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Kroger

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This article is about the company. For other uses, seeKroger (disambiguation).

The Kroger Company
Company typePublic
ISINUS5010441013
IndustryRetail
Founded1883;141 years ago(1883),inCincinnati, Ohio,U.S.
FounderBernard Kroger
Headquarters
Cincinnati, Ohio
,
U.S.
Number of locations
2,719 supermarkets (Q1 2023)[1]
Area served
United States
Key people
Rodney McMullen(CEO&chairman)[2]
ProductsSupercenter/superstore,
Other specialty,supermarket
RevenueIncreaseUS$150 billion(2023)[3]
DecreaseUS$3.096 billion(2023)[4]
IncreaseUS$2.307 billion(2023)[5]
Total assetsIncreaseUS$50.505 billion(2023)[6]
Total equityIncreaseUS$11.601 billion(2023)[7]
OwnerBerkshire Hathaway(8.09%)
Number of employees
414,000 (2023)[8]
DivisionsInter-American Products
various chains
Websitewww.thekrogerco
www.kroger

The Kroger Company,or simplyKroger,is an Americanretailcompany that operates (either directly or through its subsidiaries[9]) supermarkets and multi-department stores throughout the United States.[1][10]

Founded byBernard Krogerin 1883 inCincinnati, Ohio,Kroger operates 2,719 grocery retail stores under its various banners and divisions in 35 states and the District of Columbia.[10]Its store formats include 134multi-department stores,2,273combo stores,191marketplace stores,and 121price-impact warehouse stores.[1][10]Kroger operates 33 manufacturing plants, 1,642 supermarket fuel centers, 2,254 pharmacies, 225 The Little Clinic in-store medical clinics, and 127jewelry stores(782convenience storeswere sold toEG Groupin 2018).[1][10]Kroger's headquarters are located indowntown Cincinnati.[11]

The Kroger Company is the largestsupermarketoperator in the U.S. by revenue[12]and the country's fifth-largest general retailer.[13]The company is one of thelargest American-owned private employers in the United States.[14][15][16]Additionally, Kroger is ranked #17 on theFortune500rankings of the largest U.S. corporations by total revenue.[17]

About two-thirds of Kroger's employees are represented bycollective bargaining agreements,[18]with most being represented by theUnited Food and Commercial Workers(UFCW).[19]

History[edit]

Beginning[edit]

In 1883, 23-year-oldBernard Kroger,the fifth of ten children ofGerman immigrants,invested his life savings of $372 (equivalent to $12,164 in 2023) to open a grocery store at 66 Pearl Street in downtown Cincinnati.[20]The son of a merchant, he ran his business with a simple motto: "Be particular. Never sell anything you would not want yourself."[15][21]He experimented with marketing products his company had produced so that his customers would not need to patronize separate stores and farms.

In 1884, Kroger opened his second store. By 1902, Kroger Grocery and Baking Company had been incorporated.[22]By this time, the company had grown to forty stores and sold $1.75 million worth of merchandise each year. In addition, Kroger became the first grocery chain to have its own bakery.[23]

In 1916, Kroger company began using self-service shopping. Before this, all articles were kept behind counters. Customers would ask for them, then clerks would deliver them to customers.[23]

In 1929, it was rumored thatSafewaywould merge with Kroger.[24][25]It took nearly a century before this rumor became reality, when Kroger announced in 2022 that it would acquire Safeway's parent company,Albertsons.

In the 1930s, Kroger Grocery and Baking Company became the first grocery chain to monitor product quality and to test foods offered to customers. It also became the first company with a store surrounded on all four sides by parking lots.[26]In 1932, the company tested a pilot project after it opened a grocery store in Indianapolis.[27]The facility, which was surrounded by a 75-car parking space, allowed the company to determine the close relationship between parking facilities and gross sales.[27]

1950s[edit]

Earlier variants of the Kroger logo, including one used from 1939 to 1961 (top), and the previous variant, 1961 to 2019, still extant on Kroger brand products (bottom)

Beginning in 1955, Kroger began acquiring supermarket chains, expanding into new markets. In May, Kroger entered theHouston, Texas,market by acquiring the Houston-based 26-store chainHenke & Pillot.[16]In June, Kroger acquired the Krambo Food Stores, Inc. ofAppleton, Wisconsin.[28]In July, it purchased Child's Food Stores, Inc. ofJacksonville, Texas,and operated 25 supermarkets in Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana.[29]

In January 1956, the company bought out Big Chain Stores, Inc., a chain of seven stores based inShreveport, Louisiana,later combining it with the Childs group. All of these chains adopted the Kroger banner in 1966.

During all the acquisitions, in September 1957, Kroger sold off itsWichita, Kansas,store division, which consisted of 16 stores, toJ. S. Dillon and Sons Stores Company,then headed by Ray S. Dillon, son of the company founder.

1960s[edit]

In October 1963, Kroger acquired the 56-store chain Market Basket, providing them with a foothold in the lucrative southern California market. Prior to this time Kroger had no stores west of Kansas.[30]Kroger, however, failed to make significant headway, only managing a 5 percent market share. By 1982, it withdrew from the California market.[31]

Kroger opened stores in Florida under the SupeRx and Florida Choice banners from the 1960s until 1988, when the chain decided to exit the state and sold all of its stores;Kash n' Karrybought the largest share.[32][33][34]

1970s[edit]

In the 1970s, Kroger became the first grocer in the United States to test an electronic scanner and the first to formalize consumer research.[35]

Although Kroger has long operated stores in theHuntsville-Decaturarea of northernAlabama(as a southern extension of itsNashville, Tennessee,region), it has not operated in the state's largest market,Birmingham,since the early 1970s, when it exited as a result of intense competition fromWinn-Dixieand local chainsBruno's Supermarketsand Western Supermarkets.

Kroger built an ultra-modern dairy plant (Crossroad Farms Dairy) in Indianapolis in 1972. At the time, it was considered the largest dairy plant in the world.

