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Kuraokami

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Okami( ứ thêm mỹ thần, Okami-no-kami) in theKojiki,or in theNihon Shoki:Kuraokami(Ám 龗)orOkami(龗),is a legendaryJapanese dragonandShintodeity of rain and snow. InJapanese mythology,the sibling progenitorsIzanagiandIzanamigave birth to the islands and gods of Japan. After Izanami died from burns during the childbirth of the fire deityKagu-tsuchi,Izanagi was enraged and killed his son. Kagutsuchi's blood or body, according to differing versions of the legend, created several other deities, including Kuraokami.

Name

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The name Kuraokami combineskuraÁm"dark; darkness; closed" andokami龗"dragon tutelary of water". This uncommon kanji(o)kamiorrei龗, borrowed from theChinese characterling龗"rain-dragon; mysterious" (written with the "rain"radicalVũ,3Khẩu"mouths", and aphoneticoflongLong"dragon" ) is avariant Chinese characterfor Japaneserei< ChineselingLinh"rain-prayer; supernatural; spiritual" (with 2Vu"shamans" instead of a "dragon" ). Compare this 33-stroke 龗 logograph with the simpler 24-stroke variant靇( "rain" and "dragon" without the "mouths" ), read eitherrei<ling靇 "rain prayer; supernatural" orryō<long靇 "sound of thunder", when used forryo<longLongreduplicatedinryōryō<longlongÙ ù "rumble; boom".

Marinus Willem de Visser (1913:136)cites the 713 CEBungoFudokiPhong sau phong thổ nhớ thatokamiis written xà long "snake dragon" in a context about legendaryEmperor Keikōseeing anokamidragon in a well, and concludes, "This and later ideas about Kura-okami show that this divinity is a dragon or snake."Grafton Elliot Smithprovides aTrans-cultural diffusionistperspective.

The snake takes a more obtrusive part in the Japanese than in the Chinese dragon and it frequently manifests itself as a god of the sea. The old Japanese sea-gods were often female water-snakes. The cultural influences which reached Japan from the south by way of Indonesia — many centuries before the coming of Buddhism — naturally emphasized the serpent form of the dragon and its connection with the ocean. (1919:101)

Lineage

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In theKojiki,he is the father of female deityHikawa-hime( ngày hà so bán, orHikaha-hime) married Susanoo's grandson, the male deityFuwanomojikunusunu( bố sóng có thể mẫu trì lâu nô cần nô thần, orFuhanomojikunusunu) and from their union gave birth to the male deityFukafuchi-no-Mizuyarehana( vực sâu chi thủy đêm pháo hoa thần ). Fukafuchi-no-Mizuyarehana is the great-grandfather of the male deityŌkuninushi( đại quốc Chủ Thần ).

Then, the great-grandson of Ōkuninushi,Mikanushi-hiko( ung chủ nhật tử thần ) marriedHinarashi-hime( so với kia lương chí bì bán ), who is the daughter of Okami, sister of Hikawa-hime. From the union of Mikanushi-hiko and Hinarashi-hime gave birth to the male deityTahirikishimarumi( nhiều so lý kỳ chí ma lưu mỹ thần ).

Kojiki

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The ca. 680 CEKojikitranscribes Kuraokami Kami withman'yōganaas ám ứ thêm mỹ "dark o-ka-mi god". In theKojikiversion of this myth, Izanagi killed Kagutsuchi with his giant sword, and the blood subsequently created eightkami"gods; spirits". The final two generated from blood that dripped off the hilt onto Izanagi's fingers were Kuraokami and Kuramitsuha Kami ám ngự tân vũ thần "dark mi-tsu-ha god".

