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Koreatown

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeKoreatown (disambiguation).
Koreatown
Koreatowns, like this one on32nd StreetinManhattan,represent an overseasKorean diasporaand culture from the Koreans.
Korean name
Hangul
코리아타운
Revised RomanizationKoriataun
McCune–ReischauerK'oriat'aun

AKoreatown(Korean:코리아타운), also known as aLittle KoreaorLittle Seoul,is aKorean-dominatedethnic enclavewithin a city ormetropolitan areaoutside the Korean Peninsula.

History

[edit]

Koreatowns as anEast Asianethnic enclave have only been in existence since the mid 1860s, as Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries; according to Jaeeun Kim, "The congruence of territory, polity, and population was taken for granted."[1]Large-scale emigration from Korea was only mainly into theRussian Far EastandNortheast China;these emigrants became the ancestors of the 2 millionKoreans in Chinaand several hundred thousandethnic Koreans in Central Asia.[2][3]

Koreatowns in the western countries such as theUnited States,Canadahave only been in place much later with theLos Angeles Koreatownreceiving official recognition in 2008. Also many Koreatowns are not officially sanctioned where the only evidence of such enclaves exist as clusters of Korean stores with Korean signage existing only on the storefronts. In the1992 Los Angeles riots,many Korean businesses were targeted where the signage only served to point out targets for rioters. InPhiladelphia's Koreatown,anti-Korean sentiment was so strong that official signage was often vandalized as residents protested the "official recognition" of such areas, making many Koreatowns across the western countries never having official statuses that manyChinatownsreceive today. Many Koreatowns today exist in a suburban setting as opposed to the urban settings of Chinatown mainly because many ethnic Koreans, especially in the western countries, fear crime that is often associated with the city dwellings and the higher quality ofschoolsas education is often a top priority, which is why the Philadelphia Koreatowns exist in suburban settings such asCheltenham, Pennsylvaniainstead of its original location in theOlney section of Philadelphia.[4]

Characteristics

[edit]

The features described below are characteristic of many modern Koreatowns.

Korean signage

[edit]
See also:Korean languageandHangul
The Koreatown marker inLos Angeles

Many modern Koreatowns will exhibit the usage of theKorean languageandHangulon storefront signs sometimes on official highway signage. Officially sanctioned Koreatowns may also exhibit signs in the local language. In English, the word "Koreatown", "Little Korea" and "Korea Way" can sometimes be seen, as in the case with theLos Angeles Koreatown.As Korean is the officiallanguageofSouth KoreaandNorth Koreaas well as one of the two official languages inChina'sYanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture,there are approximately 80 million people who speak Korean worldwide. For over a millennium, Korean was written with adaptedChinese characterscalledhanja,complemented by phonetic systems likehyangchal,gugyeolandidu.In the 15th century, a national writing system calledhangulwas commissioned bySejong the Great,but it only came into widespread use in the 20th century, because of theyangbanaristocracy's preference for hanja.

Most historical linguists classify Korean as alanguage isolate [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]while a few consider it to be in the controversialAltaic language family.[13]The Korean language isagglutinativein its morphology andSOVin itssyntax.

Korean restaurants

[edit]
Main article:Korean cuisine
A wheat noodles with a cold white broth in a stainless bowl
Kongguksu,a cold noodle dish with a broth made from ground soy beans

Many Koreatowns will have stores that serveKorean cuisine,usually serving as the major differentiator between otherEast AsianandSoutheast Asianethnic enclaves such asChinatownandLittle Saigons.The Korean nationalcuisineknown today has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancientagricultural and nomadic traditionsin SouthernManchuriaand theKorean Peninsula,Korean cuisine has evolved through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.[14][15]

Korean cuisine is largely based uponrice,vegetablesandmeats.Traditional Korean meals are noted for the number ofside dishes(banchan) that accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice.Kimchiis served often, sometimes at every meal. Commonly used ingredients includesesame oil,doenjang(fermented bean paste),soy sauce,salt, garlic, ginger,pepperflakes andgochujang(fermented red chili paste).

Locations

[edit]

Korean demographics

[edit]
Main article:Korean diaspora

Many Koreatowns are actual ethnic enclaves where nearly four-fifths of migrantKoreanslive in just three countries:China,theUnited StatesandJapan.[16]Other countries with greater than 0.5% Korean minorities include Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, and Uzbekistan. All these figures include both permanent migrants and sojourners.[17]If one focuses on long-term residents, there were about 5.3 million Korean emigrants as of 2010.

