Klamath language
Klamath | |
---|---|
Klamath–Modoc, Lutuamian | |
Maqlaqsyals | |
Native to | United States |
Region | SouthernOregonand northernCalifornia |
Ethnicity | 170KlamathandModoc(2000 census)[1] |
Extinct | 2003, with the death of Neva Eggsman[2][1] |
Revival | 2019 |
Penutian?
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kla |
Glottolog | klam1254 |
ELP | Klamath-Modoc |
Klamath(/ˈklæməθ/),[3]alsoKlamath–Modoc(/ˈklæməθˈmoʊdɒk/) and historicallyLutuamian(/ˌluːtuˈæmiən/), is aNative American languagespoken aroundKlamath Lakein what is now southernOregonand northernCalifornia.It is the traditional language of theKlamathandModocpeoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only one native speaker remained,[4][5]and by 2003, this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living inChiloquin, Oregon,was 92 years old.[6]As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects;[7]however, as of 2019, revitalization efforts are underway with the goal of creating new speakers.[8]
Klamath is a member of thePlateau Penutianlanguage family,which is in turn a branch of the proposedPenutianlanguage family. Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich inablaut,much likeIndo-EuropeanandAfro-Asiaticlanguages. Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-Yokutsretroflexes*/ʈʈʼ/correspond to Klamath/tʃtʃʼ/,and the Proto-Yokutsdentals*/t̪t̪ʰt̪ʼ/correspond to the Klamathalveolars/ttʰtʼ/.
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | |
Close | i~ɪ | iː | ||
Open-mid | æ~ɛ | æː | ɔ~u | oː |
Open | ə~ɑ | ɑː |
Consonants
[edit]Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lateral | ||||||||
Plosive | unaspirated | p | t | tʃ | k | q | ʔ | ||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||||
Fricative | s | h | |||||||
Sonorant | voiced | m | n | l | j | w | |||
voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | l̥ | ȷ̊ | w̥ | ||||
glottalized | mʼ | nʼ | lʼ | jʼ | wʼ |
Spelling | a | aa | b | c | cʼ | d | e | ee | g | ɢ | h | i | ii | j | k | kʼ | l | L | lʼ | m | M | mʼ | n | N | nʼ | o | oo | p | pʼ | q | qʼ | s | s? | t | t’ | w | W | w’ | y | Y | yʼ | ? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phoneme | ə | ɑː | p | tʃʰ | tʃʼ | t | ɛ | æː | k | q | h | ɪ | iː | tʃ | kʰ | kʼ | l | l̥ | lˀ | m | m̥ | mˀ | n | n̥ | nˀ | ɔ | oː | pʰ | pʼ | qʰ | qʼ | s | sˀ | tʰ | t’ | w | w̥ | wˀ | j | ȷ̊ | jˀ | ʔ |
Plosivesin Klamath, aside from /ʔ/, come in triplets ofunaspirated,aspirated, andejectivesounds.[10]Sonoranttriplets arevoiced,voiceless, and glottalized sounds.[11]
Most consonants can begeminated.The fricative/s/is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recentsound change.[12]Albert Samuel Gatschetrecorded geminated/sː/in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated/s/byM. A. R. Barkerin the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same,*/sː/may have degeminated into/s/.
Syntax
[edit]Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive andapplicativeconstructions.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abKlamathatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Lane, Valeree."Chiloquin man helps Klamath Tribal members embrace first language".Herald and News.Retrieved2018-03-01.
- ^Laurie Bauer, 2007,The Linguistics Student’s Handbook,Edinburgh
- ^Chen 1998.
- ^Mauldin 1998.
- ^Haynes, Erin F."Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs, Klamath, and Grand Ronde"(PDF).Coyote Papers.8:87–102. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2010-07-09.Retrieved2012-08-30.
- ^Golla 2011.
- ^Dupris 2019.
- ^"Language - Klamath Tribes".klamathtribes.org.The Klamath Tribes.RetrievedMay 2,2018.
- ^Blevins 2004,p. 279.
- ^Blevins 2004,pp. 279–80.
- ^Blevins 2004.
- ^Rude 1988.
- Barker, M. A. R.(1963a).Klamath Texts.University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 30. University of California Press.
- Barker, M. A. R.(1963b).Klamath Dictionary.University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 31. University of California Press.
- Barker, M. A. R.(1964).Klamath Grammar.University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 32. University of California Press.
- Barker, Philip. (1959). The Klamath language. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
- Blevins, Juliette(July 1993). "Klamath Laryngeal Phonology".International Journal of American Linguistics.59(3): 237–279.JSTOR1265523.
- Blevins, Juliette(July 2004)."Klamath Sibilant Degemination: Implications of a Recent Sound Change".International Journal of American Linguistics.70(3). The University of Chicago Press: 279–289.doi:10.1086/425602.
- Chen, David W. (April 5, 1998)."BLACKBOARD: LOST LANGUAGES; Kuskokwim Not Spoken Here".New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon Jan 13, 2014.
- de Angulo, Jaime(1931).The Lutuami language (Klamath-Modoc).Société des Américanistes.OCLC27210767.
- Dupris, Joseph (2019). "maqlaqsyalank hemyeega: Goals and expectations of Klamath-Modoc revitalization".Language Documentation & Conservation.13:155–196.hdl:10125/24851.ISSN1934-5275.
- Golla, Victor(2011).California Indian Languages.Berkeley/Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.ISBN9780520266674.
- Mauldin, William S. (April 17, 1998)."Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages".The Yale Herald.Archived fromthe originalon Dec 3, 2008.
- Rude, Noel (1987)."Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences".Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics.12:67–83.doi:10.17161/KWPL.1808.511.
- Rude, Noel (1988)."Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath".In William Shipley (ed.).In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics.Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 651–73.
- Rude, Noel (1991). "Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath". In Elizabeth C. Traugott; Bernd Heine (eds.).Approaches to Grammaticalization.Typological Studies in Language. Vol. 19. New York and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 185–199.doi:10.1075/tsl.19.2.10rud.
Online texts
[edit]- Coville, Frederick Vernon(1897).Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon.Retrieved2012-08-30.Includes Klamath language plant names.
- Gatschet, Albert S.(1890).The Klamath Indians of southwestern Oregon.ISBN9780665527449.Retrieved2012-08-30.
- Gatschet, Albert S. (1880).The numeral adjective in the Klamtah language of southern Oregon.ISBN9780665329326.Retrieved2012-08-30.
- Gatschet, Albert S. (1878).Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon.ISBN9780665328503.Retrieved2012-08-30.
External links
[edit]- The Klamath Tribes Language Project
- Languages of Oregon: Klamath
- Klamath-Modoc language,native-languages.org
- Modoc languageoverview at theSurvey of California and Other Indian Languages
- Klamath language,California Language Archive
- OLAC resources in and about the Klamath-Modoc language
- Klamath Bibliography
- Klamath language
- Klamath
- Modoc
- Plateau Penutian languages
- Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
- Indigenous languages of California
- Indigenous languages of Oregon
- Extinct languages of North America
- Languages extinct in the 2000s
- Language isolates of North America
- 2003 disestablishments in the United States