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Landheer

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In theDutch East Indies(nowIndonesia), aLandheer(Dutchfor 'landlord'; plural,Landheeren) was the lord or owner of aparticuliere landerij,a private domain in afeudalsystem ofland tenureused in parts of the colony.[1][2][3][4][5][6]Dutch jurists described the legal jurisdiction of a Landheer over his domain as ‘sovereign’ and comparable to that of the rulers ofindirectly ruledprincely states in the Indies.[3]By law, the Landheer possessedlandsheerlijke rechtenorhak-hak ketuanan[seigniorial jurisdiction] over the inhabitants of his domain — jurisdiction exercised elsewhere by the central government.[7][8][5]

The Landheer's country seat on his domain was called aLandhuisorRumah Kongsi.[9][10]In this context, 'Kongsi' meant 'Lord' or 'his Lordship', and was a title used by the Chinese Landheeren, who were invariably scions of theCabang Atas gentry.[11]

Legal and political jurisdiction[edit]

The legal and political jurisdiction of a Landheer was regulated by a mixture of laws and customary rules developed under theDutch East India Company.[5][6]Following the bankruptcy of the company, a series of government ordinances were issued by the new colonial government to better regulate the scope of the powers of the Landheeren: Staatsblad 1836 No. 19 and Staatsblad 1912, No. 422.[5][6]

The portion of land in a particuliere landerij retained by the Landheer for his own use was calledtanah kongsi(thedemesneor seigniorial land), in contrast totanah usaha,which was enfeoffed to the Landheer's tenant farmers.[5]Anadministrateurwas appointed to oversee the management of the Landheer's tanah kongsi.[12]

The landsheerlijke rechten of the landlords were very extensive in scope.[3][4][5][6]Instead of the colonial government, it was the Landheer who – in his domain – nominated and remunerated the local government bureaucracy.[12]The Landheer appointed the district heads orCamatin his domain, other bureaucrats as he saw fit and, at the lowest level,village headswho (in these particuliere landerijen) went by the title ofMandor.[12]Minor crimes committed by inhabitants of the particuliere landen were adjudicated and punished by courts set up by the Landheer.[12]The Landheer was also responsible for the provision of education, health and other social services and public infrastructures for the inhabitants of the domain.[2][3][5]

As part of his landsheerlijke rechten, the Landheer was entitled to certain dues from his subjects, includingtjoekeeorcontingent,which consisted of 20% of theharvestfrom dependent holdings worked on by his tenant farmers.[1][7][8]The Landheer also collectedpadjeg,which was his predetermined share of his tenant farmers’ harvest, fixed for a certain period of time.[1][7][8]The collection of all these dues was overseen by officials calledPotia,who were assisted by deputies calledKomitier.[12]

Also part of his landsheerlijke rechten was the Landheer's right to imposekompenianorcorvee labouron his subjects, amounting to sixty days of unpaid work each year from his tenant farmers at times determined by the Landheer or his bureaucrats.[1][12][7][8]Kompenian labour included work onpublic infrastructures,such as roads or bridges on the domain, or work on the Landheer's own tanah kongsi.[1][12][7][8]By Ommelanden custom, tenant farmers were only allowed to harvest their crops after receiving the Landheer's permission.[3]

List of Landheeren[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdeKropveld, D. C. J. H. (1911).The Laws of Netherland East India Relating to Land: Being a Short Exposition of Their Leading Principles and Chief Provisions, and an Explanation of Dutch Terms, with Chapters on Netherland East India and Its Laws in General and on Dutch East Indian Mining Law.Stevens.Retrieved15 July2020.
  2. ^abAnderson, Benedict Richard O'Gorman (2006).Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946.Equinox Publishing.ISBN978-979-3780-14-6.Retrieved15 July2020.
  3. ^abcdeCribb, Robert (2008).Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution, 1945-1949.Singapore: Equinox Publishing.ISBN978-979-3780-71-9.Retrieved15 July2020.
  4. ^abCreutzberg, P. (2012).Indonesia's Export Crops 1816–1940.Springer Science & Business Media.ISBN978-94-011-6437-5.Retrieved15 July2020.
  5. ^abcdefgNola, Luthvi Febryka (November 2013). [jurnal.dpr.go.id "Sengketa Tanah Partikelir" ].Jurnal DPR RI.4(2): 183–196.Retrieved15 July2020.{{cite journal}}:Check|url=value (help)
  6. ^abcdKahin, Audrey (2015).Historical Dictionary of Indonesia.Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN978-0-8108-7456-5.Retrieved15 July2020.
  7. ^abcdeGautama, Sudargo; Harsono, Budi (1972).Agrarian Law.Lembaga Penelitian Hukum dan Kriminologi, Universitas Padjadjaran.Retrieved15 July2020.
  8. ^abcdeIndonesia Circle.Indonesia Circle, School of Oriental and African Studies. 1996.Retrieved15 July2020.
  9. ^Milone, Pauline Dublin (1967). "Indische Culture, and Its Relationship to Urban Life".Comparative Studies in Society and History.9(4): 407–426.doi:10.1017/S0010417500004618.ISSN0010-4175.JSTOR177686.
  10. ^Heuken, Adolf (2007).Historical Sites of Jakarta.Cipta Loka Caraka.Retrieved15 July2020.
  11. ^Salmon, Claudine (2006)."Women's Social Status as Reflected in Chinese Epigraphs from Insulinde (16th-20th Centuries)".Archipel.72(1): 157–194.doi:10.3406/arch.2006.4030.
  12. ^abcdefgPeratoeran baroe atas tanah-tanah particulier di tanah Djawa seblah Roelan Tjimanoek (Staatsblad 1912 No. 422).Batavia: Landsdrukkerij. 1913. p. 24.
  13. ^Almanak van Nederlandsch-Indië voor het jaar...(in Dutch) (Vol. 44 ed.). Lands Drukkery. 1871.Retrieved18 November2020.
  14. ^Faes, J. (1902).Over de erfpachtsrechten uitgeoefend door Chineezen en de occupatie-rechten der inlandsche bevolking, op de gronden der particuliere landerijen, ten westen der Tjimanoek(in Dutch). Buitenzorgsche drukkerij.Retrieved18 November2020.
  15. ^Bosma, Ulbe; Raben, Remco (2008).Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500-1920.NUS Press.ISBN978-9971-69-373-2.Retrieved18 November2020.
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