King of Ryukyu
| King ofRyūkyū | |
|---|---|
| Lưu Cầu quốc vương | |
 Royal Crest | |
 Crown of the King of Ryūkyū | |
| Details | |
| Style | Your Majesty(Chủ thượng,Vương thượng,Thánh Thượng) Ushū (Ngự chủ) Miomae-ganashi (Mỹ ngự tiền thêm kia chí nmee ganashii,used by royal family) Shūri-ten-ganashi (Đầu thiên thêm kia chí shu-i tin ganashii,used in Okinawa Island) Uchinaa-ganashi (Hướng 縄 thêm kia chí,used in outlying islands) |
| First monarch | Shunten(traditional narrative) |
| Last monarch | Shō Tai |
| Formation | 1187 (traditional date) |
| Abolition | March 17, 1879 |
| Residence | Shuri Castle |
| Pretender(s) | Mamoru Shō |
King of Ryūkyū[1][2](Lưu Cầu quốc vương[3][4][5][6],Ryūkyū koku-ō),also known asKing of Lew Chew,[7]King of Chūzan(Trung sơn vương[8][9],Chūzan-ō),or more officiallyRyūkyū Kingdom's King of Chūzan(Lưu Cầu quốc trung sơn vương[8],Ryūkyū-koku Chūzan-ō),was a title held by several lineages fromOkinawa Islanduntil 1879. It effectively started in 1372 whenSattogreeted a Chinese envoy from the newly establishedMing dynastyalthough his sonBuneiwas the first to be officially recognized as the King ofChūzan.However, the official Okinawan narrative traces the line of succession further back to the legendary rulerShunten,who supposedly ascended to the throne in 1187. Another peculiar feature of the official Okinawan narrative is the notion of the single line of succession, instead of Chinese-style dynastic changes, even though they clearly recognized that several unrelated lineages had taken over the position.
Early forms of the narrative[edit]
The earliest known form of the narrative dates to the reign of KingShō Shinof theSecond Shō dynasty.A stone monument dated 1522 makes reference to "three dynasties of Shunten's, Eiso's and Satto's". His son KingShō Seiexpressed the line of succession in a slightly more elaborate form. TheKatanohana Inscription(1543) reads: "Shō Sei, King of Chūzan of the Great State of Ryūkyū, ascended to the throne as the 21st king since Sonton [Shunten]" ( đại りうきう quốc trung sơn vương thượng thanh ハ, そんとんよりこ の かた 21 đại の ngự くらひをつきめしよわちへ). Similarly, another stone monument dated 1597 states thatShō Neiis the 24th king since Sonton [Shunten] (しやうねいハそんとんよりこ の かた 24 たい の わう の ngự くらゐ...). The numbers of kings mentioned in these monuments agree with those of the official history books compiled much later although it is not clear whether the individual members were fixed at this stage.[10]
Historian Dana Masayuki relates the notion of the line of succession to Buddhist temples whereancestral tabletsof the deceased kings were stored. According to theChūzan Seifu,Manju-ji stored the ancestral tablets of Satto, Bunei, Shishō andShō Hashi,while the tablets ofShō TaikyūandShō Tokuwere atTenkai-ji.Shō En,the founder of the Second Shō dynasty, establishedTennō-jiand designated it as the family mausoleum. It is not certain which temples were dedicated to the missing kings of theFirst Shō dynasty,Shō Chū,Shō Shitatsu,andShō Kinpuku.Nevertheless, each king performed "ancestral" worship for deceased kings from different dynasties in the presence of a Chinese envoy, presumably because they deceived the Chinese into thinking that the throne was normally succeeded from the father to the son.[11]
According to theRyūkyū-koku yuraiki(1713), Ryūfuku-ji in Urasoe, in addition to the above-mentioned temples, served as the royal mausoleum. This temple stored inkstone tablets representing the deceased kings from Shunten to Shō Hashi. According to theChūzan Seifu,Ryūfuku-ji was originally founded by Eiso under the name of Gokuraku-ji and was re-established by Shō En. Dana Masayuki surmises that Gokuraku-ji used to serve not only as the family mausoleum of the Eiso dynasty but as the state mausoleum tracing the royal line back to Shunten. The apparent conflict between Manju-ji and Gokuraku-ji is resolved if Manju-ji is seen as a representation of the state in relation to China while Gokuraku-ji was the manifestation of Okinawa's own narrative.[11]