Kroger exited theChicago marketin 1970, selling its distribution warehouse in Northlake, Il. and 24 stores to the Dominick's Finer Foods grocery chain.

Kroger exited theMinneapolis–Saint Paularea in 1970, selling 16 stores to Quality Foods, which rebranded the stores toPiggly Wiggly.

Kroger exited Milwaukee in 1972, selling a few stores toJewel.Kroger would later return in 2015 upon its acquisition ofRoundy's.

Kroger entered theCharlottemarket in 1977 and expanded rapidly throughout the 1980s when it bought some stores fromBI-LO.However, most stores were in less desirable neighborhoods and did not fit in with Kroger's upscale image. Less than three months after BI-LO pulled out, that company decided to re-enter the Charlotte market, and in 1988, Kroger announced it was pulling out of the Charlotte market and put its stores up for sale.Aholdbought Kroger's remaining stores in the Charlotte area and converted them to BI-LO.[36][37]

1980s[edit]

Kroger had a number of stores in theWestern Pennsylvaniaregion, encompassingPittsburghand surrounding areas from 1928 until 1984 when the U.S. began experiencing a severe economicrecession.The recession had two significant and related effects on Kroger's operations in the region. One of them was that the highly cyclical manufacturing-based economy of the regiondeclined in greater proportion than the rest of the U.S.,which undercut demand for the higher-end products and services offered by Kroger.

The second effect of the economic recession was to worsen labor-management relations, causing a protracted labor strike in 1983 and 1984. During the strike, Kroger withdrew all of its stores from the Western Pennsylvania market, including some recently opened "superstores" and "greenhouses", selling these stores to Wetterau (now part ofSuperValu), who promptlyflippedthe stores to independent owners while continuing to supply them under theFoodLandandShop 'n Savebrands.[38]Kroger's exit ceded the market to lower-cost, locally owned rivals, most notablyGiant Eagleand the SuperValu-supplied grocers. (Kroger purchased Eagle Grocery company, whose founders went on to create Giant Eagle.) Kroger still maintains a presence in the nearbyMorgantown, West Virginia,Wheeling, West Virginia,andWeirton, West Virginia/Steubenville, Ohio,areas where Giant Eagle has a much smaller presence and the SuperValu-supplied stores are virtually nonexistent, though in all of these cases, Walmart remains a major competitor andAldiis the only other supermarket with any market overlap.

Kroger entered the competitiveSan Antonio, Texas,market in 1980 but pulled out in mid-1993. On June 15, 1993, the company announced the closure of its 15 area stores. From 1984 to 1986, Kroger exited the Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Akron, and St. Louis markets. The company cited that higher wages for union employees made it unable to compete.[39]

The chain closed several stores aroundFlint, Michigan,in 1981, which were converted by local businessman Al Kessel to a new chain calledKessel Food Markets.[40]Kroger bought most of these stores back in 1999 and began reverting them.[41]Several other Michigan stores were sold to another Flint-based chain,Hamady Brothers,in 1980.[42]The Hamady acquisition was short-lived.[43]

In 1982, Kroger sold the 65-store Market Basket chain it had operated for several years in southern California. The stores were reverted to theBoys Marketsbranding, after acquiring the chain. Boys Markets was acquired by theYucaipa Companiesin 1989. When Yucaipa acquiredRalphs,the Boys brand disappeared.

In 1983, The Kroger Company acquiredDillon Companies[44]grocery chain in Kansas along with its subsidiaries (King Soopers,City Market,Fry'sandGerbes) and the convenience store chainKwik Shop.David Dillon,a fourth-generation descendant of J. S. Dillon, the founder of Dillon Companies, became the CEO of Kroger.

In northeastern Ohio, Kroger had a plant inSolon, Ohio,until the mid-1980s. When that plant shut down,[45]Kroger closed its northeastern Ohio stores in the Cleveland,Akron,andYoungstownareas. Some of those former Kroger stores were taken over by stores like Acme Fresh Markets,Giant Eagle,andHeinens.

Kroger opened and had about 50 stores inSt. Louisuntil it left the market in 1986, saying that its stores were unprofitable. Most of its stores were bought byNational,Schnucks,andShop 'n Save.Most of the remaining Kroger stores in eastern Missouri and west-central Illinois became a western extension of the Central Division (headquartered inIndianapolis).

Kroger also experienced a similar withdrawal fromChattanooga, Tennessee,in 1989. Many of these stores were sold to the local grocery chainRed Food,which was in turn bought byBI-LOin 1994. Today, Chattanooga is the only metropolitan market in Tennessee in which Kroger does not operate with the nearest location beingDalton, Georgia,with 2 stores (Walnut Avenue and Cleveland Highway).

1990s[edit]

A regional Kroger inFort Worth, Texas,opened in 1997 (2014) (Store #035-00536)

In the 1990s, Kroger acquired Great Scott (Detroit),Pay Less Food Markets,Owen's Market,JayC Food Stores,andHilander Foods.Additionally, the Houston market was strengthened when Kroger bought several stores fromAppleTree Markets,which were former Safeway stores in early 1994.

In 1998, Kroger merged with the then fifth-largest grocery companyFred Meyer,along with its subsidiaries,Ralphs,QFC,andSmith's.[46]

In the late 1990s, it acquired many stores fromA&Pas it exited many markets in the South.

Kroger also swapped all ten of itsGreensboro, North Carolina-area stores in 1999 toMatthews, North Carolina-basedHarris Teeter,for 11 of that company's stores in central and western Virginia. Kroger in turn would acquire Harris Teeter 15 years later.