Overseas Koreans
교포·재외동포/Kiều bào · bên ngoài đồng bàogyopo/jaeoedongpo
Total population
7,493,587 (2019)[18]
Regions with significant populations
United States2,546,982[18]
China2,461,386[18]
Japan824,977[18]
Canada241,750[18]
Uzbekistan177,270[18]
Vietnam172,684[18]
Russia169,933[18]
Australia167,331[18]
Kazakhstan109,923[18]
Philippines85,125[18]
Brazil48,281[18]
Germany44,864[18]
United Kingdom40,770[18]
New Zealand38,114[18]
France29,167[18]
Argentina23,063[18]
Indonesia22,774[18]
Singapore21,406[18]
Malaysia20,861[18]
Thailand20,200[18]
Kyrgyzstan18,515[18]
Ukraine13,070[18]
Sweden12,721[18]
Cambodia11,969[18]
Mexico11,897[18]
India11,273[18]
United Arab Emirates10,930[18]
Denmark9,581[18]
Netherlands8,601[18]
Norway7,667[18]
Languages
Korean,various local languages
Related ethnic groups
Korean people

Americas

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]
Further information:Koreans in Argentina

Buenos Aires's 'Barrio Coreano' is in the neighborhood of Flores, specifically in the south of this neighborhood. The primary artery of the district is Avenida Carabobo, which houses various Korean businesses and organizations, including restaurants, beauty salons, a Korean school (Instituto Coreano Argentino) and churches, among others. In recent years, there has been a huge move from the Bajo Flores towards the Avellaneda Avenue, the reason being the increasing theft and insecurity around the slums close to Avenida Castanares. What some might call these days "The New Koreatown" has been increasing in size at a faster rate while the shops in Avenida Carabobo have been closing.[19] There are over 22,000 Koreans in Argentina, most of them in Buenos Aires, where the Asian population is around 2.5%.[20]

Brazil

[edit]
Further information:Korean BraziliansandBom Retiro (district of São Paulo)

Brazil has several Korean enclaves but, recently a Koreatown was formed inBom Retiroa densely populated area of Brazil's biggest city,São Paulo.It is also a Korean gastronomic center. There are traditional dishes such asbibimbapandsamgyeopsalor a good cup of coffee at a cafe like the ones in Seoul. There are also Korean markets with hard-to-findHansikingredients such asgochujang,soybean sauce and sesame oil. Korean culture is also well preserved in there. Korean culture is mixed with that of Brazil in this neighborhood: Posters withHangulwritten on them are alongside those in Portuguese, and most people are fluent in both Korean and Portuguese in the area.

Also, the residents of Bom Retiro preserve Korean culture while making it more vigorous and active. Cultural festivals including K-pop concerts are held there frequently, and many museums or workshops allow visitors to experience traditional Korean culture. Quite a few Korean artists also live in this community. For instance, Hwang Young-ah uses Bom Retiro as a platform to exhibit her collections and cultivate her artistic talent. And the Hallyu Cultural Center was opened a few years ago to offer a variety of programs on Korean culture including classes in the Korean language, K-pop dance and traditional handicrafts.[21]

The city ofFortalezainCearástate hosted many immigrants from South Korea in Brazil.

The Korean consulate in Brazil said that the municipal government in São Paulo has designated Bom Retiro as 'Koreatown' and could pass an ordinance that will see the city provide administrative and financial support to the new community.

Chile

[edit]
Further information:Koreans in ChileandBarrio Patronato

The Korean population of Chile is mostly concentrated in Patronato inSantiago.Currently, approximately 3000 Koreans live in Chile. The Korean community is well organized and united. Colonia Coreana organizes several events annually. Among these events are: soccer tournaments, Korean festivals, and the annual Mr. and Ms. Patronato.[22]

Mexico

[edit]
Further information:Koreans in MexicoandPequeño Seúl
South Korean businesses on Florencia Street inMexico City

Mexico has a large Korean population that lives in and aroundZona RosainMexico City.According to the newspaperReforma,there are at least 1,000 Koreans living in Zona Rosa and about 3,000 total inColonia Juárez,the larger official neighborhood of which Zona Rosa is a part.[23]The area around Hamburgo, Praga, Florencia, and Biarritz streets converted into “Pequeño Seul,” or Little Seoul in the 1990s before receding since then.

Canada

[edit]
Further information:Korean Canadians
Toronto, Ontario
[edit]

Torontoofficially designated the area onBloor StreetfromBathurst Streetto Christie St. asKoreatownin 2004.[12]According to the 2001 census Toronto had roughly 43,000 Koreans living in the city,[13]and in 2011 the numbers have grown to 64,755.[14]The Korean community in Toronto has developed Koreatown such that it offers a Korean grocery store,[15]hairdressers, karaoke bars and a multitude of restaurants.[16]The City of Toronto describes Koreatown as "primarily a business district offering a wide range of Korean restaurants, high-end-fashion Korean boutiques, herbalists, acupuncturist and many other unique services and shops which are filled with made-in-Korea merchandise."[12]Koreatown Toronto is also known for its Spring Dano Festival, which is run on the 5th day of 5th month of the Korean Lunar Calendar. The festival is run is the Christie Pits area and has been run for the past 21 years with the exception of 2013 when it was cancelled.[12][17]Today, although many Koreans work in the area, very few Koreans actually live there. An influx ofLatinoimmigrants is changing the demographics of the area today.