Shō Shin establishedEnkaku-jiand transferred the function of the family mausoleum from Tennō-ji to Enkaku-ji. Shō Shin founded another temple namedSōgen-jiand decided to use it as thestatemausoleum while the function of Enkaku-ji was clarified as the mausoleum of the Second Shō dynasty. He moved all ancestral tablets, starting from Shunten, to Sōgen-ji and thereby visualized the single line of succession based on Okinawa's own narrative.[11]
Minamoto no Tametomo as the father of Shunten[edit]
Minamoto no Tametomo(1139–1170), the uncle of theKamakura shogunate's founderMinamoto no Yoritomo,has been consistently treated as the father of Shunten since the earliest official history book, theChūzan Seikan(1650). The earliest known association of Tametomo with Ryūkyū can be found in a letter written by a Zen monk in Kyoto namedGesshū Jukei(1470–1533) with a request by Kakuō Chisen, another Zen monk serving to Ryūkyū's Tennō-ji. According to a tale which Gesshū attributed to Kakuō, Tametomo moved to Ryūkyū, used demons as servants, and became the founder of the state, which theMinamoto clanhad ruled since then. The reference to demons may reflect the centuries-old Japanese Buddhist perception of Ryūkyū as the land of man-eating demons, as seen in, for example, theHyōtō Ryūkyū-koku ki(1244). Although at this stage, Tametomo was not explicitly associated with Shunten, the tale apparently circulated in the network of Zen Buddhists connecting Kyoto to Okinawa. A similar tale was recorded in theRyūkyū Shintō-ki(1606) byJōdo-shūmonkTaichū,who visited Ryūkyū from 1603 to 1606. This indicates that by that time, the tale of Tametomo had been known to non-Zen Buddhists. In light of these, the apparent innovation of theChūzan Seikan(1650) was the explicit association of Tametomo with Shunten.[12]
The tale of Tametomo had a profound impact on Ryūkyū's self-perception. In 1691, for example, the king ordered all the male members of the royal family to use the kanjiChō( triều ) as the first of their two-character given names, presumably to indicate an affinity to Minamoto no Tametomo ( nguyên vìTriều).[12]
Association of the foundation myth with the royal line[edit]
Another innovation of theChūzan Seikan(1650) was the association of the foundation myth with the royal line. The foundation myth concerning the goddessAmamikyuitself was recorded in theRyūkyū Shintō-ki(1606). However, theChūzan Seikanwas the first to make reference to theTenson-shi(Thiên Tôn thị),who supposedly descended from the goddess.[11]
Without showing a clear genealogy, the official history books connect the Tenson dynasty remotely to the Eiso dynasty. Eiso's mother dreamed that the sun intruded into her bosom, giving amiraculous birthto Eiso, but Eiso's foster father was said to have descended from the Tenson dynasty. Similarly, Satto was said to have been mothered by aswan maiden.Shō En was believed to have descended from Gihon of the Shunten dynasty (i.e., the second Shō family originated from the Minamoto clan), or some other king. It is not clear why theChūzan Seikandid not provide a special link to the First Shō dynasty.[11]
Official narrative[edit]
Tenson dynasty[edit]
The founder of the Tenson dynasty[13]was a descendant ofAmamikyu(A ma mỹ lâu,the goddess of creation).The 25 generations of the Tenson dynasty ruled the land for 17,802 years, but their names are unknown.
Shunten dynasty[edit]
The Shunten dynasty lasted from AD 1187 to AD 1259.[14] In 1186, the 25th ruler's throne was usurped byRiyū.Minamoto no Tametomo's sonShuntenoverthrew Riyū the next year, becoming the king.
| Name | Kanji | Divine name[15] | Reign | Age at death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shunten | Thuấn thiên | Sonton Tôn đôn |
1187–1237 | 71 |
| Shunbajunki | Thuấn mã thuận hi | Sonomasu này ích or Sonomasumi này ích mỹ |
1238–1248 | 63 |
| Gihon | Nghĩa bổn | Unknown | 1249–1259 | ? |
Eiso dynasty[edit]
The Eiso dynasty lasted from AD 1260 to AD 1349.[13]In 1259,Gihon,who was the last king of the Shunten dynasty, abdicated his throne. Fathered by the sun,Eisosucceeded him. During the reign of Tamagusuku, the state was divided into three polities. The King of Nanzan (Sannan) and theKing of Hokuzan (Sanhoku)came to compete with the King of Chūzan.
