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Kouroukan Fouga

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The door of theKouroukan Fouga,in actualKangaba,inRepublic of Mali

Kouroukan Fouga,orKurukan Fuga,was the constitution of theMali Empirecreated after theBattle of Krina(1235) by an assembly of nobles to create a government for the newly established empire, according to theEpic of Sundiata.[1]According tooral traditionof thegriotpoets of Mali and Guinea, the Kouroukan Fouga established the federation ofMandinkaclans under one government, outlined how it would operate and established the laws by which the people would live. The nameKurukan Fugais atoponym,translating to "clearing on granite/lateritic rock",[2]referring to the plain near where the narrative hasSundiata Keitapresent the charter. This is often claimed to have been near the town of Ka-ba (present dayKangaba), following the interpretation ofDjibril Tamsir Niane,but other scholars have argued that oral histories more commonly place the event at nearbyDakajalan.[3]

The "Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga", was inscribed in 2009 (4.COM) on the Representative List of theIntangible Cultural Heritage of Humanitykept byUNESCO.[4]

Reconstruction

The earliest extant versions of theEpic of Sundiatawere collected in the 1890s, and the first close transcription dates to 1967. As an instance oforal history,the epic does not exist in a fixed form.

An attempt to "reconstruct" the Kouroukan Fouga from oral tradition was made in 1998, in a regional workshop held inKankan,Guinea,with the aim of publishing and preserving the oral history related to the area's djeli or griots. Assisted by modern communicators and Guinea linguists under the supervision of Siriman Kouyaté, the workshop transcribed and translated the laws and edicts preserved in different regions from the core of the Mali Empire.

Kouyaté judged his reconstruction as being "a relatively faithful reproduction of a charter created in the fourteenth century".[citation needed]Djibril Tamsir Nianein an interview went as far as claiming the reconstruction was a "declaration on the rights of man" drafted "in 1236".[5]

The English version of the charter was re-published by Mangoné Niang, Director of CELTHO/UA (Niamey), with a short commentary prepared by Siriman Kouyaté, as an annex to the "Working Documents" for the "Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa" organised by Sahel and West Africa Club /OECD,Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), 26 to 28 June 2006.[6]According Niang's introduction, it states: "The traditionists are those who [recited][7]the text; then it has been transcribed and translated, with the help of Guinea linguists and under the supervision of Mr. Siriman Kouyaté – Magistrate and traditionist (his family is guardian of the Sosobala, in Niagasole, Guinea). Afterwards S. Kouyaté structured The Charter, without falsifying the essential point, talking here about the modern juridical texts with a view to make it readable for contemporaries ". Niang lists ten" traditional communicators "on whose authority the text was reconstructed. Siriman Kouyaté, the author of the reconstruction, is listed as one of the ten authorities. Niang adds that" the original text inMalinkeis available on the digital data bank ARTO ". The ten sources are listed as follows:

Contents

The reconstructed Kouroukan Fouga, as published by Kouyaté, contains 44 edicts. They are divided into four sections concerned with Social Organization (edicts 1-30),Property Rights(edicts 31-36), Environmental Protection (edicts 37-39) and Personal Responsibilities (edicts 40-44).

The Kouroukan Fouga divided the new empire into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called theGbara.There were 16 clans known as theDjon-Tan-Nor-Woro(quiver carriers) responsible for leading and defending the empire. There were also 4 clans known as theMori-Kanda-Lolou(guardians of the faith) who guided the ruling clans in matters ofIslamic law.There were 4nyamakalaclans (people ofcaste) who had the monopoly on certain trades, which included but was not limited tosmelting,woodworking,andtanners.Lastly, there were 4 clans ofdjeli(masters of speech) who recorded the history of the empire through song. Combined these would make up the 29 seatGbaraat the plain of Kouroukan Fougan (named after the event where Sundiata "divided the world" ). The 30th seat was likely occupied by the mansa'sdjelicalled thebelen-tigui(master of ceremonies), or may have been reserved for a female monitor since the constitution states women are to be represented at all levels of government (edict 16).

Article 7 institutes thesanankuya(a type ofcousinageorjoking relationshipthat is a longstanding West African social tradition) as a civic duty.

Kouyaté in his commentary draws attention to paragraph 20, dealing with the humane treatment ofslaves,which states:[8]Paragraph 20 states: "Do not ill treat the slaves. You should allow them to rest one day per week and to end their working day at a reasonable time. You are the master of the slaves but not of the bag they carry."

