (February 1, 1990)."2 Ex-Officials in Mexico Indicted in Camarena Murder: Narcotics: One-time high-ranking lawmen are alleged to have participated in the 1985 slaying. So far, 19 people have been charged in the drug agent's death".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2018.RetrievedJune 25,2018.
  45. ^Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (2004)
  46. ^"Bodyguard Is Convicted in Case with Links to Drug Agent's Death".The New York Times.August 7, 1990.Archivedfrom the original on March 27, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 10,2017.
  47. ^"Central Figure Is Convicted in '85 Killing of Drug Agent".The New York Times.August 1, 1990.Archivedfrom the original on October 28, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 10,2017.
  48. ^"Thirty Years of America's Drug War".Frontline.Public Broadcasting Service.Archivedfrom the original on September 28, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 20,2013.
  49. ^"Interviews - Jack Lawn - Drug Wars".Frontline.PBS.Archivedfrom the original on November 18, 2000.RetrievedJanuary 20,2013.
  50. ^Russell, Tiller."The Last Narc (Documentary)".The Last Narc (Documentary).Amazon Studios.Archivedfrom the original on August 5, 2020.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
  51. ^Berrellez, Hector (2021).The Last Narc: A Memoir by the DEA's Most Notorious Agent.Renaissance Literary & Talent.ISBN978-1-950369-32-4.
  52. ^abChaparro, Luis; Esquivel, J. Jesus (October 12, 2013)."A Camarena lo ejecutó la CIA, no Caro Quintero".Proceso.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2023.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
  53. ^abEsquivel, J. Jesus Esquivel (2014).La CIA, Camarena y Caro Quintero: la historia secreta.Grijalbo.
  54. ^abBowden, Charles; Molloy, Molly (November 19, 2014)."Blood on the Corn".Medium.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2023.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
  55. ^abBartley, Russell; Bartley, Sylvia (2015).Eclipse of the Assassins.University of Wisconsin Press.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2023.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
  56. ^abcPansters, Will (2017)."Spies, Assassins, and Statesmen in Mexico's Cold War".European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies.103(103): 143–156.doi:10.18352/erlacs.10245.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2024.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
  57. ^Shannon, Elaine."TV Spies: Amazon's Wacky CIA Drug War Conspiracy Flick Draws Qanon Raves".Spy Talk.Elaine Shannon.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2023.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.
  58. ^Fernández, Lafitte (September 27, 2014)."CRIMEN ORDENADO AQUÍ PARTIÓ EL MUNDO DE CÁRTELES DE LA DROGA".Diario 1.Archivedfrom the original on January 27, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 25,2024.
  59. ^"TIME Magazine -- U.S. Edition -- November 7, 1988 Vol. 132 No. 19".Archivedfrom the original on October 28, 2014.RetrievedNovember 23,2018.
  60. ^"About Us".Enrique Camarena Junior High School.Archivedfrom the original on March 6, 2021.RetrievedApril 21,2020.-see PDF about Kiki CamarenaArchivedDecember 16, 2021, at theWayback Machine
  61. ^"Elementary School in Texas Named in Honor of Enrique" Kiki "Camarena".Drug Enforcement Administration. December 18, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on October 28, 2020.RetrievedApril 21,2020.
  62. ^"Enrique S. Camarena Foundation".Camarenafoundation.org. February 7, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon May 30, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 20,2013.
  63. ^"Enrique Camarena Award Criteria Elks Drug Awareness Program"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on March 11, 2012.RetrievedJuly 26,2017.
  64. ^¿O Plata o Plomo? The abduction and murder of DEA Agent Enrique CamarenaArchivedSeptember 28, 2020, at theWayback Machine.silverorlead.
  65. ^Bell, Diane (March 14, 2010)."Diane Bell talks to Geneva Camarena".The San Diego Union-Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 27,2017.
  66. ^Heroes Under Fire: Righteous Vendetta.A&E TV. March 11, 2003. Archived fromthe originalon March 11, 2007.
  67. ^"'Miss Bala': The Mexican Oscar entry now in DVD ".Yahoo.April 4, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on March 7, 2019.RetrievedMarch 7,2019.
  68. ^The Last Narc,archivedfrom the original on November 1, 2020,retrievedAugust 20,2020
  69. ^"Former DEA Agent Accuses Amazon of Portraying Him as Murder Accessory in 'The Last Narc'".December 22, 2020. Archived fromthe originalon December 22, 2020.
  70. ^"James Kuykendall v. Amazon Studios LLC et al".Justia.Mountain View, CA.Archivedfrom the original on October 25, 2023.RetrievedOctober 5,2023.

Further reading

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