| Name | Kanji | Divine name[15] | Reign | Age at death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eiso | Anh tổ eesoo | Wezo-no-tedako Anh tổ nhật tử (eesoo tiidakwa) |
1260–1299 | 70 |
| Taisei | Đại thành teeshii | Unknown | 1300–1308 | 9 or 61 |
| Eiji | Anh từ eeji | Unknown | 1309–1313 | 45 |
| Tamagusuku | Ngọc thành tamagushiku | Unknown | 1314–1336 | 40 |
| Seii | Tây uy see-i | Unknown | 1337–1354 | 21 |
Satto dynasty[edit]
The Satto dynasty lasted from AD 1350 to AD 1405.[13]Satto, the son of a peasant and aswan maiden,replaced Seii as the King of Chūzan. Satto started a tributary relation to the Ming emperor.
| Name | Kanji | Divine name[15] | Reign | Age at death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Satto | Sát độ sattu | Oho-mamono Đại thật vật ufumamun |
1355–1397 | 74 |
| Bunei | Võ ninh bunii | Naga-no-mamono Trung chi thật vật nakanu mamun |
1398–1406 | 50 |
First Shō dynasty[edit]
The First Shō dynasty lasted from AD 1429 to AD 1469.[16]Shō Hashi,the virtual founder of theFirst Shō dynasty,overthrewBuneiin 1406. He installed his father,Shō Shishō,as the nominal King of Chūzan. Shō Hashi annihilated the King of Hokuzan (Sanhoku) in 1416. In 1421, after the death of his father, Shō Hashi became the King of Chūzan. He overthrew the King of Nanzan (Sannan) until 1429, unifying the island. The surname Shō ( thượng ) was given by the Ming emperor.[17]
| Name | Kanji | Divine name[15] | Reign | Age at death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shō Shishō | Thượng tư Thiệu shoo shisoo | Kimishi-mamono Quân chí thật vật ăn kít mamun |
1407–1421 | 67 |
| Shō Hashi | Thượng ba chí shoo hashii | Sejitaka-mamono Thế trị cao thật vật shiijidaka mamun |
1422–1439 | 67 |
| Shō Chū | Thượng trung shoo chuu | Unknown | 1440–1442 | 54 |
| Shō Shitatsu | Thượng tư đạt shoo shitaa | Kimiteda Quân ngày chitiida |
1443–1449 | 41 |
| Shō Kinpuku | Thượng kim phúc shoo chinfuku | Kimishi Quân chí ăn kít |
1450–1453 | 55 |
| Shō Taikyū | Thượng thái lâu shoo teechuu | Nanojiyomoi kia chi chí cùng mậu y nanuji yumui also called Oho-yononushi đại thế chủ ufuyunushi |
1454–1460 | 45 |
| Shō Toku | Thượng đức shoo tuku | Hachiman-no-aji tám cờ chi ấn tư also called Setaka-ō thế cao vương shiitada oo |
1461–1469 | 29 |
Second Shō dynasty[edit]
The Second Shō dynasty lasted from AD 1470 to AD 1879.[16]WhenShō Toku,the last king of theFirst Shō dynasty,died in 1469, courtiers launched acoup d'étatand electedShō Enas king. He became the founder of theSecond Shō dynasty.The kingdom was at its peak during the reign of his son,Shō Shin.In 1609,Satsuma Domainconquered the Ryukyu Kingdom.From then on, Ryūkyū was a vassal state of Satsuma Domain while the king was ordered to keep its tributary relation with China. The kingdom became adomainofJapanin 1872. In 1879,JapanreplacedRyukyu DomainwithOkinawa Prefecture,formally anne xing the islands. KingShō Taiwas dethroned and later given the title ofmarquis.