Social Organization

  • Article 1: The Great Mande Society is divided into sixteen clans of quiver carriers, five clans ofmarabouts,four groups of "nyamakalas"and one group ofslaves.Each one has a specific activity and role.
  • Article 2: The "nyamakalas" must devote themselves to tell the truth to the chiefs, to be their counsellors and to defend by the speech the established rulers and the order upon the whole territory.
  • Article 3: The five clans of marabouts are our teachers and our educators inIslam.Everyone has to hold them in respect and consideration.
  • Article 4: The society is divided intoage groups.Those born during a period of three years in succession belong to the same age-group. The members of the intermediary class between young and old people, should be invited to take part in the making of important decisions concerning the society.
  • Article 5: Everybody has a right to life and to the preservation of physical integrity. Accordingly, any attempt to deprive one's fellow being of life is punished with death.
  • Article 6: To win the battle of prosperity, the general system of supervision has been established to fight against laziness and idleness.
  • Article 7: Thesanankunya(joking relationship) and the tanamannyonya (blood pact) have been established among theMandinka people.Consequently, any contention that occurs among these groups should not degenerate the respect for one another being the rule. Between brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, between grandparents and grandchildren, tolerance should be the principle.
  • Article 8: TheKeïta familyis nominated reigning family upon the empire.
  • Article 9: Children's education behooves the entire society. The paternal authority in consequence falls to everyone.
  • Article 10: We should offer condolences mutually.
  • Article 11: When your wife or your child runs away, stop running after them in the neighbour's house.
  • Article 12: The succession being patrilinear, never relinquish power to a son when one of his father's brothers is still alive. Never relinquish power to a minor just because he has goods.
  • Article 13: Never offend the Nyaras (the talented).
  • Article 14: Never offend women, our mothers.
  • Article 15: Never beat a married woman before her husband has tried to correct the problem.
  • Article 16: Women, apart from their everyday occupations, should be associated with all our managements.
  • Article 17: Lies that have lived for 40 years should be considered like truths.
  • Article 18: We should respect the law ofprimogeniture.
  • Article 19: Any man has two parents-in-law: We have to hold them in respect and consideration.
  • Article 20: Do not ill treat the slaves. We are the master of the slave but not the bag he carries.
  • Article 21: Do not follow up with your constant attentions the wives of the chief, of the neighbor, of the marabout, of the priest, of the friend and of the partner.
  • Article 22: Vanity is the sign of weakness and humility the sign of greatness.
  • Article 23: Never betray one another. Respect your word of honor.
  • Article 24: In Manden, do not maltreat the foreigners.
  • Article 25: The ambassador does not risk anything in Manden.
  • Article 26: The bull confided to your care should not lead the cattle-pen.
  • Article 27: A girl can be given in marriage as soon as she is pubescent without age determination.
  • Article 28: A young man can marry at age 20.
  • Article 29: Thedowryis fixed at 3 cows: one for the girl, two for the father and mother.
  • Article 30: In Mande, divorce is tolerated for one of the following reasons: theimpotenceof the husband, the madness of one of the spouses, the husband's incapability of assuming the obligations due to the marriage. The divorce should occur out of the village. (The French version published in 1998 does not include this article, but splits article 34 into two, numbering the intervening articles differently).
  • Article 31: We should help those who are in need.

Of Goods

  • Article 32: There are five ways to acquire property: buying, donation, exchange, work and inheriting. Any other form without convincing testimony is doubtful.
  • Article 33: Any object found without a known owner becomes common property only after four years.
  • Article 34: The fourth heifer born is the property of the guardian of the heifer. One egg out of four is the property of the guardian of the laying hen.
  • Article 35: One bovine should be exchanged for four sheep or four goats.
  • Article 36: To satisfy one's hunger is not robbery if you don't take away anything in your bag or your pocket.

Preservation of Nature

  • Article 37: Fakombè is nominated chief of hunters.
  • Article 38: Before setting fire to the bush, don't look down at the ground, raise your head in the direction of the top of the trees to see whether they bear fruits or flowers.
  • Article 39: Domestic animals should be tied during cultivation and freed after the harvest. The dog, the cat, the duck and the poultry are not bound by the measure.

Final Disposals

  • Article 40: Respect kinship, marriage and the neighborhood.
  • Article 41: You can kill the enemy, but not humiliate him.
  • Article 42: In big assemblies, be satisfied with your lawful representatives.
  • Article 43:Balla Fas sắc kè Kouyatéis nominated chief of ceremonies and main mediator in Manden. He is allowed to joke with all groups, in priority with the royal family.
  • Article 44: All those who will transgress these rules will be punished. Everyone is bound to make effective their implementation.

