Languages of Belgium
| Languages of Belgium | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Official | French(1st: ~40%, 2nd: ~49%, total: ~89%) German(1st: ~1%, 2nd: ~22%, total: ~23%) |
| Regional | Romance languages:Walloon,Picard,Champenois,Lorrain
Germanic Languages:Limburgish,Luxembourgish Dialects of Dutch:West Flemish,East Flemish,Brabantian Dialects of German:Moselle Franconian,Ripuarian |
| Foreign | English(2nd: 40%),[1]Spanish(2nd: 5%),Italian(1st: 2%, 2nd: 4%),Arabic(1st: 3%, 2nd: 1%),Turkish(1st: 2%) |
| Signed | Flemish Sign Language (VGT),French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB),German Sign Language (DGS) |
| Keyboard layout | |
| Source | [2] |
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TheKingdom of Belgiumhas three official languages:Dutch,French,andGerman.
A number of non-official, minority languages and dialects are spoken as well.
As a result of being in between Latin and Germanic Europe, and historically being split between different principalities, the nation has multiple official languages.
Official languages[edit]
Legal status[edit]
TheBelgian Constitutionguarantees, since the country's independence, freedom of language in the private sphere. Article 30 specifies that "the use of languages spoken in Belgium is optional; only the law can rule on this matter, and only for acts of the public authorities and for legal matters." For those public authorities, there is extensivelanguage legislationconcerning Dutch, French and German, even though theBelgian Constitutiondoes not explicitly mention which languages enjoy official status. Article 4 divides the country into linguistic areas, which form the basis of thefederal structure:"Belgium has four linguistic areas: The French-speaking area, the Dutch-speaking area, the bilingual area of Brussels Capital, and the German-speaking area."
Before the federal structure and the language legislation were gradually introduced in the later 20th century, French was generally the only language used by public authorities. For example, the Dutch version of the Constitution has enjoyed equal status to the original French one only since 1967, and the German version since 1991.
Of the inhabitants ofBelgium,roughly 59% belong to the Flemish Community, 40% to theFrench Community,and 1% to the German-speaking Community[citation needed].These figures relating to official Belgian languages overlook substantial numbers of immigrants and their children, who may speak a foreign language as primary language, as well as of Belgian regional migrants, who likely largely balance one another for native French and Dutch speakers. A large French-speaking population lives around Brussels, in Flanders, though by geography is considered part of the Flemish Community. Though the standard form of Dutch used in Belgium is almost identical to that spoken in the Netherlands, and the different dialects across the border, it is often colloquially called "Flemish".
Dutch[edit]
Dutch is the most spoken primary language of Belgium and the official language of theFlemish Communityand theFlemish Region(merged toFlanders). Along with French, it is an official language of theBrussels-Capital Region.The main Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium areBrabantian,West Flemish,East Flemish,andLimburgish.All these are spoken across the border in the Netherlands as well, and West Flemish is also spoken inFrench Flanders.Much like English, Flemish dialects have adopted more French and other Romance vocabulary through mutual cultural exchange throughout history when compared with other Dutch dialects. As such, they are not always readily intelligible for Dutch speakers outside Flanders. Nevertheless, linguists regard these as varieties of Dutch. Words which are unique to Belgian Dutch are calledbelgicisms(as are words used primarily inBelgian French). The originalBrabantian dialectofBrusselshas been very much influenced by French. It is now spoken by a minority in the Capital region, since the primary language of most inhabitants shifted during theFrancization of Brussels.
French[edit]
The second-most spoken primary (Belgian) language, used natively by approximately one third of the population, is French.[3]It is the official language of theFrench Community(which, like the Flemish Community, is a political entity), the dominant language inWallonia(having also a smallGerman-speaking Community), as well as theBrussels-Capital Region.Almost all of the inhabitants of the Capital region speak French as either their primary language (50%) or as alingua franca(45%).[4][5]Many Flemish people also speak French as a second language.Belgian Frenchis in most respects identical to the French of France, but differs in some points of vocabulary, pronunciation, and semantics.
German[edit]
German is the least prevalentofficial languagein Belgium, spoken natively by less than 1% of the population. TheGerman-speaking Community of Belgiumnumbers 77,000, residing in an area of Belgium that was ceded by the formerGerman Empireas part of theTreaty of Versailles,which concludedWorld War I.In 1940,Nazi Germanyre-annexed the region, following its invasion of Belgium duringWorld War II;after the war it was returned to Belgium.
In theArelerlandin the southern part of BelgiumLuxembourgishis traditionally spoken.
Use[edit]
In national politics, politicians can freely choose to speak in any of the three official languages. In turn, theBelgian parliamentprovides simultaneous interpretation for those who require it to assist in communication.
