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Kraft Dinner

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Kraft Dinner
Kraft Mac & Cheese logo used in the United States since 2022
A bowl of original recipe (aka "original flavour" )
Product typeMacaroni
OwnerKraft Heinz
Produced byKraft Foods
CountryUnited States
Introduced1937;87 years ago(1937)
MarketsUnited States and Canada
Previous ownersKraft Foods Inc.(1937-2012)
Websitekraftmacandcheese

Kraft Dinner(marketed asKD) in Canada,Kraft Mac & Cheesein the United States, Australia and New Zealand,Mac and Cheesein the United Kingdom and internationally, is a nonperishable, packagedmacaroni and cheeseproduct. It is made byKraft Foods Group(or former parent companyMondelezinternationally) and traditionally cardboard-boxed with driedmacaronipasta and a packet ofprocessed cheesepowder. It was introduced under theKraft Dinnername simultaneously in both Canada and the U.S. in 1937.[1]The brand is particularly popular with Canadians, who consume 55% more boxes per capita than Americans.[2]

There are now many similar products, includingprivate label,of nonperishable boxedmacaroni and cheese.Commercially, the line has evolved, with deluxe varieties marketed with liquidprocessed cheeseand microwavable frozen mac-and-cheese meals. The product by Kraft has developed into many flavour variations and formulations, includingEasy Mac(a product that has since been renamed Mac & CheeseDinner Cups), a single-serving product specifically designed formicrowave ovens.

The product's innovation, at the time of theGreat Depression,was to conveniently marketnonperishabledried macaroni noodles together with aprocessed cheesepowder. The product is prepared by cooking the pasta and adding the cheese powder along withbutter(or margarine) andmilk.

History

[edit]

The prerequisite to a shelf-stable packaged macaroni and cheese product was the invention ofprocessed cheese,where emulsifying salts helpstabilize the product,giving it a longer life. AlthoughJames Lewis Kraft,ofFort Erie, Ontario,but living in Chicago, did not invent processed cheese, he won a patent for one processing method in 1916 and began to build his cheese business.[3]

During theGreat Depression,aSt. Louis, Missouri,salesman, Grant Leslie[4]ofDundee, Scotland[citation needed],had the idea to sell macaroni pasta and cheese together as a package, so he began attachinggrated cheeseto boxes of pasta with a rubber band.[3]In 1937, Kraft introduced the product in the U.S. and Canada.[1]The timing of the product's launch had much to do with its success: duringWorld War II,the rationing of milk and dairy products, increased reliance on meatless meals, and more women working outside the home created a large market for the product, which was considered a hearty meal for families. Itsshelf lifeof ten months was attractive at a time when many Canadian homes did not have refrigerators.[3]Also, consumers could receive, for one food ration stamp, two boxes. The original box was primarily yellow. 50 million boxes were sold during the war.[5]The box's primary colour changed to blue in 1954, later used in an advertising campaign where children were encouraged to ask for "The Blue Box".

A version with spiral-shaped noodles debuted in 1975, while Velveeta Shells & Cheese were introduced in 1984.[5]A single-serving variation requiring only water for preparation was introduced as Easy Mac in 1999.[6]In 2006, the cheddar and white cheddar versions switched to organic macaroni, while Easy Mac Cups were introduced the same year. In 2007, the noodles switched to 50 percent whole grain.[5]

Macaroni & Cheese Crackers also debuted in 2007. The crackers were discontinued in 2008, as they did not meet company targets. A sub-line, Homestyle Deluxe, was added in 2010 in three flavours: cheddar, four-cheese sauce, and Old World Italian.[5]

Kraft Macaroni and Cheese sold in the United States used to includeYellow 5andYellow 6to make the food a brighter colour.[7][8][9]In Europe, food that contains Yellow 5 requires a warning label saying, "This product may have adverse effect on activity and attention in children."[10][11][12]In 2014, none of the European varieties were made with artificial dyes.

In November 2013, Kraft announced that new pasta shape varieties for children in the U.S. would no longer include Yellow 5 and Yellow 6, the sodium and saturated fat content would decrease, and there would be six more grams ofwhole grains.