Koreatown North is the unofficial name for the area situated alongYonge StreetfromSheppard AvenueinNorth York,an administrative area in northern Toronto, to the Clark Avenue in neighboringThornhill, Ontario.[24]This area does not have official signage as they are mixed with establishments catering toPersiansandChineseclientele.

Vancouver, British Columbia
[edit]

The highest concentration of Koreans is found nearLougheed Town CentreinBurnaby,British Columbiaand in the adjacent city ofCoquitlam.[25]Along the North Road (from Delestre Ave (South) to Burquitlam Skytrain Station (North)), sizable supermarkets such as Hannam Supermarket andH Mart,hair shops, Korean restaurants, bars, law firms, accountants' offices, realty offices, child care, clinics and auto repair shops are to be found. For a few years, following the housing boom, the number of Korean Canadians has increased in Langley, Surrey, Port Coquitlam, Maple Ridge, Mission and Abbotsford, and more businesses are opening up shops and offices in east Metro Vancouver and Fraser Valley.

United States

[edit]
Main article:Korean Americans
See also:Korean immigration to Hawaii

The first large group of Korean Immigrants settled in America between 1901 and 1905. Between those years 7,226 immigrants, including 6,048 men, 637 women, and 541 children, came on 65 trips. Most of the early immigrants of that period had some contract with American missionaries in Korea. For some Western-oriented Korean intellectuals, immigrating to the United States was considered useful, in part, to help them in the modernization of their homeland. Consequently, the recruiter for labourers for theHawaiian Sugar Planters' Association(HSPA),David Deshler,had no trouble finding Koreans from a wide range of social classes willing to sail to Hawaii.[26]

San Francisco, Dinuba, and Riverside, California have a claim as the first Korean U.S. settlement. [27]

Atlanta, Georgia
[edit]

In 2010, Atlanta has a population of approximately 94,000 individuals of Korean descent. Atlanta's Koreatown is mostly centered around the corridor extending fromDuluth, Georgia,westward alongBuford Highwayinto northeast Atlanta andSuwanee, Georgia.[28]KoreanBeacon named Atlanta #5 in its list of Top Korean-American cities, citing the Korean population inGwinnett County, GA(which contains Duluth) doubling over the past decade, in addition to large stretches of Buford Highway being populated with retail and services with many signs in Korean.[29]Atlanta also hasfour Korean-language television stations broadcast in the Atlanta area,in addition to a local daily Korean newspaper, the Atlanta ChoSun.[30]

Aurora, Colorado
[edit]

Roughly two thousand Korean immigrants live inAurora,and the stretch of Havana Street running from Mississippi Avenue to Iliff Avenue contains a very high number of Korean businesses. A motion to designate the surrounding area as an official Koreatown was at one time considered by the Aurora City Council.[31]

Baltimore, Maryland
[edit]
See also:History of the Koreans in Baltimore

There is a small portion of lowerCharles Village,referred to as theStation North Arts and Entertainment District,is sometimes referred to as Koreatown[32]or Little Korea[33]and is home to a number of Korean restaurants,[34]but it has not been officially designated as a Koreatown.[35]This developing Koreatown is bounded on the north by 24th Street, on the south by North Avenue, on the west by Maryland Avenue, and on the east by St. Paul Street.[36]Meanwhile, suburbanEllicott City, MarylandandCatonsville, Marylandhas also developed Koreatowns, along Route 40.[37]

Boston, Massachusetts
[edit]

Boston's Koreatown is inAllstonVillage and includes parts of Cambridge Street and Brighton, Harvard, andCommonwealth Avenues,[38][39]with a growing Korean and Korean American residential and commercial presence.

Chicago, Illinois
[edit]

Chicago'sAlbany Parkneighborhood has been referred to as Chicago's "Koreatown" since the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park can be found along Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie (3200 West) and Pulaski (4000 West). This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially designated by the city of Chicago as "Seoul Drive" because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean flavor. Every year there is a Korean festival, and the neighborhood is home to a Korean television station (WOCH-CDCh. 41) and radio station (1330 AM) as well as two Korean-language newspapers. There are still many Korean businesses interspersed among the newer Mexican bakeries and Middle Eastern grocery stores. Approximately 45% of the businesses on this particular stretch of Lawrence Avenue are owned by Korean-Americans.[40][41]

Columbus, Ohio
[edit]
This strip mall on Bethel Road inColumbusincludes a Korean nail salon, a Korean restaurant, a Korean beauty products store, and a Korean grocery store.