2000s[edit]

Long the dominant grocer in western Virginia, Kroger entered theRichmond, Virginia,market in 2000, where it competes against market leadersMartin's(including former Ukrop's stores) andFood Lion.Kroger entered the market by purchasingHannafordstores that either already existed or were being built in Richmond. Hannaford purchases also included the competitiveHampton Roadsmarket, where it now competes withFarm Fresh,Harris Teeter (which is owned by Kroger), and Food Lion.[47]The Hannaford locations in these markets were purchased fromDelhaizeby Kroger as a condition of Delhaize's 2000 acquisition of the Hannaford chain, which had previously competed against Food Lion, also owned by Delhaize.[48]Walmart Supercenters are also major competitors in both markets, and the chain briefly competed againstWinn-Dixie,which has now exited Virginia.

In 2001, Kroger acquiredBaker's Supermarketsfrom Fleming Companies, Inc.[49][50]

Albertsons exited the San Antonio and Houston markets in early 2002, selling many of the Houston stores to Kroger.[citation needed]

In 2004, Kroger bought most of the old Thriftway stores inCincinnati, Ohio,whenWinn-Dixieleft the area. These stores were reopened as Kroger stores.[51]

In 2007, Kroger acquiredScott's Food & PharmacyfromSuperValu Inc.,[52]and in the same year, also acquired 20 former Michigan Farmer Jack locations from A&P when A&P exited the Michigan Market.

In 2008, Kroger began a partnership withMurray's Cheeseof New York City.[53]Murray's Cheese counters within Kroger stores sell a variety of artisanal cheese from all parts of the world.

2010s[edit]

On July 9, 2013, Kroger announced that it would acquire the 212 stores of Charlotte-based Harris Teeter in a deal valued at $2.5 billion and that it would assume $100 million in the company's outstanding debt.[54]Harris Teeter's stores are in eight Southern states, with a major portion of them in its headquarters state of North Carolina.[55]Doing so, Kroger acquired Harris Teeter's click-and-collect program, which allows online ordering of groceries. Some industry experts saw this as a competitive move againstonline grocerssuch asAmazonFresh.[56]The Harris Teeter acquisition marked Kroger's return to the Charlotte market after a 25-year absence. It also allowed Kroger to enterAshevillefor the first time. Charlotte and Asheville had been the only large markets in North Carolina where Kroger had no presence.[citation needed]

In 2013, Kroger announced that the spouses of the company's unionized workers would no longer be covered by the company's insurance plan. The company cited thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Actas a prime reason for the move. The benefit cut affected roughly 11,000 workers in Indiana.[57][58]The company announced in April 2013 that full-time employees would maintain their health insurance benefits.[59]

On March 3, 2015, Kroger announced it would enterHawaii,having registered with the state as a new business in February 2015. Kroger was planning to expand to Hawaii in 2006 but withdrew after it had already submitted registration. Kroger, which is in the process of looking for locations to open its first store, will face competition from Honolulu-based rivalsFoodlandandTimes;major retailers Safeway, Walmart, andCostco;Japanese-owned Don Quixote; and Department of Defense-owned DeCA Commissaries.[60]

On May 1, 2015, Kroger announced the acquisition of the seven-store Hiller's Market chain in Southeast Michigan, and that it would operate all but one of those stores under the Kroger banner.[61]

In June 2015, Kroger eliminated the Harris Teeter brand from the crowded Nashville, Tennessee, market, where its growth had been stunted by aggressive competition since it entered with six stores in the early 2000s.[62]Kroger has traditionally had a market-leading presence in Nashville and initially promised to keep the five remaining Harris Teeter stores open when it acquired the chain,[63]but the market "did not support Harris Teeter's future business plans".[64]Two Harris Teeter stores were closed outright, and three closed temporarily while being converted to the Kroger brand (one of these would undergo a major remodeling and replace a neighboring Kroger store).[65]

On November 11, 2015, Kroger andRoundy'sannounced a definitive merger, bringing Roundy's chain's 166 primarily Wisconsin based chains under Kroger ownership. The merger is valued at $800 million, including debt. The acquisition, which brought Kroger back to Wisconsin after a 43-year absence, will retain the Roundy's, Pick 'n Save, Mariano's, Metro Market and Copps names, along with its Milwaukee operations.[66](Within a year-and-a-half, however, Kroger had rebranded all Copps locations to the Pick 'n Save banner.)

In April 2016, Kroger announced that it had made a "meaningful investment" in theBoulder, Colorado-basedLucky's Market,an organic foods supermarket chain that operated 17 stores in 13 states throughout the Midwest and Southeast United States.[67]

In February 2017, Kroger withstood large community protests after announcing the closing of two smaller-sized Louisville-area stores. Despite high store volumes and high population densities, the Old Louisville (lease expiration) and Southland Terrace stores closed.

On February 7, 2017, it was announced that Kroger Co. had purchased Murray's Cheese.[68]

As of 14 February 2017,Kroger is no longer offering a discount to senior citizens 59 and up.[69]

On May 1, 2017, Kroger, along with theUniversity of KentuckyandUK Athletics,sports and campus marketing partner JMI Sports, announced a 12-year, $1.85 million per year campus marketing agreement. Included in the agreement is thenaming rightsto Commonwealth Stadium, the university'sfootballstadium, which will be renamedKroger Field.This agreement makes the University of Kentucky the first school in theSoutheastern Conferenceto enter into a corporate partnership for the naming rights to their football stadium.[70]

On May 10, 2017, Kroger opened its first convenience store[71]inBlacklick, Ohio,labeled "Fresh Eats MKT". The newprototype storeswill have about 12,000 square feet (1,100 square meters) of space, and will be very similar to theWalmart Neighborhood Marketproject, as these stores only sell food. These stores have aStarbucks,and a Kroger Pharmacy. On June 1, 2017, Kroger opened their second Fresh Eats. Kroger is also going to convert someTurkey Hillstores into the concept store. TheCFO,Mike Schlotman, has called these stores a "small test." Local reaction to this new concept has been positive. The concept was discontinued in March 2020.[72]