In April 2015, it was announced that those changes, including the elimination of artificial preservatives, would be extended throughoutthe lineafter January 2016.Paprika,annattoandturmericare used for colouring.[13]According to Kraft, the changes were a response to consumer feedback.[14]

In 2018, Kraft-Heinz introduced the KD Shaker, which was a plastic bottle of Kraft Mac and Cheese Dinner's powdered cheese, allowing one to use the cheese powder as they wish, without needing to worry about unused pasta. The product is similar to shelf-stable Parmesan cheese powder bottle cans.[15][16]

In Canadian culture

[edit]
Previous logo of the Canadian version[17]

Kraft Dinner has been called a de factonational dishof Canada.[18]Packaged in Quebec with Canadian wheat and milk, and other ingredients from Canada and the US,[19]Canadians purchase 1.7 million of the 7 million boxes sold globally each week[2]and eat an average of 3.2 boxes of Kraft Dinner each year, 55% more than Americans. The meal is the most popular grocery item in the country,[20]where "Kraft Dinner" has an iconic status and has become ageneric trademarkof sorts for macaroni and cheese.[21]It is often simply referred to, and (as of 2023) is now marketed by the initials K.D. As Kraft Dinner has a different name in Canada from the United States and other markets, the Canadian marketing and advertising platform is a made-in-Canada effort that cannot be easily adapted to the US market.[22]

PunditRex Murphywrote that "Kraft Dinner revolves in that all-but-unobtainable orbit of theTim Hortonsdoughnut and theA&WTeen Burger. It is one of that great trinity of quick digestibles that have been enrolled as genuine Canadian cultural icons. "[23]Douglas Couplandwrote that "cheese plays a weirdly large dietary role in the lives of Canadians, who have a more intimate and intense relationship with Kraft food products than the citizens of any other country. This is not a shameless product plug – for some reason, Canadians and Kraft products have bonded the way Australians have bonded withMarmite[sic, recte:Vegemite], or the English withHeinz baked beans.In particular, Kraft Macaroni and Cheese, known simply as Kraft Dinner, is the biggie, probably because it so precisely laser-targets the favoured Canadian food groups: fat, sugar, starch and salt. "[24]Immigrants often mention Kraft Dinner when surveys ask for examples of Canadian food.[18]As a measure of the product's Canadian popularity, its Facebook page, KD Battle Zone, attracted 270,000 fans, despite there being no prizes for the contest.[22]

Canadian rock bandBarenaked Ladiesrefer to the product in their popular song "If I Had $1000000",indicating that they would continue to eat the inexpensive foodstuff even if they were millionaires. This has often prompted fans at live concerts to throw boxes of Kraft Dinner onto the stage when the line is sung; the band has discouraged this and has urged fans to donate the boxes to their localfood bankinstead.[25]

Former Prime MinisterPaul Martinregularly referred to it as his favourite food, though he also confessed that he was unable to prepare it.[26]During the same election former Prime MinisterStephen Harperstated that "I'll never be able to give my kidsa billion-dollar company,but Laureen and I are saving for their education. And I have actually cooked them Kraft Dinner—I like to add wieners. "[27]Most Canadians ignore the instructions and use alternate methods of preparing the food, like adding wieners or cheese.[22]Additional ingredients are not always necessary; simply adjusting the cooking time and the amount of milk or butter/margarine can produce a dish ranging from soft noodles in a creamy sauce to firm noodles in a thin, milky sauce.

In the September 2012 issue ofThe Walrusmagazine, the story "Kraft Dinner is Canada's True National Dish" by Sasha Chapman details the history of the Canadian cheese industry and Kraft's impact on it. She notably draws attention to Canada being unique in favouring a manufactured food product (made by a foreign company) as its national dish at the expense of local cheeses. Chapman's article is structured around this question, from the first page:

But what does it mean if a national dish is manufactured, formulated by scientists in a laboratory in Glenview, Illinois, and sold back to us by the second-largest food company in the world?[18]

Kraft Dinner is a frequent staple of Canadian university student diets. Consequently, university students protesting government funding cuts and tuition hikes have often used Kraft Dinner as a prop to draw attention to their plight.[28][29]

