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Rock ptarmigan

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Rock ptarmigan
A pair in spring plumage in Norway
Display song,Glenshee,Scotland
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Genus: Lagopus
Species:
L. muta
Binomial name
Lagopus muta
Subspecies

some 20–30, including:

  • L. m. muta(Montin,1781)
    Scandinavian ptarmigan
  • L. m. rupestris(Gmelin,1789)
    Canadian rock ptarmigan
  • L. m. helvetica(Thienemann,1829)
    Alpine ptarmigan
  • L. m. japonicaH. L. Clark,1907
    Japanese ptarmigan
  • L. m. millaisiHartert,1923
    Scottish ptarmigan
  • L. m. hyperboreaSundevall,1845
    Svalbard ptarmigan
Rock Ptarmigan range[1]
Synonyms
  • Tetrao mutusMontin, 1781
  • Lagopus mutus(lapsus,see below)
Lagopus muta pyrenaica–MHNT

Therock ptarmigan(Lagopus muta) is a medium-sizedgame birdin thegrousefamily.It is known simply as theptarmiganin Europe. It is the official bird for the Canadian territory ofNunavut,[4]where it is known as theaqiggiq(ᐊᕿᒡᒋᖅ), and the official game bird for the province ofNewfoundland and Labrador.[5]In Japan, it is known as theraichō( lôi điểu ), which means "thunder bird". It is the official bird ofGifu,Nagano,andToyamaPrefectures[6]and is a protected species nationwide. Unlike many arctic bird species, ptarmigan do not gain substantial mass to hibernate over winter.

Etymology

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The ptarmigan's genus name,Lagopus,is derived fromAncient Greeklagos(λαγώςlagṓs), meaning "hare",+pous(πούςpoús), "foot", in reference to the bird's feathered legs.[7]

The species name,muta,comes fromNeo-Latinand means "mute", referring to the simple croaking song of the male.[7]It was for a long time misspeltmutus,in the erroneous belief that the ending ofLagopusdenotesmasculine gender.However, as the Ancient Greek term λαγώπουςlagṓpousis of feminine gender, and the species name has to agree with that, the femininemutais correct.[8]

The word ptarmigan comes from theScottish Gaelictarmachan,meaning croaker. The silent initial p was added in 1684 byRobert Sibbaldthrough the influence ofGreek,especiallypteron(πτερόνpterón), "wing", "feather", or "pinion".[9]

Description

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The rock ptarmigan is 34–36 cm (13–14 in) long with an 8 cm (3.1 in) tail and with a wingspan of 54–60 cm (21–24 in)[10]and a weight of440–640 g (15+1⁄2–22+1⁄2oz).[11]It is smaller than thewillow ptarmiganby about ten percent.[10]

The rock ptarmigan is seasonallycamouflaged;itsfeathersmoultfrom white in winter to brown in spring or summer. The breeding male has greyish upper parts with white wings and under parts. In winter, its plumage becomes completely white except for the black outer tail feathers and eye line. It can be distinguished from the winterwillow ptarmiganby habitat and markings—the rock ptarmigan prefers higher elevations and more barren habitat. It also has a slender bill and a black eye stripe, which is absent in the willow ptarmigan.

Taxonomy

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The rock ptarmigan has 23 recognized subspecies:[12]

Sounds and displays

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Male rock ptarmigans emit a repertoire of guttural snores and rattles, most often directed to other males during breeding season. On openleks,single or multiple males also carry out displays on the ground and in the air to assert their territory, including chasing other males while flying.

Aerial courtship rituals involve fast forward flight with rapidly-beating wings followed by an upward glide, tail fanned out. The male, at the peak of the display, belts out a rasping "ah-AAH-ah-AAAAH-a-a-a-a-a-a!",with the sung latter part coinciding with a gliding descent afterwards.[13]The sound is often described as that of a stick being pulled rapidly across the slats of a picket fence.[14]

On the ground, male ptarmigans defend their space by calling and giving chase to other males. Physical conflicts between territorial males rarely occur, while confrontations between the former toward subordinate males are intensified. Other signals via fanning their tails, extended necks, lowered wings and circling a receptive female are also utilized.[15]

Distribution and habitat

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The rock ptarmigan is asedentaryspecies which breeds acrossArcticandSubarcticEurasiaandNorth America(includingGreenland) on rockymountainsidesandtundra.It is widespread in theArctic Cordilleraand is found in isolated populations in the mountains ofNorway,Sweden,Scotland,thePyrenees,theAlps,Bulgaria,theUrals,thePamir Mountains,theAltay Mountains,andJapan—where it occurs only in theJapanese Alpsand onMount Haku.[16]Because of the remote habitat in which it lives, it has only a few predators—such asgolden eagles—and it can be surprisingly approachable. It has been introduced toNew Zealand,South Georgia,theKerguelen Islands,and theCrozet Islands.[17]

The small population living onFranz Josef Landin theRussian High Arcticoverwinters during thepolar nightand survives by feeding on rich vegetation on and underneath high cliffs where seabird colonies are located in summer.[18]