Koreatown is in the vicinity of Bethel and Henderson Roads inNorthwest Columbus.This area includes several Korean grocery stores, churches, and restaurants.[42]

Dallas, Texas
[edit]

Dallas has the largest Korean-American community in Texas and second (to Atlanta) in the southern United States. A sizable Koreatown can be found inDallas.In 2023, The state of Texas officially designated the area as a Koreatown in legislation.[43]This area in the Northwest part of the city, known as theAsian Trade District,is characterized by a large number of Korean-owned businesses serving the city's sizable Korean-American community, concentrated along a 1.5 mile strip of Royal Lane between Luna Rd and Harry Hines Blvd. Although Korean business is undoubtedly the most dominant in the area, there are isolated Chinese and Vietnamese businesses as well.

Another Koreatown can be found inCarrollton, Texas,which is part of the greater DFW area. This area is referred to as "New Koreatown" by locals, due to it growing from the arrival ofHmartto the city. Over the years, more and more restaurants and shops have opened around the Hmart.

Honolulu, Hawaii
[edit]

Korean businesses congregate on Keeaumoku Street, which earned the nickname "Koreamoku." As of 2016 it has been officially designated as a Koreatown. Roughly bounded by Kalakaua Ave (East), Kapiolani Blvd. (South), King St. (North) and Keeaumoku St. (West).[44]

Houston, Texas
[edit]
Main article:Spring Branch, Houston

Spring Branch inHoustonis considered to have the largest Koreatown in the Houston area.

Orange County, California
[edit]
Main article:Koreatown, Garden Grove

Koreatown (also referred to as Little Seoul or the Korean Business District on nearby street signage) is on Garden Grove Boulevard between Beach Boulevard (Route 39) and Brookhurst Street inGarden Grove,Orange County, California.The Korean population in Orange County more than doubled between 1990 and 2010.

Los Angeles, California
[edit]
Main article:Koreatown, Los Angeles

TheGreater Los Angeles Areais home to the largest number of ethnic Koreans outside of the Korean Peninsula.Koreatownis an officially recognized district of the city and contains probably the heaviest concentration of Korean residents and businesses. However, when the term "Koreatown" is used it usually refers to a larger area that includes the adjacent neighborhoods ofWilshire Center,Harvard HeightsandPico Heights.Koreans began to move into the area in the late 1960s after changes in US immigration laws as part of the greater Civil Rights Movement (especially theImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965which formally ended theChinese Exclusion Act), establishing numerous businesses, although never outnumberingLatinoresidents. In the aftermath of the1992 riots,Koreatown entered into a period of development, especially during the 1994 Asian Market Crisis as South Korean investors sought to invest in the then-profitable California real-estate market. More recently, L.A.'s Koreatown has been perceived to have experienced declining political power secondary to re-districting[45]and an increased crime rate,[46]prompting an exodus of Koreans from the area.

New York metropolitan area
[edit]

As of the2010 United States Census,the self-identifiedKorean Americanpopulation in themetropolitan New YorkCombined Statistical Areawas 218,764,[47]the second largest population of ethnic Koreans outside Korea.[48]

According to the 2011American Community Survey,there were approximately 100,000Korean Americans in New York City,with two-thirds living inboroughofQueens.[49]In particular,Fresh Meadowsis home to the most Korean immigrants of any neighbourhood in the city.[50]InBergen County,New Jersey,where severaltowns are home to significant Korean populations,[51]the survey counted 63,247 Korean Americans or 6.9% of the total population.[52]The Korean population in borough ofManhattanhas nearly doubled to approximately 20,000 since the 2000 Census.[53]

As of 2014, there were 180franchiseesof KoreancoffeehousechainCaffe Benein the metro area.[54]Korean AirandAsiana Airlinesprovide non-stop flights fromSeoultoJFK Airport.[55][56]

Manhattan
[edit]
Main article:Koreatown, Manhattan
Congregating in Manhattan's Koreatown

InMidtown Manhattan,Koreatown is bordered by31st and 33rd Streets,Fifth Avenue,and theAvenue of the Americas,close to theEmpire State BuildingandMacy'satHerald Square.The heart of the district is theblockof32nd Streetbetween Fifth Avenue andBroadway,officially nicknamed "Korea Way", which features stores on multiple stories, with small, independently run establishments reaching up to the third or fourth floors, including restaurants, exuding an ambience of Seoul.[57]The New York City Korean Chamber of Commerce estimates there to be more than 100 small businesses on the block.[58]It is home to numerous restaurants[59][60][61]that serve both traditional and/or regionalKorean cuisineand Koreanfusionfare (includingKorean Chinese cuisine[62]), severalbakeries,grocery stores, supermarkets, bookstores,consumer electronicsoutlets, video rental shops,tchotchkeand stationery shops, hair and nail salons,noraebangbars, nightclubs, as well ascell phoneservice providers,internet cafés,doctors' offices, banks, and hotels. Approximately twelve24/7restaurants conduct business on Korea Way.[63]According to the 2000 Census, a slightly larger area including Koreatown was 46 percentAsian.[64]Koreatown is expanding eastward towardMadison Avenuein Midtown Manhattan.

