LTE Advanced
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/LTE_Advanced_logo.jpg/220px-LTE_Advanced_logo.jpg)
Part ofa serieson the |
Wireless network technologies |
---|
Analog |
Digital |
Mobile telecommunications |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Android_LTE_Advanced_signal_indicator.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/LTE_Advanced_on_Xiaomi.jpg/220px-LTE_Advanced_on_Xiaomi.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/VoLTE_and_4G%2B_on_OneUI_6.0.jpg)
LTE Advanced(LTE+,LTE-A;[1]onSamsung GalaxyandXiaomiphones —4G+) is a mobile communication standard and a major enhancement of theLong Term Evolution(LTE) standard. It was formally submitted as a candidate4GtoITU-Tin late 2009 as meeting the requirements of theIMT-Advancedstandard, and was standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in March 2011 as 3GPP Release 10.[2]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg/220px-Cellular_network_standards_and_generation_timeline.svg.png)
The LTE+ format was first proposed byNTT DoCoMoofJapanand has been adopted as the international standard.[3]
The work by3GPPto define a4Gcandidate radio interface technology started in Release 9 with the study phase for LTE-Advanced. Being described as a3.9G(beyond 3G but pre-4G), the first release of LTE did not meet the requirements for4G(also calledIMT Advancedas defined by theInternational Telecommunication Union) such as peak data rates up to 1Gb/s.The ITU has invited the submission of candidate Radio Interface Technologies (RITs) following their requirements in a circular letter, 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 36.913, "Requirements for Further Advancements forE-UTRA(LTE-Advanced). "[4]These are based on ITU's requirements for4Gand on operators’ own requirements for advanced LTE. Major technical considerations include the following:
- Continual improvement to the LTE radio technology and architecture
- Scenarios and performance requirements for working with legacy radio technologies
- Backward compatibility of LTE-Advanced with LTE. An LTE terminal should be able to work in an LTE-Advanced network and vice versa. Any exceptions will be considered by3GPP.
- Consideration of recentWorld Radiocommunication Conference(WRC-07) decisions regarding frequency bands to ensure that LTE-Advanced accommodates the geographically available spectrum for channels above 20 MHz. Also, specifications must recognize those parts of the world in which wideband channels are not available.
Likewise, 'WiMAX 2', 802.16m, has been approved by ITU as theIMT Advancedfamily. WiMAX 2 is designed to be backward compatible with WiMAX 1 devices. Most vendors now support conversion of 'pre-4G', pre-advanced versions and some support software upgrades of base station equipment from 3G.
The mobile communication industry and standards organizations have therefore started work on 4G access technologies, such as LTE Advanced.[when?]At a workshop in April 2008 in China, 3GPP agreed the plans for work on Long Term Evolution (LTE).[5]A first set of specifications were approved in June 2008.[6]Besides the peak data rate 1Gb/sas defined by the ITU-R, it also targets faster switching between power states and improved performance at the cell edge. Detailed proposals are being studied within theworking groups.[when?]
Three technologies from the LTE-Advanced tool-kit –carrier aggregation,4x4MIMOand256QAMmodulation in the downlink – if used together and with sufficient aggregated bandwidth, can deliver maximum peak downlink speeds approaching, or even exceeding, 1 Gbit/s. Such networks are often described as ‘Gigabit LTE networks’ mirroring a term that is also used in the fixed broadband industry.[7]
Proposals
[edit]The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass theITUrequirements. LTE Advanced should be compatible with first release LTE equipment, and should share frequency bands with first release LTE. In the feasibility study for LTE Advanced,3GPPdetermined that LTE Advanced would meet theITU-Rrequirements for4G.The results of the study are published in3GPPTechnical Report (TR) 36.912.[8]
One of the important LTE Advanced benefits is the ability to take advantage of advanced topology networks; optimized heterogeneous networks with a mix of macrocells with low power nodes such aspicocells,femtocellsand new relay nodes. The next significant performance leap in wireless networks will come from making the most of topology, and brings the network closer to the user by adding many of these low power nodes – LTE Advanced further improves the capacity and coverage, and ensures user fairness. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to be able to use ultra wide bandwidth, up to 100 MHz of spectrum supporting very high data rates.