During thelast ice age,the species was far more widespread in continentalEurope.[19]

Ecology

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Feeding

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Food sources can vary tremendously depending on the region of their distribution. In Alaska, rock ptarmigans consumeaspenbuds,[20]dwarf birchandwillowbuds andcatkinsas a staple winter diet. They transition their diets over tocrowberriesandlingonberryshrubs during the spring. The greatest variety in its diet occurs during early summer, when it feeds onwillowleaves, as well as the leaves and flowers ofDryasandlocoweed.It also feeds on berries,bistortseeds, andbirchbuds from late summer to autumn.Insects,larvaeandsnailsare eaten by chicks.[21]

Breeding

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Apart from the red eye combs, male rock ptarmigans have no 'distinct' plumage (other than the black eye stripe) that are more typical for other grouse in temperate regions. Studies on other grouses have shown that much variation in comb size and colour exists between the species,[22]and that the comb is used in courtship display and aggressive interactions between males.[23]Many studies have shown that there is a strong correlation between the comb size and the level of testosterone in males;[24]one report from 1981 showed that the amount of testosterone is correlated to aggressiveness against other males.[25]

The male's comb has been the focus of studies regardingsexual selection.Studies of a population of male rock ptarmigans inScarpa Lake,Nunavut, have shown that during the first year, mating success among males was influenced by comb size and condition, and bigamous males had larger combs than monogamous males. The correlation to size disappeared after the first year, but the correlation to comb condition remained.[26]This is consistent with another study of the same population ofL. mutathat showed that mating success overall is correlated to comb condition. Exceptions were first-time breeders, in which the size of the comb influenced mating success.[27]

The rock ptarmigan becomes sexually mature at six months of age and commonly has up to six chicks. Because of this high breeding rate, the size of the population is affected very little by factors such as hunting.

Ecophysiology

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Energy storage and assimilation

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Rock ptarmigan have a limited capacity for fat storage,[28]which requires overwintering birds to forage frequently.[29]Most of the minuscule mass gained over winter is to the ovary, oviduct and hypertrophy, in preparation for the spring breeding season.[29]Rock ptarmigan maximize assimilation of nutrient poor foods with their elongated ceca.[20]Metabolic requirements can be partially supplemented by fermentation, the energy gain from fermentation alone, however, is not independently significant.[20]

TheSvalbardsubspecies of rock ptarmigan is the only subspecies that exhibits a significant seasonal mass gain.[30]Larger fat deposits can help them survive during periods of low food availability.[31]However, this alone is not an adequate source of energy to survive during winter. Additional stored fat does not appear to increase the energetic cost in these birds' locomotion.[32]This adaptation is key for a species that must move frequently to forage.[32]Fat assimilation in these birds is correlated to changes in liver weight.[31]Most rock ptarmigan have no more than 20 grams of adipose tissue year round.[30]Without food, these reserves can supplement energy for 2 days.[30]The Svalbard rock ptarmigan, however, gains about 100 grams of adipose tissue.[30]This can serve as an energy source for up to 10 days of starvation.[30]

The Svalbard subspecies inhabits the northern extent of the rock ptarmigans range.[33]During winter, food availability is lower in Svalbard than in other parts of their range, which accounts for the necessary increased fat reserves not found in other sub populations.[33]

In culture

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Rock ptarmigan meat is a popular part of festive meals inIcelandic cuisine.Hunting of rock ptarmigans was banned in Iceland in 2003 and 2004 due to its declining population. Hunting has been allowed again since 2005, but is restricted to selected days, which are revised yearly and all trade of rock ptarmigan is illegal.[34]

InThomas Bewick'sA History of British Birds(1797) the species is named as "White Grouse" with alternatives "White Game, or Ptarmigan". The birds feed, records Bewick, "on the wild productions of the hills, which sometimes give the flesh a bitter, but not unpalatable taste: it is dark coloured, and has somewhat the flavour of the hare."[35]

Provincial bird

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The rock ptarmigan is the officialterritorialbird ofNunavut,Canada.[36]ItsInuktitutname isᐊᕐᑭᒡᒋᖅ ᐊᑕᔪᓕᒃ, aqiggiq atajulik.[37]It is the official game bird ofNewfoundland and Labrador.