Long Island
[edit]
Main article:Koreatown, Queens
TheLong Island Koreatownoriginated inFlushing,Queensbeforesprawlingeastward alongNorthern Boulevard[65][66][67][68][69]and eventually into adjacent suburbanNassau County.[66][67]

TheLong Island Koreatown[65][67][68][69]is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic enclaves outside Korea. The core of this Koreatown[65][67][68]originated in theFlushingneighborhood borough of Queens. It has continued to expand rapidly eastward through the neighborhoods ofMurray Hill,[69]Bayside,DouglastonandLittle Neck,[65]and into adjacent suburbanNassau County,Long Island.[66][67]In the 1980s, a continuous stream ofKorean immigrantsmany of whom began as workers in themedical fieldor Koreaninternational studentsmoved to New York City to find or initiateprofessionalorentrepreneurialpositions.[65]They established a foothold on Union Street in Flushing between 35th and 41st Avenues,[65]featuring restaurants andkaraoke(noraebang) bars, grocery markets, education centers andbookstores,banking institutions, offices, electronics vendors, apparel boutiques and other commercial enterprises. As the community grew more affluent and rose insocioeconomic status,Koreans moved eastward alongNorthern Boulevard,buying homes[69]in moreaffluentand less crowded Queens neighborhoods and Nassau County, bringing their businesses with them. The eastward pressure was created in part by the inability to move westward due to the formidable presence of the enormousFlushing Chinatown(Farah thịnh hoa phụ;Fǎlā Shèng Huá Bù) centered onMain Street.[65]The expansion led to the creation of an AmericanMeokjagolmokorRestaurant Street,around theMurray Hill stationofLong Island Rail Roadstation which is reminiscent of Seoul.[66]According toThe New York Times,a "Kimchi Belt"stretches along Northern Boulevard and theLong Island Rail Roadtracks, from Flushing into Nassau County; while according to a Korean food chef, "Queens is the closest you can come to authentic Korean food".[70]The Long Island Koreatown features numerous restaurants that serve both traditional and/or regional Korean cuisine.Korean Chinese cuisineis also available in the Long Island Koreatown.[70]

Bergen County
[edit]
Main articles:Koreatown, Palisades Park;Koreatown, Fort Lee;andBergen County, New Jersey
Broad Avenue, Koreatown inPalisades Park,Bergen County,New Jersey,[71][72]whereKoreanscomprise themajority (52%) of the population[73][74][75]

Koreans began moving to EasternBergen County, New Jerseyin the 1980s[76]and by the 1990s, several enclaves were established.[77]According to the2010 Census,Bergen County had the highestper capitapopulation of Koreans of anyUnited States county,[78]at 6.3%,[78][79]includingall of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population.[80]In 2012, the county mandated the publication of voting ballots in theKorean language.[79][81] The two most prominent Koreatowns[82]are centered along Broad Avenue inPalisades Park[83][84]andLeonia,Ridgefieldand around the intersection of Main Street and Lemoine Avenue inFort Lee,close to theGeorge Washington Bridge.[85][86][87]Both districts have developed dining destinations forKorean cuisine,[88][89][90]while Broad Avenue in Palisades Park has evolved into adessertdestination as well.[91][92][93]Koreatown, Palisades Park has been nicknamed theKorean village[94]andKoreatown on the Hudson.[93]TheChusokKorean Thanksgivingharvest festivalhas become an annual tradition celebrated inOverpeck County Park.[95]Koreanchaebolshave establishedNorth Americanheadquartersoperations in Bergen County, includingSamsung,[96]LG Corp,[97]andHanjin Shipping.[98]Korean professionals have also expanded northward into theNorthern Valleyarea and more recently, into adjacentRockland County,New York.Route 303 inTappan, New York,Rockland County, has become the hub of Korean activity in the LowerHudson Valleyarea.[99]

Oakland, California
[edit]
Upper Darbyis one area aroundPhiladelphiawhere there are significant pockets of Korean people, at Fairfield Avenue and Garrett Road.