In the research phase many proposals have been studied as candidates for LTE Advanced (LTE-A) technologies. The proposals could roughly be categorized into:[9]
- Support for relay node base stations
- Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception
- UE Dual TX antenna solutions forSU-MIMOand diversityMIMO,commonly referred to as 2x2 MIMO
- Scalable systembandwidthexceeding 20 MHz, up to 100 MHz
- Carrier aggregationof contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum allocations
- Local area optimization ofair interface
- Nomadic / Local Area network and mobility solutions
- Flexiblespectrum usage
- Cognitive radio
- Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation
- Support of autonomous network and device test, measurement tied to network management and optimization
- Enhancedprecodingandforward error correction
- Interference management and suppression
- Asymmetric bandwidth assignment forFDD
- HybridOFDMAandSC-FDMAin uplink
- UL/DL intereNBcoordinated MIMO
- SONs,Self Organizing Networks methodologies
Within the range of system development, LTE-Advanced and WiMAX 2 can use up to 8x8MIMOand 128-QAMin downlink direction. Example performance: 100 MHz aggregated bandwidth, LTE-Advanced provides almost 3.3 Gbit peak download rates per sector of the base station under ideal conditions. Advanced network architectures combined with distributed and collaborative smart antenna technologies provide several years road map of commercial enhancements.
The3GPPstandards Release 12 added support for 256-QAM.
A summary of a study carried out in 3GPP can be found in TR36.912.[10]
Timeframe and introduction of additional features
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/LTE_Advanced_Tower_in_Iraq.jpg/220px-LTE_Advanced_Tower_in_Iraq.jpg)
Original standardization work for LTE-Advanced was done as part of 3GPP Release 10, which was frozen in April 2011. Trials were based on pre-release equipment. Major vendors support software upgrades to later versions and ongoing improvements.
In order to improve the quality of service for users in hotspots and on cell edges,heterogeneous networks(HetNets) are formed of a mixture of macro-, pico- and femto base stations serving corresponding-size areas. Frozen in December 2012, 3GPP Release 11[11]concentrates on better support of HetNet. Coordinated Multi-Point operation (CoMP) is a key feature of Release 11 in order to support such network structures. Whereas users located at a cell edge in homogenous networks suffer from decreasing signal strength compounded by neighbor cell interference, CoMP is designed to enable use of a neighboring cell to also transmit the same signal as the serving cell, enhancing quality of service on the perimeter of a serving cell. In-device Co-existence (IDC) is another topic addressed in Release 11. IDC features are designed to ameliorate disturbances within the user equipment caused between LTE/LTE-A and the various other radio subsystems such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and the GPS receiver. Further enhancements for MIMO such as 4x4 configuration for the uplink were standardized.
The higher number of cells in HetNet results in user equipment changing the serving cell more frequently when in motion. The ongoing work on LTE-Advanced[12]in Release 12, amongst other areas, concentrates on addressing issues that come about when users move through HetNet, such as frequent hand-overs between cells. It also included use of 256-QAM.
First technology demonstrations and field trials
[edit]This list covers technology demonstrations and field trials up to the year 2014, paving the way for a wider commercial deployment of the VoLTE technology worldwide. From 2014 onwards various further operators trialled and demonstrated the technology for future deployment on their respective networks. These are not covered here. Instead a coverage of commercial deployments can be found in the section below.
Company | Country | Date | Note |
---|---|---|---|
NTT DoCoMo | ![]() |
February 2007 | [13]The operator announced the completion of a 4G trial where it achieved a maximumpackettransmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink using 12 transmit and 12 receive antennas and 100 MHz frequency bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 10 km/h. |
Agilent Technologies | ![]() |
February 2011 | [14]The vendor demonstrated atMobile World Congressthe industry's first test solutions for LTE-Advanced with bothsignal generationandsignal analysissolutions. |
Ericsson | ![]() |
June 2011 | [15]The vendor demonstrated LTE-Advanced inKista. |
touch | ![]() |
April 2013 | [16]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendorHuaweiand combined 800 MHz spectrum and 1.8 GHz spectrum. touch achieved 250 Mbit/s. |
Vodafone | ![]() |
May 2013 | [17]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced withNokia Networksand combined 1.8 GHz spectrum and 700 MHz spectrum. Vodafone achieved just below 300 Mbit/s. |
A1 | ![]() |
