Kinosternon

Kinosternon
	Mississippi mud turtle; Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Kinosternoidea
Family:	Kinosternidae
Subfamily:	Kinosterninae
Genus:	Kinosternon; Spix,1824

Kinosternonis agenusof small aquaticturtlesfrom theAmericasknown commonly asmud turtles.

Geographic range

They are found in the United States,Mexico,Central America,and South America. The greatestspecies richnessis in Mexico, and only three species (K. dunni,K. leucostomum,andK. scorpioides) are found in South America.

Description

They are very similar to themusk turtles,but generally smaller in size, and theircarapacesare not as highlydomed.

Diet

All mud turtles arecarnivorous,consuming various aquaticinvertebrates(especiallymolluscsandworms^[2]),fish,and evencarrion.

Behavior

Mud turtles live in the ground layer on the bed of bodies of slowly-flowing or still water. By burrowing deeply into mud, mud turtles are protected from danger. They occasionally like to bask in the sun.^[2]

Species

Extant

Central Chiapas mud turtle-K. abaxillare(Baur, 1925)
Tabasco mud turtle-K. acutumGray,1831^[1]
Alamos mud turtle-K. alamosaeBerry& Legler, 1980^[1]
Central American mud turtle-K. angustiponsLegler, 1965^[1]
Striped mud turtle-K. baurii(Garman,1891)^[1]
Jalisco mud turtle-K. chimalhuacaBerry,Seidel,&Iverson,1996^[1]
Cora mud turtle-K. coraLoc-Barragánet al., 2020^[3]
Creaser's mud turtle-K. creaseriHartweg, 1934^[1]
Dunn's mud turtle-K. dunniSchmidt,1947^[1]
Durango mud turtle-K. durangoenseIverson, 1979^[1]
Yellow mud turtle-K. flavescens(Agassiz,1857)^[1]
Herrera's mud turtle-K. herreraiStejneger,1925^[1]
Rough-footed mud turtle-K. hirtipes(Wagler,1830)^[1]
- Valley of Mexico mud turtle -K. h. hirtipes(Wagler, 1830)^[1]
- Lake Chapala mud turtle -K. h. chapalaenseIverson, 1981^[1]
- San Juanico mud turtle -K. h. magdalenseIverson, 1981^[1]
- Viesca mud turtle -K. h. megacephalumIverson, 1981 (extinct)^[1]
- Mexican plateau mud turtle -K. h. murrayiGlass and Hartweg, 1951^[1]
- Patzcuarco mud turtle -K. h. tarascenseIverson, 1981^[1]
Mexican mud turtle-K. integrum(LeConte, 1954)^[1]
White-lipped mud turtle-K. leucostomumA.M.C. Duméril,Bibron&A.H.A. Duméril,1851^[1]
- Northern white-lipped mud turtle -K. l. leucostomumA.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851^[1]
- Southern white-lipped mud turtle -K. l. postinguinale(Cope, 1887)^[1]
Oaxaca mud turtle-K. oaxacaeBerry & Iverson, 1980^[1]
Scorpion mud turtle-K. scorpioides(Linnaeus,1766)^[1]
- Scorpion mud turtle (subspecies) -K. s. scorpioides(Linnaeus, 1766)^[1]
- White-throated mud turtle -K. s. albogulare(A.H.A. Duméril and Bocourt, 1870)^[1]
- Red-cheeked mud turtle -K. s. cruentatum(A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851)^[1]
Sonora mud turtle-K. sonoriense(Le Conte,1854)^[1]
- Sonora mud turtle (subspecies) -K. s. sonoriense(Le Conte, 1854)^[1]
- Sonoyta mud turtle -K. s. longifemorale(Iverson, 1981)^[1]
Florida mud turtle-K. steindachneri(Siebenrock,1906)^[4]
Arizona mud turtle-K.stejnegeriGilmore, 1923^[1]^[5]
Eastern mud turtle-K. subrubrum(Bonnaterre,1789)^[1]
- Eastern mud turtle (subspecies) -K. s. subrubrum(Bonnaterre, 1789)^[1]
- Mississippi mud turtle -K. s. hippocrepis(Bonnaterre, 1789)^[1]
Vallarta mud turtle-K. vogtiLópez-Lunaet al., 2018^[6]