Nutrition

[edit]
Kraft Dinner
Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy382 kcal (1,600 kJ)
71 g
Sugars11 g
Dietary fiber2 g
5.4 g
Saturated1 g
Trans0 g
11 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin D
0%
0 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
11%
145 mg
Iron
18%
3.3 mg
Potassium
8%
250 mg
Sodium
36%
836 mg
†Percentages estimated usingUS recommendationsfor adults,[31]except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[32]
Source: FoodData Central, USDA[30]

Prepared Kraft Dinner is 71%carbohydrates,11%protein,and 5%fat(table). In a 100 grams (3.5 ounces) reference serving, Kraft Dinner supplies 382caloriesand rich contents (20% or more of theDaily Value,DV) ofsodium(56% DV) andiron(25% DV), withcalciumin moderate content (15% DV) (table).

Preparation

[edit]

The box describes a simple three-step process (the "cooking instructions" ) for preparing the dinner. The 1-2-3 directions include "Boil," "Drain," and "Add." "Boiling" is further defined as boiling water and adding the pasta, with no reference to added salt or covering of the pan. The directions indicate the pasta cooking time, usually as a range. The "Drain" step shows a colander being used. The last step, "Add," says to add all the ingredients back to the pot (with no reference to whether to leave the pot on the stove or turn off the burner) and mix thoroughly.

Although many people have their personal preferences for quantities of added ingredients, the box has a "classic prep" list that says to use 6 cups water, 1 Tbsp. Margarine and 1/3 cup skim milk. People may also vary the "cooking instructions" to their preferences, including adding salt to the water or omitting ingredients like milk.[citation needed]

Variations

[edit]

New product lines using different flavours andpastashapes have been introduced over the decades, and shelf life has increased at various times.[citation needed]Kraft Dinner is seen as an inexpensive, easy-to-makecomfort food,with marketing that highlights its value and convenience.[33][34]

The product is now available in a variety of compositions:

Commercial version of Kraft Macaroni and Cheese sold atBurger King
  • The Original Recipe of drymacaronipasta (roughly 172 grams) and 70 ml (approximately 42 grams) of powdered processed cheese. This category includes additional flavours of powdered cheese sauce (seeFlavours and shapes).
  • The Deluxe form, with the powderedprocessed cheesereplaced with a prepared, processed cheese sauce that comes in a foil pouch (cheese sauce formerly came in a can). This allows the cheese to be applied directly to the cooked pasta without additional preparation or ingredients. The pasta also differs; elbow macaroni replaces the thin, straight macaroni supplied as part of the "Original Recipe."
  • The Homestyle form is the newest form of Kraft Mac & Cheese. It is similar to the "Deluxe" form, though it provides a large size and includes seasoned breadcrumbs to apply to the macaroni and cheese. It has three flavours: cheddar cheese, four-cheese, and Old World Italian.[5]It is marketed as being a "more premium option" for those who would not eat the "Original Recipe". This version also has the prepared, processed cheese sauce in a foil pouch. Due to the breadcrumb topping, this form has more sodium than the "Deluxe" or "Original Recipe" forms. As of 2015, this variant has been discontinued due to a lack of demand.
  • Dinner Cups, formerly Kraft Easy Mac, which makes single-serving portions. This formulation is prepared in amicrowave ovenand is popular among college students.[5]
  • A commercial version is manufactured for restaurant distribution and is a frozen, fully prepared product designed to be heated in a microwave. The product can be found atBurger KingandApplebee'srestaurants.[35]
  • In the summer of 2021, Kraft Heinz released a selection of stir-in flavour boosters in the Canadian market. There are six different Kraft Dinner Flavour Boosts in the following flavours: Jalapeño, Butter Chicken, Poutine, Buffalo Wings, Ghost Pepper, and Cotton Candy. These packets are added to a prepared pot of Kraft Dinner and are designed to enhance the experience by providing a new flavour variation for the eater.[36]

Kraft Dinner Smart

[edit]

Kraft Dinner Smart (also known as KD Smart) launched as a healthysub-brandof the Kraft Dinner brand. It represents a line of Kraft macaroni and cheese products with no artificial flavours, colours, or preservatives and added ingredients like cauliflower, oats, or flax seed blended into the noodles. It comes in four varieties:[37]

Kraft Dinner Smart launched in Canada in March 2010 with two vegetable varieties. In June 2011, the line-up was re-launched with new packaging graphics and two new varieties (Flax Omega-3 and High Fibre).