June 2013 | [18]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced withEricssonandNSNusing 4x4 MIMO. A1 achieved 580 Mbit/s. |
Turkcell | ![]() |
August 2013 | [19]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced inIstanbulwith Chinese vendor Huawei. Turkcell achieved 900 Mbit/s. |
Telstra | ![]() |
August 2013 | [20]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Swedish vendor Ericsson and combined 900 MHz spectrum and 1.8 GHz spectrum. |
SMART | ![]() |
August 2013 | [21]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendor Huawei and combined 2.1 GHz spectrum and 1.80 GHz spectrum bands and achieved 200 Mbit/s. |
SoftBank | ![]() |
September 2013 | [22]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced inTokyowith Chinese vendor Huawei. Softbank used the 3.5 GHz spectrum band and achieved 770 Mbit/s. |
beCloud/MTS | ![]() |
October 2013 | [23]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendor Huawei. |
SFR | ![]() |
October 2013 | [24]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced inMarseilleand combined 800 MHz spectrum and 2.6 GHz spectrum. SFR achieved 174 Mbit/s. |
EE | ![]() |
November 2013 | [25]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced inLondonwith Chinese vendor Huawei and combined 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. EE achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE. |
O2 | ![]() |
November 2013 | [26]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced inMunichwith Chinese vendor Huawei and combined 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. O2achieved 225 Mbit/s. |
SK Telecom | ![]() |
November 2013 | [27]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced and combined 10 MHz of 850 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum. SK Telecom achieved 225 Mbit/s. |
Vodafone | ![]() |
November 2013 | [28]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced inDresdenwith Swedish vendor Ericsson and combined 10 MHz of 800 MHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. Vodafone achieved 225 Mbit/s. |
Telstra | ![]() |
December 2013 | [29]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Swedish vendor Ericsson and combined 20 MHz of 1.8 GHz spectrum and 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz spectrum. Telstra achieved 300 Mbit/s which is equal to category 6 LTE. |
Optus | ![]() |
December 2013 | [30]The operator trialedTD-LTE-Advanced with Chinese vendor Huawei and combined two 20 MHz channels of 2.3 GHz spectrum. Optus achieved over 160 Mbit/s. |
Entel Chile | ![]() |
September 2015 | [31]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced inRancaguausing 15 MHz of 700 MHz and 20 MHz of 2600 MHz spectrum, achieving over 200 Mbit/s. |
Claro Brasil | ![]() |
December 2015 | [32]TheClaro Brasilpresented in Rio Verde the first tests with 4.5G technology, LTE Advanced, which offers an internet speed of up to 300 Mbit/s. |
AIS | ![]() |
March 2016 | [33]The operator launched the first 4.5G onLTE-U/LAAnetwork inBangkokwith the combination of 1800 MHz spectrum and 2100 MHz spectrum usingCarrier Aggregation(CA), 4x4MIMO,DL256QAM/UL64QAMand the use ofLTE-Unlicensed(LTE-U) to facilitate high-speed network. AIS achieved download speed up to 784.5 Mbit/s and upload speed 495 Mbit/s.[34]This was made possible by Joint Development Center (JIC) the special R&D program betweenAISandHuawei. |
MagtiCom | ![]() |
May 2016 | [35]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced inTbilisiand combined the 800 MHz with its existing 1800 MHz spectrum. MagtiCom achieved download speed 185 Mbit/s and upload speed 75 Mbit/s. |
Ucom | ![]() |
September 2016 | [36]The operator trialed LTE-Advanced with Swedish vendor Ericsson. Ucom achieved 250 Mbit/s download speed which is equal to category 6 LTE. |
Altel | ![]() |
April 2017 | [37]The operator launched LTE-Advanced in 12 cities across Kazakhstan. Altel achieved 225 Mbit/s download speed. LTE-Advanced (4G+) Technology is up to be launched in 5 more cities in Kazakhstan in May 2017. |
Bite Latvija | ![]() |
September 2016 | [38]The operator launched 8 4.5G cell stations inRigaafter testing in partnership withHuaweiand theRiga Technical Universityon June 15, 2017. |
Wi-Tribe | ![]() |
May 2017 | [39]The operator first tested their LTE-A network in May 2017 over the 3.5 GHz band, and it was then made officially available in Lahore, Pakistan, with more cities to follow. Wi-Tribe achieved speeds of up to 200 Mbit/s over their new LTE-A network. This was done using equipment fromHuawei. |
Telcel | ![]() |
March 2018 | [40]The operator offered the service inMexico Cityand other 10 cities nationwide on March 14, 2018. |
Airtel | ![]() |
April 2012 | On 10 April 2012, Airtel launched 4G services through dongles and modems using TD-LTE technology in Kolkata, becoming the first company in India to offer 4G services. The Kolkata launch was followed by launches in Bangalore (7 May 2012), Pune (18 October 2012), and Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula (25 March 2013). |
Deployment
[edit]The deployment of LTE-Advanced is in progress in variousLTE networks.