The largest concentration of Korean businesses and community services in theSan Francisco Bay Areais centered on Oakland'sTelegraph Avenuebetween 20th and 35th Streets betweenDowntown Oaklandand theTemescaldistrict. Roughly 150 Korean-owned businesses are located in the neighborhood, including a shopping center and Korean American community centers. This segment of Telegraph Avenue is lined with bright banners proclaiming the district as "Koreatown-Northgate" with the slogan "Oakland's got Seoul" and accompanied by an annual cultural festival. Officially named "Koreatown-Northgate", the area was characterized byurban decaybefore Korean Americans began opening businesses and reviving the area in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Before 1991, the area was characterized by homelessness and crime and was known as the Northgate district. The aftermath of the Los Angeles Riots of 1992 also saw a large number of Koreans from Southern California moving to the Bay Area and opening businesses and buying property in the district on a large scale.[100]There has been criticism from the non-Korean residents about the city officially naming the district Koreatown, mostly from theAfrican Americanpopulation who form the majority in the area. Despite Korean Americans owning much of the property in the neighborhood, the largest group of residents still remains African American.[101]Tensions remain between African Americans and Koreans in the neighborhood, which has witnessed declines in both populations. Despite some Koreans continuing to move into the neighborhood, the majority of the Bay Area's Korean population is concentrated in the suburbs surrounding Oakland and in theSouth Bay.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[edit]
Main article:Koreatown, Philadelphia
Professional offices alongCheltenham AvenueinCheltenham Township, Pennsylvania,another area inPhiladelphiaregion with a significant Korean population

Philadelphia's first Koreatown is located in theOlneysection of the city. Since the late 1980s, the Korean community has expanded to the north and now straddles the border between Philadelphia proper and the suburb ofCheltenham,though many Korean American businesses and organizations and some residents remain in Olney and adjoining neighborhoods.Upper Darby Township,borderingWest Philadelphia,also has a large Korean American population;[102]meanwhile, a rapidly growing Korean population and commercial presence has emerged in nearby suburbanCherry Hill,New Jerseysince 2010, centered alongMarlton Pike.[103][104][105]

Washington, D.C.
[edit]

Koreatown inAnnandale, Virginia[106][107][108]starts at the intersection ofLittle River Turnpikeand Hummer Road, runs for 1.5 miles to the turnpike's intersection with Evergreen Lane and provides a hub for the 93,787 individuals of Korean descent residing in theWashington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV Combined Statistical Area,as estimated by the 2009 American Community Survey.[109]According to theBoston Globe,over 1,000 Korean-owned businesses are in Annandale. They cater to Koreans as well as non-Koreans. Businesses and establishments include accountants, banks, bakeries, billiards, bookstores, churches, college preparatory classrooms,cybercafés,department stores, newspapers,optometrists,real estate offices, restaurants and salons.[110]

East Asia

[edit]

Mainland China

[edit]
Main articles:Koreans in ChinaandYanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
Koreatown in the Wudaokou neighborhood in the Haidian district of Beijing

The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups of South and North Korean migrants, with a total of roughly 2.3 million people as of 2009. China has the largest ethnicKorean population living outside mainland Korea.

Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecturehas 854,000 ethnic Koreans living there who areJoseonjokorChosŏnjok(Korean:조선족),Cháoxīanzú(Chinese:Dân tộc Triều Tiên) and form one of the 56 ethnicities officially recognized by the Chinese government.

Beijing
[edit]
Main articles:Koreans in Beijing;Wangjing, Beijing;andWudaokou

There are roughly 200,000Koreansliving inBeijing,including 120,000Chosŏnjok/Joseonjok(ethnic Korean citizens of China) and about 80,000 South Korean migrants.[111]Prominent areas includeWudaokouandWangjing.

There are two Koreatowns in Beijing: The bigger Korean enclave is in Wangjing in the Chaoyang district. There are many Korean companies who have established their businesses in Wangjing. Wangjing also has an all-Korean international school (all grade levels) in the Wangjing vicinity. Many of the Korean businesses in Wangjing cater towards families, businessmen, students and tourists with restaurants, bath houses/spas, bookstores, clubs/bars, golfing and Korean banks. Although Wangjing is known as a Korean district, there is a great number of third- and fourth-generation Korean Chinese ethnic minorities who live and coexist with South Korean nationals.

The second Koreatown, Wudaokou, is in the Haidian district where most of the city's universities are. Because of the vibrant university scene in Wudaokou, there are many Korean college students who live and attend universities in this area.[112]

Although the Korean districts are on different ends of the city, Wangjing and Wudaokou are connected bysubway line 13.

Qingdao
[edit]

An estimated 182,000 ethnic Koreans live inQingdao,Shandong Province,including 134,000Chosŏnjok/Joseonjokand 48,000 South Korean migrants.[113]

Shenyang
[edit]
Main article:Xita

Shenyanghas a large Koreatown known asXita/Sŏtap/Seotap (Chinese:Tây tháp;pinyin:Xītǎ;Korean:서탑,Seotab) meaning Western Pagoda. Both North and South Korea haveconsulatesin Shenyang but in different districts.

Shanghai
[edit]
Main article:Koreatown, Shanghai
Koreatown, Shanghai

86,000 Koreans live in Shanghai, including 65,000Chosŏnjok/Joseonjokand 21,000 South Korean migrants.[114]Longbai in theMinhangdistrict, to the west of the city, has a Korean-oriented neighborhood.