The product is made with real Kraft cheddar and is manufactured inMount Royal, Quebec.

Flavours and shapes

[edit]

The shapes come in the originaltenderoni,various pop culture icons, Alpha bet, numbers and spirals. Organic and whole-grain versions are also available, as well as a larger format box called "family size". The following flavours are available, as of 2024:

  • Original recipe
  • Thick N' Creamy
  • Three cheese
  • Cheddar explosion
  • White Cheddar
  • Spicy Cheddar

Marketing

[edit]

The product was marketed as Kraft Dinner with the slogan "a meal for four in nine minutes for an everyday price of 19 cents."[38]It was re-branded to Kraft Macaroni & Cheese in the United States and other countries, although the word "Dinner" still appeared in small type on the U.S. version until the 2022 rebrand, and is referred to as the “Kraft Mac & Cheese Dinner” in the product webpage for the American variant.[39]In several markets, it goes by different names; in the United Kingdom, it is also marketed asCheesey Pasta.

The product is heavily promoted to children in the United States on television. When advertising to younger children, the television advertisement encourages the children to ask for "The Blue Box."In 2010, Kraft launched a $50 million multi-media marketing campaign with a nostalgia theme aimed at adults to promote all varieties of Kraft Dinner.[40]In Canada, Kraft has advertising programs intended to make the meal appealing tonewly arrived immigrant groups.[3]

There are regular promotional tie-in versions of the Kraft Dinner aimed at kids. Packages have come with pasta in the shapes of various characters popular with children, such asLooney Tunes,Super Mario Bros.,andStar Wars.[33]Kraft Foods has also released many products under the product banner. These include other versions of macaroni and cheese with differently shaped pasta and different flavours, but it has also included completely different dishes, such asspaghetti,in several different flavours.

In promotion of the introduction of its "Cheddar Explosion" variety of Kraft Dinner, Kraft sponsored thedemolition of Texas Stadiumon April 11, 2010. In its last act of 2009, theIrving, Texascity council made Kraft Macaroni and Cheese the official sponsor of the demolition. Kraft paid $75,000 to local charities and donated another $75,000 in Kraft products. A national essay contest directed at children who "have made a difference in their community" was held with the winner allowed to push the button initiating thecontrolled demolition.[41]The winning essayist was 11-year-old Casey Rogers ofTerrell, Texas,founder of a charity serving the homeless.[42]

[edit]
  • Kraft Macaroni & Cheese preparation—pot of boiling water with pasta inside, package of cheese powder (labeled "Kraft cheese sauce mix"), and colander to separate the noodles from the cooking water
    Kraft Macaroni & Cheese preparation—pot of boiling water with pasta inside, package of cheese powder (labeled "Kraft cheese sauce mix" ), andcolanderto separate the noodles from the cooking water
  • Kraft Dinner (with the KD label) is packaged with a processed cheese powder packet (Canada, 2018).
    Kraft Dinner (with the KD label) is packaged with a processed cheese powder packet (Canada, 2018).
  • The American version of the cheese powder
    The American version of the cheese powder
  • Additional ingredients are needed for a "Classic Prep" of Kraft Macaroni and Cheese—milk, butter, and cheese powder—which are added to the noodles.
    Additional ingredients are needed for a "Classic Prep" of Kraft Macaroni and Cheese—milk, butter, and cheese powder—which are added to the noodles.
  • American Kraft Mac & Cheese served on a plate in Sweden, garnished with fresh spinach leaves
    American Kraft Mac & Cheese served on a plate inSweden,garnished with fresh spinach leaves
  • A Canadian meal—Kraft Dinner with added Cheddar that has been integrated with sliced vegetarian hot dog and accompanied by fresh tomato slices
    ACanadian meal—Kraft Dinner with addedCheddarthat has been integrated with slicedvegetarian hot dogand accompanied by fresh tomato slices
  • Kraft Easy Mac close-up showing an orange glistening from the liquid cheese sauce that surrounds the noodles
    Kraft Easy Mac close-up showing an orange glistening from the liquid cheese sauce that surrounds the noodles
  • Original-flavor Kraft Dinner sold in bulk 12-pack sizes in Canada
    Original-flavor Kraft Dinner soldin bulk12-pack sizes in Canada