In August 2019, theGlobal mobile Suppliers Association(GSA) reported that there were 304 commercially launched LTE-Advanced networks in 134 countries. Overall, 335 operators are investing in LTE-Advanced (in the form of tests, trials, deployments or commercial service provision) in 141 countries.[41]
LTE Advanced Pro
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0d/LTE_Advanced_Pro_logo.jpg)
LTE Advanced Pro(LTE-A Pro,also known as4.5G,4.5G Pro,4.9G,Pre-5G,5G Project)[42][43][44][45]is a name for3GPPrelease 13 and 14.[46][47]It is an evolution of LTE Advanced (LTE-A) cellular standard supporting data rates in excess of 3 Gbit/s using 32-carrier aggregation.[48]It also introduces the concept ofLicense Assisted Access,which allows sharing of licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
Additionally, it incorporates several new technologies associated with5G,such as 256-QAM,MassiveMIMO,LTE-UnlicensedandLTE IoT,[49][50]that facilitated early migration of existing networks to enhancements promised with the full5Gstandard.[51]
See also
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access,ISBN978-0-470-99401-6Chapter 2.6: LTE Advanced for IMT-advanced,pp. 19–21.
- e,:-(editor),LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless: Design and Measurement Challenges,Agilent Technologies Publication 2009,ISBN978-0-470-68261-6,Chapter 8.7: Proving LTE Advanced,p. 425.
- ,et al.; Nokia Siemens Networks;LTE Advanced: The Path towards Gigabit/s in Wireless Mobile Communications[permanent dead link],Wireless VITAE'09.
- Mobile Terminal Receiver Design: LTE and LTE-Advanced,ISBN9781119107309.
References
[edit]- ^"4G LTE Advanced - What you need to know about LTE-A".4g.co.uk.
- ^Stefan Parkvall, Erik Dahlman, Anders Furuskär et al.; Ericsson, Robert Syputa, Maravedis;ITU global standard for international mobile telecommunications ´IMT-Advanced´LTE Advanced - Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced[permanent dead link];Vehicular Technology Conference, 2014. VTC 2014-Fall. IEEE 68th 21–24 Sept. 2014 Page(s):1 - 5.
- ^"The Asahi Shimbun | Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis".The Asahi Shimbun.
- ^"Requirements for further advancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) (LTE-Advanced)"
- ^"Beyond 3G:" LTE Advanced "Workshop, Shenzhen, China".Archived fromthe originalon 2008-09-13.Retrieved2008-09-12.
- ^3GPP specification: Requirements for further advancements for E-UTRA (LTE Advanced)
- ^GSA:Gigabit LTE Networks: Analysis of Deployments Worldwide(February 2019)
- ^Agilent"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-03-03.Retrieved2011-07-28.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link),Introducing LTE-Advanced,p. 6, March 8, 2011, accessed July 28, 2011. - ^Nomor Research: White Paper on LTE Advanced
- ^3GPP Technical Report: Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE Advanced)
- ^KG, Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co."LTE- Advanced (3GPP Rel.11) Technology Introduction".rohde-schwarz.
- ^"3GPP News & Events, Dec.12th, 2012 and Apr.8th, 2013 entries".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-07-17.Retrieved2013-07-17.
- ^"NTT DoCoMo Achieves World's First 5 Gbit/s Packet Transmission in 4G Field Experiment".NTT DoCoMo. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-09-25.Retrieved2008-09-12.
- ^"Agilent Technologies Introduces Industry's First LTE-Advanced Signal Generation, Analysis Solutions".Agilent. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-28.Retrieved2011-04-11.
- ^"Ericsson demonstrates LTE Advanced in Sweden".Telecompaper. 2011-06-28.Retrieved2014-08-13.
- ^"Touch, Huawei trial 250Mbps LTE FDD 800MHz/1800MHz carrier aggregation".TeleGeography. 2013-04-08.Retrieved2014-08-24.
- ^"Vodafone shows off next-gen mobile broadband".NZ Herald. 2013-05-24.
- ^"A1 TELEKOM AUSTRIA DEMOS 580MBPS LTE-A SPEEDS WITH ERICSSON, NSN HARDWARE".Mobile Europe. 2013-06-06.Retrieved2014-04-30.
- ^"Turkish delight? Turkcell unveils 900Mbps transmission speeds in LTE-A trial".TeleGeography. 2013-08-02.Retrieved2014-11-14.
- ^"World's first commercial LTE-Advanced call on 1800MHz and 900MHz".Ericsson. 2013-08-12.Retrieved2014-04-30.
- ^J.M. Tuazon (21 August 2013)."200MBPS IN DAVAO - Smart tests LTE-Advanced system down south".Interaksyon.Archived fromthe originalon 21 August 2013.Retrieved21 August2013.
- ^"Softbank's trial LTE-A in 3.5GHz band achieves 770Mbps".TeleGeography. 2013-09-13.Retrieved2014-08-13.