| Name | Kanji | Divine name[15] | Warabi-naa | Nanui | Reign | Age at death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shō En | Thượng yên shoo in | Kanamaru-aji-sohesuwetsugiwaunise Kim hoàn ấn tư thêm mạt 続 vương nhân tử (kanamaru aji shiishii chiji nii oo |
Umitukugani Tư đức kim |
– | 1470–1476 | 61 |
| Shō Sen'i | Thượng tuyên uy shoo shin-i | Nishi no yononushi Tây chi thế chủ nishi nu yunushi |
? | – | 1477 | 48 |
| Shō Shin | Thượng thật shoo shin | Ogiyakamowi Với nghĩa cũng gia mậu tuệ ujakamui |
Makatotarugani Thật thêm hộ tôn kim makatutarugani |
– | 1477–1526 | 61 |
| Shō Sei | Thượng thanh shoo shii | Tenitsugi-no-ajisohe Thiên 続 chi ấn tư thêm tinchiji nu ajishii |
Manikiyotarugani Thật nhân Nghiêu tôn kim manichutarugani |
– | 1527–1555 | 59 |
| Shō Gen | Thượng nguyên shoo gwan | Tedahajime-ajisohe Ngày thủy ấn tư thêm tiidahajimi ajishii |
Kanichiyo Kim ngàn đại kanichiyu |
– | 1556–1572 | 44 |
| Shō Ei | Thượng vĩnh shoo ii | Wezoniyasuhe-ajisohe anh tổ nhân gia thêm ấn tư thêm eesooniyashii ajishii also called Tedahokori-ō ngày khen vương tiidafukui oo orTedayomutori-ō ngày phong thao vương tiidayumutui oo |
? | – | 1573–1586 | 30 |
| Shō Nei | Thượng ninh shoo nii | Tedagasuhe-ajisohe Ngày hạ mạt ấn tư thêm tiidagashii ajishii |
Umitukugani Tư đức kim |
– | 1587–1620 | 56 |
| Shō Hō | Thượng phong shoo hoo | Tenigiyasuhe-ajisohe Thiên hỉ cũng mạt ấn tư thêm tinjashii ajishii |
Umigurugani Tư Ngũ Lang kim |
Chōshō Triều xương |
1621–1640 | 50 |
| Shō Ken | Thượng hiền shoo chin | – | Umimachigani Tư tùng kim |
? | 1641–1647 | 23 |
| Shō Shitsu | Thượng chất shoo shitsu | – | Umitukugani Tư đức kim |
? | 1648–1668 | 39 |
| Shō Tei | Thượng trinh shoo tii | – | Umigurugani Tư Ngũ Lang kim |
Chōshū Triều chu |
1669–1709 | 64 |
| Shō Eki | Thượng ích shoo ichi | – | Umigurugani Tư Ngũ Lang kim |
? | 1710–1712 | 34 |
| Shō Kei | Thượng kính shoo chii | – | Umitukugani Tư đức kim |
Chōshi Triều mịch |
1713–1751 | 52 |
| Shō Boku | Thượng mục shoo buku | – | Umigurugani Tư Ngũ Lang kim |
Chōkō Triều khang |
1752–1795 | 55 |
| Shō On | Thượng ôn shoo un | – | Umigurugani Tư Ngũ Lang kim |
Chōkoku Triều khắc |
1796–1802 | 18 |
| Shō Sei | Thượng thành | – | Umitukugani Tư đức kim |
– | 1803 | 3 |
| Shō Kō | Thượng hạo shoo koo | – | Umijirugani Tư thứ lương kim |
Chōshō Triều tương |
1804–1828 | 47 |
| Shō Iku | Thượng dục shoo iku | – | Umitukugani Tư đức kim |
Chōken Triều hiện |
1829–1847 | 34 |
| Shō Tai | Thượng thái shoo tee | – | Umijirugani Tư thứ lương kim |
Chōken Triều hiến |
1848–1879 | 58 |
Honored as king posthumously[edit]
| Name | Kanji | Warabi-naa | Nanui | Father of | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shō Shoku | Thượng kê | ? | – | Shō En,Shō Sen'i | posthumously honored as king in 1699 stripped in 1719 |
| Shō I | Thượng ý | Umitarugani Tư quá lang kim |
Chōken Triều hiền |
Shō Nei | posthumously honored as king in 1699 stripped in 1719 |
| Shō Kyū | Thượng lâu | Masanrugani Thật Tam Lang kim |
Chōkō Triều công |
Shō Hō | posthumously honored as king in 1699 stripped in 1719 |
| Shō Jun | Thượng thuần | Umitukugani Tư đức kim |
? | Shō Eki | Crown Prince before being able to succeed to the throne |
| Shō Tetsu | Thượng triết | Umitukugani Tư đức kim |
? | Shō On,Shō Kō | Crown Prince before being able to succeed to the throne |
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.Vol. 4. Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc. p. 363.ISBN9780852294000.
In 1872 the Meiji government conferred on the lastking of Ryukyu,Sho Tai, the title of vassal king, and in the following year took over the island's foreign affairs.
- ^Japan in the Muromachi Age.East Asia Program, Cornell University. 2001. p. 173.ISBN9781885445094.
In 1508 Shimazu sent a letter to theking of Ryukyu
- ^Trung sơn thế giam Lưu Cầu quốc trung sơn vương thế kế lời tổng luận(in Chinese).
Thượng ba chí cập phụ thượng tư Thiệu hệ truy phong thả ban chi lấy quan phục màu tệ chờ vậtLưu Cầu quốc vươngThượng họ này thủy
- ^Trung sơn thế phổ quyển chín(in Chinese).
Lưu Cầu quốc vương.Khiển mao văn cùng chờ. Lãi phủng biểu văn phương vật.
- ^Thanh thật lục thánh tổ nhân hoàng đế thật lục cuốn chi nhất trăm bốn(in Chinese).