Education is provided by the Communities, Dutch in theFlemish Community(Flanders and Brussels), French in theFrench Community(Walloniaand Brussels), German in theGerman-speaking community.Instruction in other languages is prohibited in government-funded schools except for foreign language subjects. However, the English language has become increasingly used in higher education.
Also all official correspondence and communication with the government (e.g. tax papers, local politics, ID/passport requests, building permits etc.) must be in the official language of the region or community. Inhabitants of afew municipalitiesare granted an exception to these rules.
Multilingualism[edit]
In 2006, theUniversité catholique de Louvain,the country's largest French-speaking university, published a report with the introduction (translated):
This issue regarding economies is devoted to the demand for knowledge of languages in Belgium and in its three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia). The surveys show that Flanders is clearly moremultilingual,which is without doubt a well-known fact, but the difference is considerable: whereas 59% and 53% of the Flemings know French or English respectively, only 19% and 17% of the Walloons know Dutch or English. The measures advocated by the Marshall Plan are heading towards the proper direction, but are doubtlessly quite insufficient to fully overcome the lag. [This particular 2006–2009 'Marshall Plan' was devised in 2004 and published in 2005 to uplift the Walloon economy.][6]
Within the report, professors in economicsGinsburghandWeberfurther show that of Brussels' residents, 95% declared they can speak French, 59% Dutch, and 41% know the non-local English. Of those under the age of forty, 59% in Flanders declared that they could speak all three, along with 10% in Wallonia and 28% in Brussels. In each region, Belgium's third official language, German, is notably less known than those.[4][7][8]
Non-official languages[edit]
In addition to the three official languages, others are spoken in Belgium, for instance inWallonia,where French became dominant only relatively recently. Sometimes seen as dialects, the varieties related to French have been recognized by theFrench Communityas separate languages (langues régionales endogènes,lit.‘regional native languages’) since 1990.[9][10]But there have been no significant measures to support usage of those varieties.
Romance[edit]
Walloon[edit]
Walloonis the historical language of southern Belgium, and most of the areas where French is now spoken were Walloon-speaking. It is also the traditionalnational languageof theWalloons.Though it has been recognized since 1990, like other vernaculars in Belgium, it is spoken mainly by older people. Some younger Walloons may claim some knowledge. It is used mainly in rural regions, where change comes more slowly. It is also used in theatre productions and other forms of literature, though not in schools.
Picard[edit]
Another language related to French, and also a historic language of the region,Picardwas recognized in 1990 by the government of the French Community. Picard has been historically based in France, with speakers also in the western part of Wallonia.
Champenois[edit]
Champenoiswas also legally recognized in 1990. It is mainly spoken inChampagne,France, and a small part of Wallonia.
Lorrain[edit]
Like the other indigenous languages closely related to French,Lorrainwas recognized in 1990. It is mainly spoken inGaume,a part ofBelgian Lorraine.
Germanic[edit]
Flemish[edit]
Flanders too has a number of dialects, but linguists regard these as varieties ofDutchrather than a separateFlemish language,with the exception ofLimburgishandWest Flemish.The main Dutch dialects in Belgium areBrabantianandEast Flemish.Standard Dutch, as spoken in Belgium, is mostly influenced by Brabantian. There are literary traditions in both the East Flemish and West Flemish dialects.
Limburgish[edit]
Limburgishis a language spoken mainly in north-easternBelgiumand the south-easternNetherlands,in theBelgianandDutchprovinces of Limburg. It is closely related toDutchbut has moreGermaninfluences.
Luxembourgish[edit]
Luxembourgish,aMoselle Franconianlanguage, is native toArelerland,the eastern part of the Belgianprovince of Luxembourg,including the city ofArlon(Arel).Since the late 20th century, it has largely been replaced by Belgian French in recent decades, in contrast to its flourishing on the other side of the border, in the Grand Duchy ofLuxembourg.
Since 1990 this language has been recognised by the Walloon authorities asFrancique(Franconian). It was the only non-Romance language recognized in the 1990 decree.[11]
Marols[edit]
Marols,also known as Brusseleir, is a nearly extinct dialect spoken inBrussels,and used primarily in informal contexts. It is mostly a mixture ofFrenchandDutchinfluences. Marols originated from theBrabantian dialectand gained greater French influences after theKingdom of Belgiumwas established in 1830 following theBelgian Revolution.The dialect was named after theMarollen,a neighborhood in Brussels.
Yiddish[edit]
Yiddishis spoken by many among the 18,000Jews living in Antwerp,where there is a considerable number of orthodox Jews who "maintain a largely traditional Jewish way of life...[in which] Yiddish is widely spoken even outside the homes and also by Jews who were born in Belgium."[12]
Sign languages[edit]
 |
LSFB[edit]
LSFB, orFrench Belgian Sign Language,is used primarily in Wallonia and Brussels and is related toLSFand otherFrancosign languages.It developed from Old Belgian Sign Language, which developed as a result of contact betweenLyons Sign Languageand LSF.