In February 2018, Kroger announced that it will be selling its 762 convenience stores toEG Group,a British service station operator, for $2.15 billion. They operate under theTurkey Hill,Loaf 'N Jug,Kwik Shop,Tom ThumbandQuik Stopbanners. Kroger will retain just over 20 convenience stores. Kroger's supermarket fuel centers are not included in the sale.[73][74][75]The sale was closed on April 20, 2018.[76]

On April 10, 2018, Kroger announced plans to hire an estimated 11,000 new employees. An estimated 2,000 managerial positions will be filled by the new hires. With the addition of these new hires, the total number of people employed by the company is close to half a million.[77][78]

On May 17, 2018, Kroger announced a partnership withOcado,a UK-based online supermarket. The partnership is designed to improve Kroger's ecommerce program, including online ordering, automated fulfillment, and home delivery via the construction of 20 new, automated fulfillment centers.[79]The first of these fulfillment centers, located inMonroe, Ohio,opened in April 2021. As of September 2023,eight total fulfillment center locations have been constructed and opened, with additional locations inGroveland, Florida,Forest Park, Georgia,Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin,Dallas, Texas,Romulus, Michigan,Aurora, Colorado,andFrederick, Maryland.[80]Each fulfillment center also operate in conjunction with several "spoke" facilities, which assist to further extend the capable range of delivery. As of September 2023,the latest "spoke" facility to be opened is located inJohnstown, Colorado.[81]Kroger has taken advantage of its investment in online shopping capability to grow rapidly during the pandemic. In 2020, Kroger's online sales grew by 116%, to over $10B annually.[82]

On May 24, 2018, Kroger announced they were acquiringHome Cheffor $200 million with an additional $500 million in incentives if certain targets are met by Home Chef.[citation needed]

On June 13, 2018, Kroger Mid-Atlantic announced the Kroger branding will be leaving the Raleigh-Durham area by eliminating all 14 Kroger-branded stores, eight of which will transition to Harris Teeter (also owned by Kroger). One will become a Crunch Fitness and another will become a Food Lion. The fate for the remaining four stores is unclear.[83]

In July 2018, Kroger officials backed off aNet 90payment plan to the produce industry.[84]

In October 2018, Kroger announced online wine delivery to 14 states in partnership with DRINKS.[85]Customers can select assorted wines in 6-bottle or 12-bottle packs.[86]

On December 4, 2018, Kroger announced a deal to sell food inside drugstoreWalgreens.[87]Kroger Express[88]will offer meal kits and other meal solutions.

In the light of increased self-checkout usage via kiosk or smartphone app in 2019, Kroger is gradually shifting towards creating more self-checkout smartphone apps and lanes than cashier lanes. The company has been investing millions of dollars, in replacing many cashier stations with automation by 2023. As many other supermarkets (such asWalmartandTarget) are also shifting towards automation, and displacing cashiers in the near future.[89]

In March 2019, Kroger announced it was expanding its service with robotics companyNuroto Houston, Texas, with Nuro's autonomous Priuses.[90]

In August 2019, Kroger began charging customers between $0.50 and $3.50 for receiving cash back while making purchases with debit cards.[91][92]The new fees were first test marketed in March at Kansas areaDillonsstores, a Kroger-owned supermarket chain, before the new fees were rolled out to other Kroger-owned supermarket banners in the rest of the nation.[93]

In September 2019, Kroger announced a partnership with thePlant Based Food Association(PFBA) to test a plant-based meat retail concept in 60 stores in Denver, and parts of Indiana and Illinois.[94]

In November 2019, Kroger unveiled an updated logo for their stores and company, with the ' "Fresh For Everyone" tagline and the "Krojis".[95]The company also announced an expansion of its online wine delivery program into Arizona.[96]In partnership with DRINKS, the service is now available in 19 states plus Washington D.C.[97]

In December 2019, Kroger was named the second-largest grocer in the nation with $110 billion in 2016 sales. The same month,USA Todaylisted Kroger—and its brands—as the top supermarket (based on Google searches, Yelp data, and 24/7 Tempo's research) in Alaska, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia.[98]

2020s[edit]

According to aPBS NewsHourFebruary 13, 2021 broadcast, during the pandemic, Kroger provided theiressential workerswith a hazard pay, which the company called "hero pay." The hero pay consisted of a raise of US$2 an hour from the end of March 2020 until May 2020, when the hero pay ended.[99]In January 2021, the Long Beach City Council in California passed an ordinance making it mandatory for some large grocery stores—like Kroger—to provide their essential workers with a hazard pay increase of US$4 an hour "effective immediately for 120 days". The ordinance affected companies with "more than 300 workers nationwide and more than 15 employees per store".[99]

Seattle and Washington passed similar ordinances. In response, in early February, Kroger announced the closure and permanent termination of the entire operations of some of their stores—including a Ralphs and a Food4Less in Long Beach— "for economic reasons including the economic cost mandated by the Long Beach ordinance requiring an increase in employee wages, four dollars an hour".[99][100]TheUnited Food and Commercial Workers(UFCW), with members whose jobs had been terminated, viewed the closures as a "warning to other cities considering hazard pay mandates".[99]

Andrea Zinder, president of the UFCW Local 324 that represents employees at the two stores—Ralphs and a Food4Less—said that compared to the same time period in 2019 both stores saw an increase of about 30% in sales.[99]In 2020, during the pandemic, Kroger's earnings increased by 87.7%.[101]Kroger's quarterly revenues as reported by November 20, 2020, were US$29.72 billion, and the corporation's per-share earnings and dividends grew at a rapid rate in 2020. Its dividend increase was about 14% annually.[102]

Starting in early 2020, Berkshire Hathaway began buying shares of Kroger, and by August 2021 became a top ten shareholder.[103][104]

In 2021, the company was reported to have been breached by a third-party hack which compromised the pharmacy records of Kroger owned Fred Meyer and QFC stores' customers.[105]