- ^"beCloud to test LTE-A".TeleGeography. 2013-10-10.Retrieved2014-08-13.
- ^"SFR completes 'first' LTE Advanced trials in France".FierceWirelessEurope. 2013-10-18.Retrieved2014-04-30.
- ^"EE launches 'world's fastest' LTE-A network in London".Telecoms. 2013-11-05.Retrieved2013-12-27.
- ^"Now available at Telefónica: The fastest LTE radio cell in Germany and mobile VoLTE in live network".Telefónica. 2013-11-14. Archived fromthe originalon 2017-10-03.Retrieved2014-04-30.
- ^"[넓고 빠른 광대역 LTE-A] #1. 3배 빠른 광대역 LTE-A 시대가 열린다!"(in Korean). SK Telecom. 2013-11-28. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-05-17.Retrieved2014-05-16.
- ^"Vodafone zeigt in Dresden das schnellste Mobilfunknetz der Republik"(in German). Vodafone. 2013-11-15.Retrieved2014-04-30.
- ^"Telstra hits 300 Mbps in LTE-A trial".Computerworld. 2013-12-06. Archived fromthe originalon 2019-02-11.Retrieved2014-03-24.
- ^"Optus tests TD-LTE carrier aggregation in Melbourne".iTnews. 2013-12-19.Retrieved2014-03-29.
- ^"Entel Chile carries out first LTE-A trial".BNAmericas. 2015-09-22.Retrieved2018-04-10.
- ^"Claro faz primeiro teste externo com LTE Advanced na faixa de 700 MHz".Telesintese. 2015-12-15.Retrieved2016-03-29.
- ^"AIS launches the world's first 4.5G network in Thailand".2016-03-24.Retrieved2017-12-26.
- ^"Take tour on the new AIS Next-G ready network"(in Thai).Retrieved2017-12-27.
- ^"MagtiCom launches LTE-Advanced network in Georgia".ucom.am.Retrieved2016-06-06.
- ^"Ucom Deployed Ericsson's Latest 4G+ Technology for the First Time in Armenia".ucom.am.Retrieved2017-02-06.
- ^"Altel: LTE-Advanced (4G+) Technology for the First Time in Kazakhstan".dknews.kz.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-04-05.Retrieved2017-04-04.
- ^"By sounding off the Baltic Drummers' Summit, Bite unveils the first 4.5G network in Latvia with power"(in Latvian).Retrieved2017-09-18.
- ^"Wi-tribe Becomes Pakistan's First Operator to Cross 200Mbps Internet Speeds".2017-08-28.Retrieved2017-10-11.
- ^"Llega a México la GigaRed 4.5G de Telcel".Grupo Milenio.March 14, 2018.
- ^GSA:LTE-Advanced Status Worldwide – August 2019
- ^"The path to 5G: New services with 4.5G, 4.5G Pro and 4.9G".Nokia.2016. Archived fromthe originalon 2017-01-13.Retrieved2017-01-11.
- ^"Nokia's 4.9G races Ericsson's almost-5G, yet the finishing line is a mirage".The Register.7 September 2016.
- ^"SoftBank 5G | スマートフォン・ huề mang điện thoại".ソフトバンク.
- ^"War of the 'Gs' - Nokia promises 4.5G Pro and 4.9G".5 September 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 3 August 2020.Retrieved17 August2021.
- ^Flynn, Kevin."LTE-Advanced Pro Ready to Go".
- ^"What is LTE-Advanced Pro?".5g.co.uk.
- ^"4.5G, Next Step Toward MBB 2020".huawei.
- ^"Leading the path towards 5G with LTE Advanced Pro - Qualcomm".19 January 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2017.Retrieved17 August2021.
- ^"LTE Advanced Pro - Qualcomm".6 January 2016.
- ^"LTE Advanced Pro enables Gigabit LTE on path to 5G".11 October 2016.
External links
[edit]- LTE Advancedpage onQualcommsite
- 3GPP Official 3GPP Standardisation Page on LTE Advanced
- Future use of LTE A femtocellsArchived2012-08-19 at theWayback Machine
- LTE-3GPP online decoders– 3GPP LTE / LTE Advanced online L3 messages decoders (24.008, 44.018, 44.060, etc.) supporting Release 14
Resources (white papers, technical papers, application notes)
- LTE-Advanced Technology Introduction– white paper summarizing improvements on LTE known as LTE-Advanced Release 10
- Introducing LTE-Advanced– Application Note
- Introduction to LTE-Advanced Rel.11Archived2018-04-17 at theWayback Machine– summarization of improvements specified in LTE-Advanced Release 11