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abRobertson, Susan Krashinsky (July 30, 2015)."Kraft embraces Canadian term of endearment to rebrand Kraft Dinner".The Globe and Mail.Toronto.Archivedfrom the original on February 20, 2017.RetrievedApril 30,2017.The product launched in the United States and Canada in 1937 under the name Kraft Dinner, with smaller print on the boxes identifying it as "macaroni and grated cheese"
  2. ^abTeens in Canada.Kitty Shea. Compass Point Books, 2008 pg. 30
  3. ^abcdChapman, Sasha (September 2012)."Manufacturing Taste".The Walrus.Archivedfrom the original on January 5, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 1,2012.
  4. ^"Yum, Mac 'N' Cheese! Chemistry Article for Students | Scholastic Science World Magazine".scienceworld.scholastic.Archivedfrom the original on January 12, 2024.RetrievedJanuary 12,2024.
  5. ^abcdef"Kraft Macaroni & Cheese: A History".Chicago Tribune.August 14, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on October 26, 2017.RetrievedOctober 25,2017.
  6. ^Pollack, Judann (January 25, 1999)."Kraft Pursues 'Tweens' With Easy Mac Line: Mac & Cheese Product Touted In $10 Mil Effort".AdAge.Archivedfrom the original on March 22, 2024.RetrievedMay 23,2021.
  7. ^"Kraft: FD&C Yellow #5 & #6 will stay in Mac & Cheese for now".FoodNavigator-USA.April 2, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on December 19, 2015.RetrievedAugust 12,2015.
  8. ^"Protected Blog".Archivedfrom the original on March 15, 2013.RetrievedAugust 12,2015.
  9. ^Foster, Kim (July 28, 2008)."Why You Should Never Make Box Macaroni & Cheese Again: A Manifesto".Imperfect Parent.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2014.RetrievedAugust 12,2015.
  10. ^Wilson, Jacque (November 4, 2013)."Kraft removing artificial dyes from some mac and cheese".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on November 3, 2013.RetrievedNovember 1,2013.
  11. ^ABC News."Kraft Agrees to Take Yellow Dye Out of Mac and Cheese".ABC News.Archivedfrom the original on August 16, 2015.RetrievedAugust 12,2015.
  12. ^Paul Harris (March 12, 2013)."Kraft Macaroni & Cheese chemical additives targeted by food bloggers".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2015.RetrievedAugust 12,2015.
  13. ^"Kraft to Drop Preservatives From Its Macaroni and Cheese".The New York Times.Reuters. April 20, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on April 24, 2015.RetrievedApril 28,2015.
  14. ^"FAQs".kraftmacandcheese.Kraft Foods.Archivedfrom the original on May 9, 2015.RetrievedApril 28,2015.You told us you wanted to incorporate more foods with protein, calcium and whole grains into your diets and with no artificial flavours, preservatives or synthetic colors
  15. ^Dan Allaire (December 11, 2018)."You Can Now Put KD Cheese On Everything".Boom 101.9 Cornwall. Corus Radio.Archivedfrom the original on January 13, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 13,2020.
  16. ^Marie Allard (November 13, 2019)."À découvrir sur les rayons".La Presse (Montreal)(in French).Archivedfrom the original on January 13, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 13,2020.
  17. ^"KD® Mac N' Cheese Unveils First Rebrand in Nearly Ten Years, Marking the Next Era for the Brand".
  18. ^abc"Kraft Dinner is Canada's True National Dish".The Walrus.September 12, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on September 18, 2012.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  19. ^"Deconstructing a Canadian classic: tracking the origins of Kraft Dinner".Global News.Archivedfrom the original on October 4, 2020.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  20. ^Patrick Allossery, "Kraft hits its mark in a cheesy moment: And why Kraft's new ad campaign brings it back to form,"National Post,March 27, 2000