On August 2, 2021, Kroger announced that it had electedElaine Chaoto its board of directors. Chao was formerlySecretary of Laborunder PresidentGeorge W. BushandSecretary of Transportationunder PresidentDonald Trump.[106]The news was met with backlash from a small number of Kroger customers on Twitter, with calls for a boycott trending nationally due to her ties to the Trump administration and to her husband,Mitch McConnell.[107]

On September 23, 2021,a mass shootingoccurred at a Kroger location inCollierville, Tennessee.One person was killed and 13 others were injured before the gunman, identified as 29-year-old Uk Thang, committed suicide by gunshot. Thang was working at the store as a third-party vendor.[108][109]In the aftermath of the shooting, Kroger offered counseling services for its employees and closed down the store until November 10.[110]

In September 2021, Kroger tweaked its logo to add the "Fresh Cart" symbol. The symbol is an abstractshopping cartwith the basket represented ascitrusslices.[111]

In October 2021, Kroger announced an expansion into South Florida with its online delivery service, Kroger Delivery. To do this, Kroger will build two new automated fulfilment centers assisted and facilitated by the UK-based technology companyOcado Group.Kroger Delivery is also set to launch in the Northeast of the US and expand its operations in California, to be followed by sites in Texas, Georgia, Maryland, Wisconsin, Michigan, Arizona, and North Carolina. The company launched its online delivery services in Central Florida earlier in 2021.[112][113]

On April 5, 2022, Kroger launched Kroger Restaurant Supply in the Dallas-Ft. Worth area, a new business distributing food and related supplies to restaurants, bakeries, and catering companies. For Kroger, this move into foodservice distribution represents an expansion beyond its core retail grocery operations.[114]

On October 14, 2022, Kroger announced amerger with Albertsonsin a deal worth $24.6billion, combining both companies into one entity but divesting some stores toC&S Wholesale Grocersto secure regulatory approval. The transaction is expected to close in early 2024.[115][116]However, in January 2024, Washington state sued to block the proposed $25 billion merger between Kroger andAlbertsons,warning that if approved it could raise prices and harm consumers.[117]In February 2024, Colorado Attorney GeneralPhil Weiseralso filed a lawsuit, saying consumers told him they feared it "would lead to stores closing, higher prices, fewer jobs, worse customer service, and less resilient supply chains.”[118]In February 2024, the FTC sued to block the acquisition stating that the deal would negatively impact consumer prices and workers' wages.[119]

On July 9, 2024, Kroger released the complete list of 579 stores that would be divested in order to satisfy anti-trust concerns from the Federal Trade Commission.[120][121]Within the list of stores being proposed for divestment, theDallas marketwould be the most affected, with 26 Albertsons locations being sold which includes theTom Thumbchain and sixMarket Streetlocations.[122]Following the announcement, theUnited Food and Commercial Workersmade statement, saying that they will continue to oppose the merger and that Kroger's announcement "changes nothing".[123]

Finances[edit]

For the fiscal year 2020, Kroger reported earnings of US$1.907 billion, with an annual revenue of US$122.286 billion, an increase of 0.4% over the previous fiscal cycle. Kroger's shares traded at over $32 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$25.9 billion in April 2020.[124]

Year Revenue
in million US$ 		Net income
in million US$ 		Total Assets
in million US$ 		Price per Share
in US$ 		Employees Supermarkets C-stores Jewelers Total stores
2006 60,553 958 20,482 8.43 290,000 2,507 791 428 3,726
2007 66,111 1,115 21,215 9.87 310,000 2,468 779 412 3,659
2008 70,336 1,209 22,293 9.89 323,000 2,486 782 394 3,662
2009 76,148 1,249 23,257 7.81 326,000 2,481 771 385 3,637
2010 76,609 70 23,126 8.66 334,000 2,468 777 374 3,619
2011 82,049 1,116 23,505 9.56 338,000 2,460 784 361 3,605
2012 90,269 602 23,476 10.49 339,000 2,435 791 348 3,574
2013 96,619 1,497 24,634 16.21 343,000 2,424 786 328 3,538
2014 98,375 1,519 29,281 26.71 375,000 2,640 786 320 3,746
2015 108,465 1,728 30,497 35.18 400,000 2,625 782 326 3,733
2016 109,830 2,039 33,897 29.41 431,000 2,778 784 323 3,885
2017 115,337 1,975 36,505 23.83 443,000 2,796 784 319 3,899
2018 122,662 1,907 37,197 24.71 449,000 2,782 782 274 3,838
2019 121,852 3,110 38,118 26.47 453,000 2,764 253 3,017
2020 122,286 1,659 45,256 29.62 435,000 2,757 242 2,999
2021 132,498 2,585 45,256 43.07 465,000
2022 137,888 1,655 48,662 43.26 420,000
2023 148,258 2,244 49,086 45.42 430,000
2024 150,039 2,164 49,623

Carbon footprint[edit]

Kroger reported TotalCO2e emissions(Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 5,090 Kt (−659 /−11.5% y-o-y).[125]Reported emissions have been declining since 2016.

Kroger's annual TotalCO2e emissions(Direct + Indirect) (in kilotonnes)
Dec 2016 Dec 2017 Dec 2018 Dec 2019 Dec 2020
7,251[126] 6,658[127] 5,917[128] 5,750[129] 5,090[125]

Chains[edit]