Extinct

†Kinosternon arizonenseGilmore, 1923(known fromPlio-Pleistocene fossilremains, formerly consideredconspecificwithK. stejnegeri)^[1]^[5]

Tabasco mud turtle (Kinosternon acutum) 6 March 2018.
Arizona mud turtle (Kinosternon arizonense), 25 October 2018.
Creaser's mud turtle (Kinosternon creaseri), juvenile from Yucatán, México.
Mexican mud turtle (Kinosternon integrum), a sub-adult from the Municipality of Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico (20 September 2003).
Oaxaca mud turtle (Kinosternon oaxacae) La Soledad, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides), southern Tamaulipas, Mexico (23 September 2004).
Sonoran mud turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense), male.
Eastern mud turtle (Kinosternon subrubrum) plastron.

References

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^aiRhodin 2010,p. 000.95-000.98
^^a ^bObst, Fritz Jürgen (1986).Turtles, Tortoises, and Terrapins(1 ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 112.ISBN 0-312-82362-2.
^Loc-Barragán, Jesús A.; Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo; Woolrich-Piña, Guillermo A.; Grünwald, Christoph I.; Anaya, Myriam Venegas De; Rangel-Mendoza, Judith A.; López-Luna, Marco A. (27 November 2020)."A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico".Zootaxa.4885(4): 509–529.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4885.4.3.PMID 33311258.
^Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Inverson, John B.; Roger, Bour; Fritz, Uwe; Georges, Arthur; Shaffer, H. Bradley; van Dijk, Peter Paul (August 3, 2017)."Turtles of the world, 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status(8th Ed.)"(PDF).Chelonian Research Monographs.7.ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9.RetrievedOctober 4,2019.
^^a ^bMcCord, Robert D. (2016-02-17). "What is Kinosternon arizonense?".Historical Biology.28(1–2): 310–315.Bibcode:2016HBio...28..310M.doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1053879.ISSN 0891-2963.S2CID 85572922.
^López-Luna, Marco A.; Cupul-Magaña, Fabio G.; Escobedo-Galván, Armando H.; González-Hernández, Adriana J.; Centenero-Alcalá, Eric; Rangel-Mendoza, Judith A.; Ramírez-Ramírez, Mariana M.; Cazares-Hernández, and Erasmo. "A Distinctive New Species of Mud Turtle from Western México".Chelonian Conservation and Biology.2018.

Bibliography

Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2010-12-14)."Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status"(PDF).Chelonian Research Monographs.5.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-17.

[Rhodin9598-1] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^aiRhodin 2010,p. 000.95-000.98

[obst-2] Obst, Fritz Jürgen (1986).Turtles, Tortoises, and Terrapins(1 ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 112.ISBN 0-312-82362-2.

[3] Loc-Barragán, Jesús A.; Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo; Woolrich-Piña, Guillermo A.; Grünwald, Christoph I.; Anaya, Myriam Venegas De; Rangel-Mendoza, Judith A.; López-Luna, Marco A. (27 November 2020)."A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico".Zootaxa.4885(4): 509–529.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4885.4.3.PMID 33311258.

[TTWG2017-4] Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Inverson, John B.; Roger, Bour; Fritz, Uwe; Georges, Arthur; Shaffer, H. Bradley; van Dijk, Peter Paul (August 3, 2017)."Turtles of the world, 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status(8th Ed.)"(PDF).Chelonian Research Monographs.7.ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9.RetrievedOctober 4,2019.

[:0-5] McCord, Robert D. (2016-02-17). "What is Kinosternon arizonense?".Historical Biology.28(1–2): 310–315.Bibcode:2016HBio...28..310M.doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1053879.ISSN 0891-2963.S2CID 85572922.

[lopez-6] López-Luna, Marco A.; Cupul-Magaña, Fabio G.; Escobedo-Galván, Armando H.; González-Hernández, Adriana J.; Centenero-Alcalá, Eric; Rangel-Mendoza, Judith A.; Ramírez-Ramírez, Mariana M.; Cazares-Hernández, and Erasmo. "A Distinctive New Species of Mud Turtle from Western México".Chelonian Conservation and Biology.2018.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]