Then His Augustness the Male-Who-invites, drawing the ten-grasp sabre that was augustly girded on him, cut off the head of his child the Deity Shining-Elder. Hereupon the names of the Deities that were born from the blood that stuck to the point of the august sword and bespattered the multitudinous rock-masses were: the Deity Rock-Splitter, next the Deity Root-Splitter, next the Rock-Possessing-Male-Deity. The names of the Deities that were next born from the blood that stuck to the upper part of the august sword and again bespattered the multitudinous rock-masses were: the Awfully-Swift-Deity, next the Fire-Swift-Deity, next the Brave-Awful-Possessing-Male-Deity, another name for whom is the Brave-Snapping-Deity, and another name is the Luxuriant-Snapping Deity. The names of the Deities that were next born from the blood that collected on the hilt of the august sword and leaked out between his fingers were: the Deity Kura-okami and next the Deity Kura-mitsuha. All the eight Deities in the above list, from the Deity Rock-Splitter to the Deity Kura-mitsuha, are Deities that were born from the august sword. (tr. Chamberlain 1919:36)

Basil Hall Chamberlainnotes, "The etymology of both these name is obscure.Kura,the first element of each compound, signifies 'dark'. "

AnotherKojikisection listing ancestors ofŌkuninushiĐại quốc chủ "great country master" says Okami Kami's daughter Hikaha Hime ngày hà so bán "sun river princess" had a daughter Fukabuchi no mizu Yarehana vực sâu chi thủy đêm pháo hoa "deep pool water lost flower".

The Deity Fuha-no-moji-Ku-nu-su-nu… wedded Princess Hikaha, daughter of the Deity Okami, and begot a child: Water-Spoilt-Blossom-of-Fuka-buchi. This Deity wedded the Deity Ame-no-tsudohe-chi-ne, and begot a child: the Deity Great-Water-Master. This Deity wedded the Deity Grand-Ears daughter of the Deity Funu-dzu-nu, and begot a child: the Deity Heavenly-Brandishing-Prince-Lord. This Deity wedded the Young-Princess-of-the-Small-Country, daughter of the Great-Deity-of-the-Small-Country, and begot a child: the Deity Master-of-the-Great-Land. (tr. Chamberlain 1919:78-9)

Nihongi

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The ca. 720 CENihon Shokiwrites Kuraokami with kanji as ám 龗 "dark rain-dragon". In theNihongiversion, Izanagi killed Kagutsuchi by cutting him into three pieces, each of which became a god: Kuraokami,Kurayamatsumi( ám sơn chỉ ) "dark mountain respect", and Kuramitsuha ám võng tượng "dark water-spirit". ThismitsuhaVõng tượng is a variant ofmōryōQuỷ quái "demon; evil spirit" (written with the "ghost radical" quỷ ). Kurayamatsumi is alternately written Takaokami cao 靇 "high rain-dragon". De Visser (1913:136) says, "This name is explained by one of the commentators as" the dragon-god residing on the mountains ", in distinction from Kura-okami," the dragon-god of the valleys ".

At length he drew the ten-span sword with which he was girt, and cut Kagu-tsuchi into three pieces, each of which became changed into a God. Moreover, the blood which dripped from the edge of the sword became the multitudinous rocks which are in the bed of the Easy-River of Heaven. This God was the father of Futsu-nushi no Kami. Moreover, the blood which dripped from the hilt-ring of the sword spurted out and became deities, whose names were Mika no Haya-hi no Kami and next Hi no Haya-hi no Kami. This Mika no Haya-hi no Kami was the parent of Take-mika-suchi no Kami.

Another version is: "Mika no haya-hi no Mikoto, next Hi no haya-hi no Mikoto, and next Take-mika-tsuchi no Kami. Moreover, the blood which dripped from the point of the sword spurted out and became deities, who were called Iha-saku no Kami, after him Ne-saku no Kami, and next Iha-tsutsu-wo no Mikoto. This Iha-saku no Kami was the father of Futsu-nushi no Kami."

One account says: "Iha-tsutsu-wo no Mikoto, and next Iha-tsutsu-me no Mikoto. Moreover, the blood which dripped from the head of the sword spurted out and became deities, who were called Kura o Kami no Kami, next Kura-yamatsumi no Kami, and next Kura-midzu-ha no Kami. (tr. Aston 1896:23)

William George Aston(1896:24) footnotes translations for thesekaminames: Kuraokami "Dark-god", Kurayamatsumi "Dark-mountain-body-god", and Kuramitsuha "Dark-water-goddess". De Visser (1913:136–137) says Kuramitsuha could be translated "Dark-water-snake", "Valley-water-snake", or "Female-water-snake".