Banner Format
Primary Variants Combination
food and drug		 Marketplace Multi-department Price impact Other
Dillons Baker's,Gerbes Green tickY Green tickY
Food 4 Less[130] Foods Co. Green tickY
Fred Meyer Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
Fred Meyer Jewelers Barclay's Jewelers, Littman Jewelers Jeweler
Fry's Green tickY Green tickY
Harris Teeter Green tickY
Home Chef E-commerce
King Soopers City Market Green tickY Green tickY
Kroger[131] Pay Less Green tickY Green tickY
The Little Clinic Walk-in clinic
Mariano's Green tickY
QFC Green tickY
Ralphs Green tickY
Roundy's[132][133] Metro Market, Pick 'n Save Green tickY
JayC Ruler Foods Green tickY
Smith's Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
Vitacost E-commerce
Total stores[1] 2,277 188 134 121 129 jewelers
225 clinics
Former chains (year of sale/dissolution in parentheses)
Barney's (1985)[134] Green tickY
Cala Foods(2011)[135] Bell Markets Green tickY
Copps Food Center(2017)[136] Green tickY
Henke's(1966)[137] Green tickY
Hilander Foods(2011)[138] Green tickY
Hiller's (2015) Green tickY
Hook's(1987)[139] Drug store
Kessel(1999)[140] Green tickY
Krambo (1971)[141] Green tickY
Loaf 'N Jug(2018)[142] Kwik Shop,Quik Stop, Tom Thumb Convenience
Main & Vine (2018)[143] Concept
Market Basket(1982)[144] Green tickY
Owen's(2020)[145] Green tickY
Scott's(2016)[146] Green tickY
SupeRx(1987)[147][139] Drug store
Turkey Hill(2018)[142] Convenience

Number of Kroger locations by banner[edit]

Kroger Marketplace[edit]

Kroger Marketplaceis a chain ofbig-box stores.The brand was introduced in 2004 in theColumbus, Ohio,area, which lost theBig Bearand Big Bear Plus chains inPenn Traffic'sChapter 11 bankruptcy.[168]The Kroger Marketplace format is based on theFry's Marketplacestores that the Arizona division of Kroger is currently operating. There are currently a total of 188 marketplaces.[1]

Similar to rival chainsMeijer,Kmart,Target,Walmart,and Albertsons; the stores are modeled after Kroger-owned Fred Meyer which house multiple departments.[169][170]In addition to the grocery department, stores typically incklude aFred Meyer Jewelers,Starbucks,Donatos Pizza,an in-store bank, and sections for toys, appliances, home furnishings as well as bed and bath; a format Big Bear had in their stores in the Columbus area.

In 2005, the company began renovating manyKroger Food & Drugstores in Ohio to an expanded and updated look, converting them to theKroger Marketplaceformat. In February 2006, Kroger announced plans for two new Kroger Marketplace stores by the end of summer in Cincinnati suburbsLebanonandLiberty Township.[171]The store in Liberty Township opened in July 2006.[172]On October 5, 2006, a new Kroger Marketplace opened inGahanna.With the Gahanna opening, the number of Kroger Marketplace stores grew to six, four in the Columbus area and two in the Cincinnati area. Two more stores were planned in 2007, one in Middletown (which opened in April 2007, after the old store was razed and made part of the current parking lot) and one in Englewood.[173]

In 2011, theElder-BeermaninCenterville, Ohio,was demolished, and a new marketplace replaced it. The location has a fuel center and opened on December 8.[174]This marketplace is the largest Kroger store ever built from ground up to date at 147,000 square feet (13,700 square meters).

Two more stores opened in the Cincinnati area, in the Northern Kentucky suburbs ofHebronandWaltonwhich were completed in November 2008. Three Kroger Marketplace stores inKentuckyopened in 2009, two inLe xing tonand one inNewport.Another Marketplace opened inBeavercreek, Ohio.AMount Orab, Ohio,store opened in the spring of 2010.[175]Kroger opened a new 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2) store inNorth Augusta, South Carolina.In 2015, a 145,000 sq ft (13,500 m2) Marketplace was opened in the Cincinnati suburb ofOakley.[176]

The first Kroger Marketplace store in Tennessee opened inFarragut, Tennessee(a suburb ofKnoxville), at the end of 2008, and a second store inThompson's Station, Tennessee,about 20 miles (32 km) south ofNashville,opened in early 2009. A third location opened inGallatin, Tennessee,on March 11, 2010.

Kroger Marketplace inFrisco, Texas(Store #035-00561) opened in 2010.

The first Kroger Marketplace store in Texas opened on October 9, 2009, in the Waterside Marketplace inRichmond, Texas.[177]The second Kroger Marketplace store inRosenberg, Texas,opened on December 4, 2009.[178]The third opened inFrisco, Texas,in early 2010.[179]The fourth, inWillis, Texas,opened on August 11, 2011.[180]Other Kroger Marketplace stores in Texas are inLittle Elm, Texas;Fort Worth's Alliance Town Center; Mansfield;[179]Wylie, Texas;[181]and Baytown, Texas.

The first Kroger Marketplace in Arkansas opened in August 2010 on Chenal Parkway inLittle Rock, Arkansas.Locations also opened in 2012 inConway, Arkansasand 2014 inJonesboro, Arkansas.

The first Kroger Marketplace in Indiana opened on September 29, 2011, on Dupont Road on Fort Wayne's northwest side. This store is a rebuilt Kroger Food & Drug. A second Kroger Marketplace opened on October 4, 2012, from a rebuilt Scott's Food and Pharmacy in the Village at Coventry on the southwest side of Fort Wayne. These two stores are part of a $100 million expansion project in the Fort Wayne area. In October 2016, it was announced that a Kroger Marketplace will open inLa Porte, Indiana,within the NewPorte Landing development. Construction of the new 123,000-square-foot (11,400-square-meter) store is expected to begin early in 2018.[182]

The first Kroger Marketplace in Virginia opened onMidlothian TurnpikeinRichmond, Virginia,on the site of the formerCloverleaf Mallon December 6, 2012.[183]Another Marketplace opened inVirginia Beach, Virginia,at the site of a formerSuper Kmart,on July 31, 2013.[184]The third location opened in December 2013 in the Staples Mill shopping Center inHenrico County.A fourth location opened on October 15, 2014, inPortsmouth, Virginia,at the site of the formerI.C. Norcom High School.