Significance

According to Nick Nesbitt (2014) ofPrinceton University,theMandeCharter is a non-tribal,modern,universalisthuman rightscharter created in 1222.[9]As a universal human rights charter of African modernity, Nesbitt indicates that it predates the universal human rights charters of European modernity (e.g.,Spinoza,Kant,French Revolution,Age of Enlightenment,Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1793) by hundreds of years.[9]

In comparison to theMagna Carta,Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae,andCode Noir,Nesbitt indicates that the Mande Charter is an axiom, withoutgrounding,universalist,vitalist(e.g., soul, spirit), andegalitarian,which states: “Every life is a life” – as in, “Every life is one life.”[9]As anaxiom,Nesbitt indicates content (e.g., race, gender, wealth, language, class, or any other form of entitlement) of inequality is absent from it; rather, content of equality is present – every individual human life is valued equally.[9]

In contrast to negative formulations (e.g., “Thou shalt not” in the Hebrew Bible), Nesbitt indicates that the basis for the modernity found in the Mande Charter, as a universal human rights charter that is alsodeductiveandsystematic,is its positiveformulation,which expresses intent to establish an ideal realm rooted infraternity,equality,freedom,andjustice.[9]Nesbitt indicates that its principles of universal human rights are drawn from a foundational concept ofhuman dignity.[9]

Amid anenslavementsystem that was introduced along with Islam, and predating the declarations of1776and1789,Nesbitt indicates that the Mande Charter was the earliest declaration to seek abolition ofenslavement,beyond moral assertion, through the establishment of anemancipatorygovernment.[9]

Further reading

References

  1. ^Djibril Tamsir Niane,Soundjata ou l'Epoupée Mandingue(Paris, 1960). English translation by G. D. Pickett asSundiata: An Epic of Old Mali(London, 1965) and subsequent reprinted editions. Youssef Cissé and W Kamisoko, eds.and transl,Soundiata, la gloire du Mali. La grande geste du Mali(2 vols., Paris, 1991).[page needed].Ralph Austin, ed.In search of Sunjata: the Mande oral epic as history, literature and performance(Bloomington, 1999).[page needed]
  2. ^clairière au sol granitique:Diango Cissé,Structures des Malinké de Kita(contribution à une anthropologie sociale et politique du Mali), Collection "Hier", Éditions populaires, 1970, p. 19;clairière latérique sur roche:Projet Boucle du Niger, Actes du colloque: histoire et tradition orale: 1ère année, l'Empire du Mali: premier colloque international de Bamako, 27 janvier - 1er février 1975 Author, p. 100.
  3. ^Collet, Hadrien (2013)."L'introuvable capitale du Mali. La question de la capitale dans l'historiographie du royaume médiéval du Mali".Afriques.04.Retrieved29 May2024.
  4. ^Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga,Fourth Session of the Intergovernmental Committee (4.COM) – Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 28 September to 2 October 2009, Decision 4.COM 13.59: "The Manden Charter, recognized by its community members as an essential part of their heritage, is customary law on the basis of which they regulate their social life while respecting nature and the changing environment; it is passed on orally from generation to generation and provides a sense of belonging, identity and continuity to its community"
  5. ^"Africa drafted its declaration on the rights of man in 1236",Les Afriquesmagazine 24 July 2008, interview conducted by Chérif Elvalide Sèye.
  6. ^SAH/D(2006)563 Annexes November 2006pp. 71-82.
  7. ^Niang uses "declined"; theFrench originalArchived2016-03-03 at theWayback Machinehasont declamé.
  8. ^"The statement 20 of the Charter pointed out the condition of the slaves by humanizing it." (p. 79).
  9. ^abcdefgNesbitt, Nick (November 2014)."Resolutely Modern: Politics and Human Rights in the Mandingue Charter".The Savannah Review.4.Kwara State University Press: 15–17.ISSN2315-5523.OCLC899269494.

Bibliography

  • Cissé, Youssouf Tata (2003).La charte du Mandé et autres traditions du Mali.Paris: Albin Michel. p.64 Pages.ISBN2-226-13736-X.
  • Ki-Zerbo, J & D.T. Nianie (1998).UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century(Abridged ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 277 Pages.ISBN0-520-06699-5.
  • Mangoné Niang,The KURUKAN FUGA Charter: An example of an Endogenous Governance Mechanism for Conflict Prevention,Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa, 2006
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