Man'yōshū

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TheMan'yōshūpoetry collection mentions anOkamiVới nhưng mỹ "rain dragon" living on anokaCương "ridge; knoll; hill". Lady Fujiwara, a daughter ofFujiwara no Kamatari,replies to a poem from her husbandEmperor Tenmu(r. 672–686 CE–) about an unseasonable snowstorm.

It was by speaking

To the dragon of my hill
I caused this snowfall;
A few flakes may have scattered.

No doubt, out there where you are. (2:104, tr. Cranston 1993:490)

CompareEdwin Cranston's translation with that ofBurton Watson(1986:22), "I told the water god on my hill to let the snow fall. It scattered, and some must have fallen over your way!"

Okami shrines

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The diverse Japanesekamiof water and rainfall, such asSuijinThuỷ thần "water god" and Okami, are worshipped atShinto shrines,especially during times of drought. For instance, Niukawakami Jinja đan sinh xuyên thượng thần xã inKawakami, Narais a center of prayers for Kuraokami, Takaokami, and Mizuhanome võng tượng nữ. Some other examples of shrines to Okami are:

In addition, the water-god Takaokami is worshipped at various shrines named Kibune Jinja (Quý thuyền thần xã), found in places such asSakyō-ku, KyotoandManazuru, Kanagawa.

Family tree

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Ōyamatsumi[1][2][3]Susanoo[4][5][6]: 277 
Kamuo Ichihime[2][3][7][8]
Konohanachiru-hime[9][6]: 277 Ashinazuchi[10][11]Tenazuchi[11]Toshigami[8][7]Ukanomitama[2][3]
(Inari)[12]
Oyamakui[13]
Kushinadahime[11][14][6]: 277 
Yashimajinumi[9][6]: 277 
Kagutsuchi[15]
Kuraokami[16]
Hikawahime[ja][17][6]: 278 Fuha-no-Mojikunusunu[ja][6]: 278 
Fukabuchi-no-Mizuyarehana[ja][6]: 278 Ame-no-Tsudoechine[ja][6]: 278 Funozuno[ja][6]: 278 
Sashikuni Okami[ja][6]: 278 Omizunu[6]: 278 Futemimi[ja][6]: 278 
Sashikuni Wakahime[ja][6]: 278 Ame-no-Fuyukinu[18][19][6]: 278 Takamimusubi[20][21]
Futodama[20][21]
Nunakawahime[22]Ōkuninushi[23][6]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[24]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[25]
Kotoshironushi[26][27]Tamakushi-hime[25]Takeminakata[28][29]Susa Clan[30]

JAPANESE
EMPERORS
711–585 BC

Jimmu[31]
660–585 BC(1)		Himetataraisuzu-hime[31]Kamo no Okimi[26][32]Mirahime[ja]
632–549 BC

Suizei[33][34][35]
581–549 BC(2)		Isuzuyori-hime[32][36]Hikoyai[33][34][35]Kamuyaimimi[33][34][35]
d.577 BC		Miwa clanandKamo clanNunasokonakatsu-hime[37][26]
Imperial House of JapanŌ clan[38][39]andAso clan[40]
  • Pink is female.
  • Blue is male.
  • Grey means other or unknown.
  • Clans, families, people groups are in green.