Hong Kong

[edit]
Main article:Korean Street, Hong Kong

In 2011, there were 13,288 individuals of Korean descent inHong Kong.[115]Kimberley StreetinTsim Sha Tsuihas Korean restaurants and grocery stores; and is known by the local nicknamesKorean Streetand Little Korea (Chinese:Tiểu Hàn Quốc).

Japan

[edit]
Further information:Korea under Japanese ruleandKoreans in Japan
A kimchi shop in Tsuruhashi, Osaka

During theKorea under Japanese rule,approximately 2.4 million ethnic Koreans emigrated to Japan. Some for economic reasons and some were forced to move during theSecond World Warto work as laborers. While most departed after the war, still many chose to remain and were joined in the 1950s by a wave of refugees fromJeju Island.Today, Koreans, known asZainichi Koreans(재일조선인,Chaeilchosŏnin/Jaeil-Joseon-in,who on paper retain the nationality of the old Korea) orZainichi Koreans(재일한국인,Chaeil-han-guk-in/Jaeil Hangug-in,who have adopted South Korean nationality), are the third ethnic minority in Japan, amounting to 436,000 in 2022.[116]Those with North Korean ties are a key source ofremittancestoNorth Korea.There is a separate group of more recent migrants from South Korea with strong links to their home country, and there is a considerable cultural gap between these so-called "newcomers" and the Zainichi Koreans.

A shantytown of former forced laborers,Utoro district,exists inUji,part ofKyoto Prefecture.[117]

Osaka
[edit]
Main article:Ikuno Korea Town

Ikuno Korea Town inOsakahas a population of over 58,000,[118]making it the largest in Japan. InIkuno Ward,16% of the inhabitants are of Korean origin.[119]Tsuruhashi in the Ward is the largest Koreatown in Japan and is dominated byJeju Islanders.Imazato-Shinchi is an area increasingly dominated by recent South Korean "new-comers". The total Korean population in Osaka prefecture amounted to 93,000 in 2022.[116]

Tokyo
[edit]
Further information:Ōkubo, Tokyo
Edakawa Korean Town,Koto, Tokyoin 1953

According to official statistics in 2022, the Korean population inTokyoamounted to 92,000, which was the second largest following that of Osaka.

Tokyo's Korean-oriented commercial centre is located in the district of Okubo around the area ofShin-Okubo Stationand Okubo Station inShinjukuWard. Shinjuku Ward itself has over 9,100 registered Korean residents,[120]representing over 10% of the registered Korean residents in Tokyo.[121]Unlike other Japanese Koreatowns, the Okubo Koreatown developed after World War II and is dominated by "new-comers" - recent immigrants from South Korea who have retained their ethnic and cultural identity, as can be seen from the ubiquitous signs written inhangul.

One of the contributing factors in the development of Okubo into a Korean area was the low rents. The low rents and willingness of landlords to accept foreign tenants attracted Korean and other Asian migrants to the area.[122]These businesses cater to the migrant community and increasingly Japanese who come to experience ethnic cuisine. Other immigrants fromChina,Taiwan,Southeast Asia,and various other nationalities including Muslim and Nepali operated stores make this one of the most colourful and multicultural areas in Tokyo.

The area around Mikawashima station on theJōban Line,to the north of the city, is a Koreatown dominated by Zainichi immigrants fromJeju island.

Also noteworthy is a smaller-scale Zainichi Korean quarter to the southeast ofUeno station,and to the southwest, a community of South Korean "new-comers".

Shimonoseki
[edit]

Green Mall inShimonoseki, Yamaguchiis a Koreatown. It is also known as "Little Pusan" partly because of the Kanpu ferry that goes to the city ofPusanin South Korea.

Taiwan

[edit]
Main article:Koreans in Taiwan

A small Koreatown exists in Zhong xing Street located inYonghe District,New Taipei City

Southeast Asia

[edit]

Indonesia

[edit]
Main article:Koreans in Indonesia

A 31,000 m2Koreatown block is being constructed on north Jakarta Pulomas. Upon its completion, it will be the first artificially made Koreatown in the world with 7 blocks and 9 buildings.[123]

Koreans in Indonesia number approximately 40,000, which makes Indonesia the 12th largest country with Koreans living outside Korea.[124]

Malaysia

[edit]
Main article:Koreans in Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
[edit]
Main articles:Sri Hartamas;Ampang, Kuala Lumpur;andMont Kiara

There are more than 20,000 Koreans living in the capital of Malaysia.Sri Hartamasis an affluent residential township in the city which houses many migrants families, particularly from Korea. There are two Korean supermarkets in the area - Seoul Mart and Lotte Mart, various Korean restaurants and many Korean hair salons. Malaysia's first officially registered school for Korean nationals, the Malaysia Korean School, was established on 7 December 1974; it had 26 teachers and enrolled 148 students as of 2006. It is located onJalan Ampang.