BanLưu Cầu quốc vương.Ngự thư trung sơn thế thổ tứ đại tự
- ^Thông tàu thuyền một lãm quyển chi năm(in Japanese).
Chính bảo nguyên niên bảy tháng ba ngày,Lưu Cầu quốc vươngChi sứ giả trên dưới bảy mươi người なり, xã tham として địa phương phát đủ, phó ánh nắng sơn vân 々, tùng bình Satsuma thủ sở lệnh đồng đạo cũng
- ^United States Congressional Serial Set.Vol. 1672. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1876. p. 313.
The latter country claims sovereignty over the islands, and the so-calledKing of Lew Chewis said to be now in Japan, the guest of the Mikado, whose superior authority, I am told, he recognizes.
- ^abThanh thật lục thế tổ chương hoàng đế thật lục cuốn chi 85(in Chinese).
Tê sắc ấn. PhongLưu Cầu quốc trung sơn vươngThế tử thượng chất. VìTrung sơn vương.
- ^Thông tàu thuyền một lãm quyển chi tam(in Japanese).
Khánh trường mười lăm năm tháng 5 mười sáu ngày, gia lâuTrung sơn vươngを suất ゐて lộc nhi đảo を phát し, tám tháng sáu ngày tuấn phủ に tham す
- ^Ikemiya Masaharu trì cung chính trị (2015). "Ryūkyū no rekishi jojutsu:" Chūzan Seikan "kara" Kyūyō "e"Lưu Cầu の lịch sử tự thuật: 『 trung sơn thế giam 』から『 cầu dương 』へ.Ryūkyū-shi bunka ronLưu Cầu sử văn hóa luận(in Japanese). Kasama Shoin nón gian thư viện. pp. 3–21.
- ^abcdeDana Masayuki điền danh thật chi (2008). "Ryūkyū ōken no keifu ishiki to Minamoto no Tametomo torai denshō"Lưu Cầu vương 権 の hệ phổ ý thức と nguyên vì triều độ tới vân thừa[Ryuyuan Royal Succession Ideology and The Minamoto Temetomo Legend]. In Kyūshū shigaku kenkyūkai Cửu Châu sử học nghiên cứu sẽ (ed.).Kyōkai no aidentitiCảnh giới の アイデンティティ(in Japanese). Iwata Shoin nham điền thư viện. pp. 181–196.
- ^abIkemyia Masaharu trì cung chính trị (2015). "Rekishi to setsuwa no aida: Katarareru rekishi"Lịch sử と nói chuyện の gian: Ngữ られる lịch sử.Ryūkyū-shi bunka ronLưu Cầu sử văn hóa luận(in Japanese). Kasama Shoin nón gian thư viện. pp. 23–52.
- ^abcRichard Pearson (2013).Ancient Ryukyu: An Archaeological Study of Island Communities.University of Hawaii Press.ISBN9780824865894.
The victorious Ryukyu Kingdom compiled theChūzan seikanas its history in the seventeenth century AD, outlining a succession of three early dynasties (Haneji 1983). These were the Tenson dynasty, the Eiso dynasty (AD 1260 to 1349), and the Satto dynasty (AD 1350 to 1405).
- ^Ryukyu Islands (United States Civil Administration, 1950–1972). Shōgai Hōdōkyoku Lưu Cầu quần đảo Mễ quốc dân chính phủ ngoại giao đưa tin cục (1970). "Thủ lễ の quang".Thủ lễ の quang(2–12).
In reviewing history, it can be noted that there was political turmoil in the Ryukyus in the 1250s during the reign of King Gihon, the last king of the Shunten dynasty. In the 1350s the Eiso dynasty was overturned and Urasoe Anji Satto became the new King of the Ryukyus
{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^abcde"Lưu Cầu quốc vương の thần hào と『おもろさうし』"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2021-10-06.Retrieved2019-11-24.
- ^abRichard Pearson (2009). "Okinawa: The Rise of an Island Kingdom: Archaeological and Cultural Perspectives: Proceedings of a Symposium, Kingdom of the Coral Seas, November 17, 2007, at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London". Archaeopress.
In an alternate scheme, the First Sho dynasty ( 1429–1469 ) was established by Sho Hashi in 1429 and the Second Sho dynasty ( 1470 - 1879 ) was established by Sho En in 1470 (ed. )
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^Kerr, George.Okinawa: The History of an Island People.Tokyo: Tuttle, 2000. p. 89.
Sources[edit]
- Kerr, George H.(1965).Okinawa, the History of an Island People.Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co.OCLC 39242121
External links[edit]
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