The first Kroger Marketplace in Michigan opened on June 14, 2013, at Sterns and Secor Roads inLambertville(a suburb north ofToledo, Ohio). Formerly a conventional Kroger store, the square footage (square meterage) increased from 68,000 to 133,000 square feet (6,300 to 12,400 square meters). It carries toys, home essentials, apparel and shoes in addition to groceries. The state's second store opened in 2014 inShelby Townshipon property that already contained a 2010-built Fuel Center, replacing a smaller Kroger store across Hayes Road in neighboringMacomb Township,which was soon converted into anEmagine Entertainmentmovie theater.Three further locations opened in 2016, one inWhite Lake.

The first Kroger Marketplace in Mississippi opened on September 16, 2016, in Hernando (a suburb ofMemphis, Tennessee) to much fanfare. This store was formally a Kroger Food & Drug with twelve aisles, now rebuilt with sixty-four, in addition to having a Starbucks, ClickList, and expanded deli inside.

The first Kroger Marketplace store in Alabama opened inHuntsville, Alabamain 2017.

Manufacturing and distribution[edit]

Distribution and logistics[edit]

Food distribution and buying takes place under various subsidiaries and divisions. These include:[185]

  • Kroger Group Cooperative, Inc.
  • Kroger Group, Inc.
  • Peytons
  • WESCO
  • Inter-American Products

Kroger operates its own fleet of trucks and trailers to distribute products to its various stores, in addition to contracts with various trucking companies.[3]In June 2018, Kroger announced testingdriverless carsfor delivering groceries. For this, Kroger is partnering with autonomous car companyNuro.[186][187]

In addition to stocking a variety of regional brand products, The Kroger Company also employs one of the largest networks of private label manufacturing in the country. Thirty-three plants (either wholly owned or used with operating agreements) in seventeen states create about 40% of Kroger's private label products.[3]Similar to most major supermarket retailers, Kroger uses a three-tieredprivate labelmarketing strategy. One private brand emphasizes no-frills products at the lowest possible price, another is intended to be comparable to leading national brands but a better value and the third is a premium (often organic) brand.

Manufacturing plants[edit]

Dairies[edit]

Kroger operates 18 dairy plants:

Bakeries[edit]

Kroger operates nine plants:

Grocery items[edit]

Kroger operates seven grocery plants:

Private label brands[edit]

Kroger offers a collection of its own branded products, referred to by the retailer as "Our Brands". The products are produced and sold in quality tiers, and account for over 30% of the retailer's unit sales.[189][190]

[edit]

Banner Brand items are goods that bear the name of Kroger or its subsidiaries (i.e., Ralphs, King Soopers, etc.) or make reference to them (i.e., Big K), and are offered exclusively within Kroger-owned stores. These products are marketed to customers as budget-friendly, and account for over $13 billion in annual sales.[191]Many of Kroger's health and beauty goods, one of the company's fastest-growing private label categories, are manufactured by third-party providers; these products include goods likeibuprofenand contact lens solution.

Private Selection[edit]

Private Selection branding
Simple Truth logo

Products markedPrivate Selectionare offered to compare with gourmet brands or regional brands that may be considered more upscale than the standard Kroger brand products.

Simple Truth[edit]

Simple Truthis Kroger's flagship natural and organic brand, and has grown quickly since its launch in 2012. The brand's launch marked the first time Kroger had delved into making its own gluten-free products, including flour mixes, bread, etc. The Simple Truth brand became the first Kroger offering to be introduced in China, onAlibaba'sTmallplatform.[192]Simple Truth reached $2 billion in annual sales in 2018.[193]

Other private label brands[edit]

In addition to its core brands, Kroger's manufacturing creates a variety department-specific brands. These are featured especially in Fred Meyer stores, where more than half the goods sold are non-food, or in the smaller Fred Meyer-based Marketplace stores. The brands listed below may be found in various Kroger-owned stores.[194]

  • Abound– natural pet food
  • Bakery Fresh Goodness– fresh-baked foods
  • Bloom Haus– floral arrangements
  • Comforts– baby products
  • Dip–fast fashionbrand designed byJoe Mimran[195]
  • Everyday Living– home goods
  • HD Designs– upscale home goods
  • HemisFares– imported foods
  • Home Chef– meal kit and food delivery company acquired in 2018
  • Luvsome– pet food
  • Murray's Cheese– artisanal cheese shop founded inGreenwich Villagein 1940
  • OfficeWorks– stationery and office supplies
  • Pet Pride– pet food

Other operations[edit]

Pharmacy Group[edit]

Kroger previously owned and operated the SupeRx drug store chain. In 1985, Kroger outbidRite Aidfor theHook's Drug Storeschain, based inIndianapolis,Indiana, and combined it with SupeRx to become Hook's-SupeRx. In 1994, Kroger decided to exit the stand-alone drugstore business and sold its Hook's and SupeRx stores toRevco,which later was sold toCVS.[196]

Today, Kroger operates 2,252 pharmacies, most of which are located inside its supermarkets.[1]The Kroger Pharmacies continue as a profitable portion of the business and have been expanding to now include pharmacies in City Market, Dillons, Fred Meyer, Fry's, King Soopers, QFC, Ralphs, Harris Teeter, Smith's Food and Drug, and Kroger Supermarkets.[197]

Supermarket Petroleum Group[edit]

Since 1998, Kroger has added fuel centers in the parking lots of its supermarkets. More recently, the company has begun opening standalone fuel centers, often near stores whose parking lots could not accommodate a fuel center. As of Q2 2022, Kroger operated 1,629 supermarket fuel centers.[1][10]

In 2006, Kroger introduced a new commonlogofor all of its convenience store chains that is now also used at the fuel centers of all of its supermarket chains—arhombuswith a white,stylized imageof thecontinental United Statesin the center bordered by four colored areas: dark blue representing the Pacific Ocean, red representing Canada, green representing the Atlantic Ocean, and yellow representing theGulf of Mexico.This logo is also still used at the convenience stores that were sold to EG Group in 2018.