References

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  1. ^Kaoru, Nakayama (7 May 2005)."Ōyamatsumi".Encyclopedia of Shinto.Retrieved2010-09-29.
  2. ^abcChamberlain (1882).Section XIX.—The Palace of Suga.
  3. ^abcChamberlain (1882).Section XX.—The August Ancestors of the Deity-Master-of-the-Great-Land.
  4. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (10 May 2005)."Susanoo".Encyclopedia of Shinto.Retrieved2010-09-29.
  5. ^"Susanoo | Description & Mythology".Encyclopedia Britannica.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnoHerbert, J. (2010).Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan.Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402.ISBN978-1-136-90376-2.Retrieved2020-11-21.
  7. ^abĐại niên thần[Ōtoshi-no-kami] (in Japanese).Kotobank.Archivedfrom the original on 5 June 2023.Retrieved5 May2023.
  8. ^abĐại niên thần[Ōtoshi-no-kami] (in Japanese).Kokugakuin University.Archivedfrom the original on 5 June 2023.Retrieved5 May2023.
  9. ^abMori, Mizue."Yashimajinumi".Kokugakuin UniversityEncyclopedia of Shinto.
  10. ^Frédéric, L.; Louis-Frédéric; Roth, K. (2005).Japan Encyclopedia.Harvard University Press reference library. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.ISBN978-0-674-01753-5.Retrieved2020-11-21.
  11. ^abc"My Shinto: Personal Descriptions of Japanese Religion and Culture".www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp.Retrieved2023-10-16.
  12. ^“‘My Own Inari’: Personalization of the Deity in Inari Worship.”Japanese Journal of Religious Studies23, no. 1/2 (1996): 87-88
  13. ^"Ōtoshi | quốc học viện đại học デジタルミュージアム".2022-08-17. Archived fromthe originalon 2022-08-17.Retrieved2023-11-14.
  14. ^"Encyclopedia of Shinto - Home: Kami in Classic Texts: Kushinadahime".eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp.
  15. ^"Kagutsuchi".World History Encyclopedia.
  16. ^Ashkenazi, M. (2003).Handbook of Japanese Mythology.Handbooks of world mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 213.ISBN978-1-57607-467-1.Retrieved2020-11-21.
  17. ^Chamberlain, B.H. (2012).Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters.Tuttle Classics. Tuttle Publishing.ISBN978-1-4629-0511-9.Retrieved2020-11-21.
  18. ^Philippi, Donald L. (2015).Kojiki.Princeton University Press. p. 92.
  19. ^Chamberlain (1882).Section XX.—The August Ancestors of the Deity-Master-Of-The-Great Land.
  20. ^abPonsonby-Fane, R. A. B. (2014-06-03).Studies In Shinto & Shrines.Routledge.ISBN978-1-136-89294-3.
  21. ^ab"Encyclopedia of Shinto - Home: Kami in Classic Texts: Futodama".eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp.Retrieved2021-07-13.
  22. ^Philippi, Donald L. (2015).Kojiki.Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  23. ^Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005)."Ōkuninushi".Encyclopedia of Shinto.Retrieved2010-09-29.
  24. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005)."Ōnamuchi".Encyclopedia of Shinto.Retrieved2010-09-29.
  25. ^abThe Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  26. ^abcVarley, H. Paul.(1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.Columbia University Press. p. 89.ISBN9780231049405.
  27. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005)."Kotoshironushi".Encyclopedia of Shinto.Retrieved2010-09-29.
  28. ^Sendai Kuji Hongi,Book 4 ( trước đại chuyện xưa bản kỷ quyển đệ tứ ), inKeizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898).Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 ( quốc sử đại hệ đệ 7 quyển ).Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  29. ^Chamberlain (1882).Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  30. ^Tanigawa Ken'ichi[de]『 Nhật Bản の thần 々 thần xã と thánh địa 7 sơn âm 』 ( tân trang phát hành trở lại ) 2000 năm bạch thủy xã ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  31. ^abKazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005)."Isukeyorihime".Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived fromthe originalon 2023-03-21.Retrieved2010-09-29.
  32. ^ab『 thần thoại の trung の ヒメたち もうひとつ の cổ sự nhớ 』p94-97 “Sơ đại Hoàng Hậu は “Thần の ngự tử””
  33. ^abcNhật Bản người danh đại từ điển +Plus, デジタル bản."Nhật tử tám giếng mệnh とは".コトバンク(in Japanese).Retrieved2022-06-01.
  34. ^abcANDASSOVA, Maral (2019)."Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki".Japan Review(32): 5–16.ISSN0915-0986.JSTOR26652947.
  35. ^abc"Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan".trips.klarna.Retrieved2023-03-04.
  36. ^『 đồ nói lịch đại thiên hoàng kỷ 』p42-43 “Bình định thiên hoàng”
  37. ^Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  38. ^Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28).The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History.University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-91036-2.
  39. ^Tenri Journal of Religion.Tenri University Press. 1968.
  40. ^Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006).History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine.Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.

Further reading

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