Philippines

[edit]
Main article:Koreans in the Philippines
The entrance of Koreatown inAngeles, Pampangaserves as a welcome of Filipino-Korean Communities within the city, a number of various Korean Establishments and significant Ethnic Koreans that concentrated in Fil-Am Friendship Highway.

The most well-known Koreatown in the Metro Manila area is located in Makati's Barangay Poblacion. Most of the Korean businesses can be found in the area bounded north-south by JP Rizal Avenue and Jupiter, and east-west by Makati Avenue and Rockwell Drive, with P. Burgos running roughly through the middle of the area. In Quezon City, the Kalayaan Plaza Building has various Korean businesses, apartments and a church (one of seven or eight Korean churches in QC that existed in 2005).

OnAngeles, Pampanga.Anunas is thebarangaythat houses the city's Koreatown, a chain of Korean establishments along theFil-Am Friendship Highway.Anunas is also identified as one of the growth centers of the city, focusing on light industries such as woodcarving and rattan craft.[125]

Currently, Manila MayorIsko Morenoand South Korea Ambassador to the Philippines Kim Inchul are in talks about establishing a "Korea Town" in Manila's Malate district[126]

Singapore

[edit]
Main articles:Koreans in Singapore,Bukit Timah,andTanjong Pagar § Little Korea

There are Koreatowns in the UpperBukit Timaharea and theTanjong Pagararea, both within theCentral Regionof Singapore, due to the large number of Koreans living in these two areas. Following the increase in the Korean population, the number of restaurants and retailers aimed at the community is on the rise, with a majority of these establishments setting up in Tanjong Pagar.[127]Koreans in Singapore formed a population of 21,203 individuals as of 2023, according to the South Korea'sMinistry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.[128][129][130]

Thailand

[edit]
Main article:Koreans in Thailand

There is one Koreatown inBangkoknear Sukhumvit Soi 12 and one inPhuket. It consists mainly of North Korean refugees and South Korean expatriates, along with a number of South Korean immigrants who have naturalised as citizens of Thailand and their descendants.

Vietnam

[edit]
Main article:Koreans in Vietnam

Koreans in Vietnam is a community of Vietnam with a population of Korean migrants along with Vietnamese citizens of Korean ancestry. The population initially came in a military capacity, fighting on both sides of the Vietnam War. After the end of the war, there was little Korean migration or tourism in Vietnam, until the rise of the South Korean economy and the decline of the North resulted in an influx of South Korean investors and North Korean defectors, as well as South Korean men seeking Vietnamese wives. As of 2011, according to statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, they numbered roughly eighty thousand people, making them the second-largest Korean diaspora community in Southeast Asia, after the Korean community in the Philippines and the tenth-largest in the world. A more recent estimate from Vietnam Television says their population might be as large as 130,000.

Central Asia

[edit]

Kazakhstan

[edit]
See also:Koryo-saram § Central Asia

Europe

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article:Koreans in the United Kingdom
London
[edit]
Main article:New Malden § Korean community

The south west London suburb ofNew Maldenis home to the largest population of bothSouth KoreansandNorth Koreansin Europe. One-third of New Malden residents are Korean and the town is a cultural hub forKoreans in the United Kingdom.Korean businesses include two large supermarkets (H Martand Korea Foods), severalcorner shops,cafés,karaoke bars,travel agents, hair dressers, butchers and over 20 restaurants.[131][132]

Oceania

[edit]

Australia and New Zealand

[edit]
Main articles:Korean AustraliansandKorean New Zealanders
Sydney
[edit]

Koreatown in theSydney central business districtis located aroundPitt StreetbetweenBathurstandGoulburnstreets andLiverpool StreetbetweenGeorgeandElizabethstreets.[133]The area contains many retail businesses such as restaurants, grocers, travel agents, and bars on a block between Liverpool Street.[134]Koreatown, along with the adjacentThai Town,emerged in the early 21st century, decades afterChinatownwas established nearby in 1980.[135]

The eastern part of the town centre ofEastwood,in northern Sydney, is also officially promoted as "Koreatown".[136]

Other concentrations of Korean shops and restaurants, exist around the secondary transport hub ofStrathfield railway station,also sometimes referred to as "Little Korea",[137][138][139]as well as inCampsie(said to be the first)[140]which is home to the Sydney Korean Society.[citation needed]These areas feature a concentration of restaurants and shops catering to Korean cultural needs, as well as number of Korean-speaking businesses.[140]

Melbourne
[edit]

Melbourne's de facto[141]Koreatown is concentrated around the vicinity ofLa Trobe Street,specifically Healeys Lane. It also now has a distinct pocket on Victoria Street,North Melbournedirectly opposite theQueen Victoria Market.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

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Sources

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