References

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  1. ^abcdBirdLife International(2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]."Lagopus muta".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2016:e.T22679464A113623562.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679464A89358137.en.
  2. ^Montin, Lars. 1781. Tvänner Arter af Snöripan. Physiographiska Sälskapets Handlingar 1(3):150-155
  3. ^Tyrberg, T. 1998. The date of publication of Montin's description of Lagopus mutus. Bull. B.O.C. 118(1):56-57
  4. ^Government of Nunavut."The Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) Official Bird of Nunavut ".Retrieved2010-12-04.
  5. ^"The Arms, Seals, and Emblems of Newfoundland and Labrador".
  6. ^Yuzo Nakagawa, ed. (2010-02-01).ひと mục でわかる dã điểu[Wild birds at a glance] (in Japanese). Seibido Publishing. p. 136.ISBN978-4415305325.
  7. ^abJobling, James A (1991).A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names.OUP.p. 124.ISBN978-0-19-854634-4.
  8. ^David, Normand; Gosselin, Michel (2002)."The grammatical gender of avian genera".Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club.122(4): 257–282.
  9. ^Lockwood, W.B. (1993).The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names.Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 121.ISBN978-0-19-866196-2.
  10. ^abThe Birds of the Western Palearctic [Abridged].OUP.1997.ISBN978-0-19-854099-1.
  11. ^"Rock Ptarmigan Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology".allaboutbirds.org.Retrieved2020-09-26.
  12. ^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  13. ^Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020)."Sounds and Vocal Behavior – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World".Birds of the World.doi:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01.Retrieved2021-02-16.
  14. ^Harrap, Simon (2012).RSPB pocket guide to British birds(Second ed.). London.ISBN978-1-4729-3229-7.OCLC929856386.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020)."Behavior – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World".Birds of the World.doi:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01.Retrieved2021-02-16.
  16. ^Yamashina, Yoshimaro (1961)Birds in Japan.Tokyo News Service
  17. ^Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, pp. 21–493.ISBN9780876633182
  18. ^Dinets, V. (2001) Winter ecology of Willow PtarmiganLagopus lagopusand Rock PtarmiganL. mutusat the northern limit of their range.Ornitologia29: 326–327 (in Russian with English summary).
  19. ^Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005)."Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"(PDF).Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia.48(1): 43–65.doi:10.3409/173491505783995743.
  20. ^abcGasaway, William (1976).Seasonal variation in diet, volatile fatty acid production and size of the cecum of rock ptarmigan.OCLC300121471.
  21. ^Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020)."Diet and Foraging – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World".Birds of the World.doi:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01.Retrieved2021-02-16.
  22. ^Johnsgard, P. A. (1984),Grouse of the world,Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,ISBN978-0-8032-2558-9
  23. ^Hjorth, I. (1970), "Reproductive behaviour in Tetraonidae",Viltrevy,7:183–596
  24. ^Stokkan, K. A. (1979), "Testosterone and daylength-dependent development of comb size and breeding plumage of male willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus) ",The Auk,96(1): 106–115,JSTOR4085405
  25. ^Wattson, A. & Parr, R. (1981), "Hormone implants affecting territory size and aggressive and sexual behaviour in red grouse",Ornis Scandinavica,12(1): 55–61,doi:10.2307/3675905,JSTOR3675905
  26. ^Brodsky, L. M. (1988), "Mating tactics of male rock ptarmigan,Lagopus mutus:a conditional mating strategy ",Animal Behaviour,36(2): 335–342,doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80003-4,S2CID53162941
  27. ^Holder, K. & Montgomerie, R. (1993), "Context and consequences of comb displays by male rock ptarmigan",Animal Behaviour,45(3): 457–470,doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1057,S2CID54251015
  28. ^Modafferi, Ronald (1975).Aspects of morphology in female rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) during ovarian recrudescence.OCLC5164107.
  29. ^abThomas, Vernon G.; Popko, Richard (1981-07-01). "Fat and protein reserves of wintering and prebreeding rock ptarmigan from south Hudson Bay".Canadian Journal of Zoology.59(7): 1205–1211.doi:10.1139/z81-172.
  30. ^abcdeGrammeltvedt, R.; Steen, J.B. (1978-01-01)."Fat Deposition in Spitzbergen Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus) ".Arctic.31(4).doi:10.14430/arctic2676.
  31. ^abMortensen, A.; Unander, S.; Kolstad, M.; Blix, A. S. (June 1983). "Seasonal Changes in Body Composition and Crop Content of Spitzbergen Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus hyperboreus".Ornis Scandinavica.14(2): 144.doi:10.2307/3676018.JSTOR3676018.
  32. ^abLees, John; Nudds, Robert; Stokkan, Karl-Arne; Folkow, Lars; Codd, Jonathan (2010-11-15)."Reduced Metabolic Cost of Locomotion in Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea) during Winter ".PLOS ONE.5(11): e15490.Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515490L.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015490.PMC2981580.PMID21125015.
  33. ^abMortensen, Atle; Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (March 1989). "Seasonal Changes in Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Digestibility in Captive Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan and Norwegian Willow Ptarmigan".Ornis Scandinavica.20(1): 22.doi:10.2307/3676703.JSTOR3676703.
  34. ^"Umhverfisráðuneyti"(in Icelandic).Retrieved30 May2013.
  35. ^Bewick, Thomas; Beilby, Ralph (1797). "White Grouse".A History of British Birds, Volume 1: Land Birds.Beilby and Bewick.
  36. ^"The Official Bird of Nunavut | Nunavut Legislative Assembly".assembly.nu.ca.Retrieved2019-02-22.
  37. ^"Anirniliit – those which breathe".arctic.uoguelph.ca.Retrieved2019-02-22.
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