Kroger Personal Finance[edit]

Kroger Personal Finance was introduced in 2007 to offer brandedVisacards, mortgages, home equity loans, pet, renter's and home insurance,identity theftprotection, and wireless services.[3]In 2017, MasterCard became the network for Kroger's newly branded 1-2-3 REWARDS credit card issued by U.S. Bank.[198]In 2019, Kroger banned the use of Visa credit cards (but not debit cards) at two of its subsidiary chains: Foods Co. Supermarkets and Smiths, citing rising costs from premium cards.[199]

Kroger Wireless[edit]

Main article:Kroger Wireless

Kroger Wireless, formerly known as i-wireless,[200]is a national private label wireless service provider sold in over 2,200 retail locations within the Kroger family of stores across 31 states.[201]Kroger Wireless service functions over the nationwideT-Mobilenetwork.[202]Customers can choose from "Unlimited" rate plans including unlimited talk/textand with data allotments up to and including unlimited data.[203]Kroger Wireless allows customers to purchase phones at select Kroger store locations,[204]via their website,[205]or by bringing their eligible T-Mobile device for activation.[206]

84.51°[edit]

84.51° is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kroger engaged in data science and consumer insights, created in April 2015, as a result of Kroger purchasing the remaining half of its then-joint ventureDunnhumby USAfromTesco.[207]

Controversies[edit]

In 2008,Greenpeacestarted ranking America's major supermarket chains on their seafood sustainability practices because, according to Greenpeace U.S. CEOPhil Radford,"three quarters of global fish stocks are suffering from overfishing,[208]and 90% of top marine predators are already gone. "[209][210]Criteria included the number of threatened fish species supermarkets sold, their seafood purchasing policies, and ocean legislation policies they supported.[211]In 2013, Kroger was noted for carrying 17 out of 22Red Listspecies, four of which are in the top list of said species.[212]

In 2014,Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America,a national gun control organization backed by former New York MayorMichael Bloomberg,began a campaign to pressure the Kroger chain to ban the open carry of firearms in all of its stores. The group decided to take action in response to demonstrations by open carry activists in Kroger stores in Ohio and Texas after conducting research that identified more than a dozen shootings on Kroger property since 2012.[213]Kroger rebuffed their demand, stating:

If the local gun laws are to allow open carry, we'll certainly allow customers to do that based on what the local laws are. We don't believe it's up to us to legislate what the local gun control laws should be. It's up to the local legislators to decide to do that. So we follow local laws, we ask our customers to be respectful to the other people they are shopping with. And we really haven't had any issues inside of our stores as a result of that.[214]

In July 2021, a wrongful-death lawsuit was filed against Kroger by the family of worker Evan Seyfried. Seyfried committed suicide after allegedly enduring abuse at the Kroger location in Milford, Ohio, where he had worked for 19 years.[215]According to the lawsuit, Seyfried was bullied for wearing a mask in the early days of the pandemic and taunted for his political views. Also on the receiving end of alleged workplace sabotage, one of Seyfried's co-workers called the company's ethics helpline and reported that she and Seyfried were being bullied. However, no action was taken.[216]

In December 2021, Kroger Co. announced elimination of some COVID-19 benefits for unvaccinated employees.[217]The company told employees that it will no longer provide two weeks of paid emergency leave for unvaccinated employees who contract COVID-19, unless local jurisdictions require otherwise. Kroger will also add a $50 monthly surcharge to company health plans for unvaccinated managers and other nonunion employees.

A 2022 Economic Roundtable survey of 10,000 workers in Colorado, Southern California, Washington found that workers' wages have declined over the last several years while over the same period executive pay has increased. The survey found that over 75% of workers experience food insecurity, over 66% struggle to meet basic needs and 14% experience homelessness, while CEORodney McMullenmade over $22 million in 2020, compared to $12 million for the year 2018. According toPeter Dreier,who participated in the project: "There are workers sleeping in RVs or couch surfing or living in parks somewhere. Americans go to their local supermarket every week and smile at the person cashing them out, not aware that the person they're talking to is going to sleep in a car after they clock out."[218][219]About two-thirds of Kroger employees are part-time workers, whose schedules often change making it difficult to take a second job.[220]

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  131. ^The Kroger banner encompasses the following divisions: Atlanta, Central (includes Pay Less), Cincinnati, Columbus, Dallas, Delta, Houston, Louisville (includes JayC), Michigan, Mid-Atlantic, and Nashville.
  132. ^Supermarkets within the Roundy's chain carry a variety of banner names; none carry the banner name "Roundy's".
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  135. ^Locations sold to DeLano's IGA, last Kroger-owned location closed in 2011.
  136. ^Acquired 2001, name phased out in 2017.
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  138. ^Acquired 1998, sold toSchnucksin 2011.
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  140. ^Acquired and name phased out in 1999.
  141. ^Acquired June 1955, name phased out in 1966. Withdrew from Wisconsin in 1971.
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  151. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Food 4 Less".
  152. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Foods Co".
  153. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Fred Meyer".
  154. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Fry's Food Stores".
  155. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Gerbes Super Markets".
  156. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Harris Teeter".
  157. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Jay C Food Stores".
  158. ^"Grocery Store Locations - King Soopers".
  159. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Kroger".
  160. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Mariano's".
  161. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Metro Market".
  162. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Pay Less Super Markets".
  163. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Pick 'n Save".
  164. ^"Grocery Store Locations - QFC".
  165. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Ralphs".
  166. ^"Locations - Find A Store Near You - Ruler Foods Grocery Store".
  167. ^"Grocery Store Locations - Smith's Food and Drug".
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The well-known American grocery store chain Kroger offers a customer satisfaction survey program called KrogerFeedback. https://rosebakerycafe.net/krogerfeedback/

Further reading[edit]

  • Phillips, Charles F. (Winter 1936). "A History of the Kroger Grocery & Baking Company".National Marketing Review.Vol. 1, no. 3. pp. 204–215.JSTOR4291319.

Videos[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toKroger.
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