  21. ^Haddow, Douglas (September 14, 2019). "Ballast MagazineArchivedSeptember 18, 2012, at theWayback Machine."ballastmag.ca. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
  22. ^abcShaw, Hollie (March 23, 2012)."Catering to the Kraft Dinner cult".Financial Post.Archivedfrom the original on October 5, 2020.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  23. ^Murphy, Rex (2010).Canada and Other Matters of Opinion.Random House of Canada. p. 157.
  24. ^Coupland, Douglas (2004).Souvenir of Canada, Volume 1.Douglas & McIntyre.
  25. ^Robertson, Ed & Frohman, Lorne (Interviewer/Host) (2005).Distinguished Artists(TV Series). Toronto, Canada: Humber College School of Media Studies.
  26. ^"KD languish".John Gushue... Dot Dot Dot.Archivedfrom the original on October 4, 2020.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  27. ^Weisblott, Marc (April 21, 2011)."Kraft Dinner can't dispute that Canadians associate it with cheap eats".ca.news.yahoo.Archivedfrom the original on October 4, 2020.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  28. ^Galt, Virginia; MacKinnon, Mark; Mackie, Richard (February 3, 2000)."Students protest against government cuts".The Globe and Mail.Archivedfrom the original on May 15, 2021.RetrievedMay 15,2020.
  29. ^"Kraft Dinner mentions must stop, teacher told".CBC News.April 20, 2011.Archivedfrom the original on November 11, 2020.RetrievedMay 14,2020.
  30. ^"Kraft - Macaroni and Cheese Dinner".FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture. July 14, 2017.RetrievedJune 22,2022.
  31. ^United States Food and Drug Administration(2024)."Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels".FDA.Archivedfrom the original on March 27, 2024.RetrievedMarch 28,2024.
  32. ^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium.The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).ISBN978-0-309-48834-1.PMID30844154.Archivedfrom the original on May 9, 2024.RetrievedJune 21,2024.
  33. ^abD.L. Stewart (June 8, 2010)."Now Kraft ads are targeting adults".Dayton Daily News.Archivedfrom the original on June 11, 2010.RetrievedJune 19,2010.
  34. ^York, Emily Bryson (November 17, 2008)."Kraft Mac & Cheese: A Marketing 50 Case Study".Advertising Age.Archivedfrom the original on July 7, 2012.RetrievedJune 19,2010.
  35. ^"Burger King's new meal: apple 'fries,' mac and cheese".The Herald.Everett, Washington.Associated Press. July 1, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on October 5, 2012.RetrievedJune 17,2010.
  36. ^Kraft Dinner Flavour Boosts web,archivedfrom the original on August 10, 2021,retrievedAugust 10,2021
  37. ^"Kraft Dinner Smart".Kraft Canada Inc.Archivedfrom the original on December 3, 2011.RetrievedNovember 25,2011.
  38. ^Keri Fisher."Review: The American Century Cookbook by Jean Anderson".Archivedfrom the original on September 23, 2015.RetrievedAugust 12,2015.
  39. ^"Products - Kraft Mac & Cheese".kraftmacandcheese.RetrievedAugust 24,2024.
  40. ^Stuart, Elliot (May 26, 2010)."Kraft Hopes to Encourage Adults to Revert to a Childhood Favorite".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 30, 2010.RetrievedMay 28,2010.
  41. ^Wendy Hundley (January 1, 2010)."Irving officials make Kraft Macaroni & Cheese official sponsor of Texas Stadium demolition".The Dallas Morning News.Archivedfrom the original on July 15, 2010.RetrievedJanuary 5,2011.
  42. ^Brandon Formby (March 9, 2010)."Terrell boy wins essay contest to trigger Texas Stadium implosion".The Dallas Morning News.Archivedfrom the original on July 19, 2010.RetrievedJanuary 5,2011.
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