VGT[edit]
Like LSFB,Flemish Sign Language,or VGT, is a Francosign language descended from Old Belgian Sign Language. It is used primarily in Flanders, with five major regional dialects:West Flanders,East Flanders,Antwerp,Flemish Brabant,andLimburg.There is dialectal variation between men and women speakers due to historical developments of the language.
DGS[edit]
Unlike VGT and LSFB, DGS, orGerman Sign Language,is unrelated to LSF and comprises its own language family. DGS is related toPJMandShassi.It is used primarily around the German-speaking communities of Belgium,[citation needed]although German and DGS are unrelated.
Indo-Aryan[edit]
Sinte Romaniis spoken by many among the 10,000RomaniorSintiliving in Belgium. It has significant German influence and is notmutually intelligiblewith other Romani languages. The language belongs to the Northwestern Romani dialect group. The language and people are often called "Gypsies" by outsiders, a term considered to be pejorative due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity.
Main foreign languages[edit]
Since the late 20th century, Belgium has received immigrants from different areas of Europe, the Mediterranean, and North Africa. They and their descendants speak languages includingBerber(Riffian),Arabic(Maghrebi),Spanish,Turkish,Portuguese,Italian,Greek,Polish,andEnglish.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^"SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 386 Europeans and their Languages"(PDF).ec.europa.eu. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 January 2016.
- ^Europeans and their LanguagesEuropa.eu
- ^Footnote: Of the inhabitants of Belgium, roughly 59% belong to the Flemish Community, 40% to the French Community and 1% to the German-speaking Community, though these figures relating to official Belgian languages include unknown numbers of immigrants and their children speaking a foreign language as primary language, and of Belgian regional migrants which may be assumed to largely balance one another for natively French and Dutch speakers.
- ^ab Van Parijs, Philippe."Belgium's new linguistic challenges"(PDF).KVS Express:34–36. Archived fromthe original(pdf 0.7 MB)on 13 June 2007.Retrieved5 May2007– via Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium.— The linguistic situation in Belgium (and in particular various estimations of the population speaking French and Dutch in Brussels) is discussed in detail
- ^
"Van autochtoon naar allochtoon".De Standaard(in Dutch).Retrieved5 May2007.
Meer dan de helft van de Brusselse bevolking is van vreemde afkomst. In 1961 was dat slechts 7 procent(More than half of the Brussels' population is of foreign origin. In 1961 this was only 7 percent)
- ^ Bayenet, Benoît; Vandendorpe, Luc (2004). "Le plan Marshall: cinq actions prioritaires pour l'avenir wallon (The Marshall plan: five prioritary actions for the Walloon future)".Steunpunt WAV(in French) (4/2005). Acco.ISSN1379-7034.
- ^
Ginsburgh, Victor (June 2006)."La dynamique des langues en Belgique".Regards économiques(in French).19(Numéro 42). Université Catholique de Louvain: 282–9.doi:10.1159/000013462.PMID10213829.
Ce numéro de Regards économiques est consacré à la question des connaissances linguistiques en Belgique et dans ses trois régions (Bruxelles, Flandre, Wallonie). Les enquêtes montrent que la Flandre est bien plus multilingue, ce qui est sans doute un fait bien connu, mais la différence est considérable: alors que 60 % et 53 % des Flamands connaissent le français ou l'anglais respectivement, seulement 20 % et 17 % des Wallons connaissent le néerlandais ou l'anglais. Les mesures préconisées par le Plan Marshall vont dans la bonne direction, mais sont sans doute très insuffisantes pour combler le retard.... 95 pour cent des Bruxellois déclarent parler le français, alors que ce pourcentage tombe à 59 pour cent pour le néerlandais. Quant à l'anglais, il est connu par une proportion importante de la population à Bruxelles (41 pour cent).... Le syndrome d'H (...) frappe la Wallonie, où à peine 19 et 17 pour cent de la population parlent respectivement le néerlandais et l'anglais.
(Summary: "Slechts 19 procent van de Walen spreekt Nederlands"(in Dutch). Nederlandse Taalunie. 12 June 2006.Retrieved26 May2007.– The article shows the interest in the Ginsburg-Weber report, by the French-language Belgian newspaperLe Soirand theAlgemeen Dagbladin the Netherlands) - ^Schoors, Koen."Réformer sans tabous - Question 1: les langues — La connaissance des langues en Belgique:Reactie"(PDF)(in Dutch). Itinera Institute. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 June 2007.Retrieved14 June2007.
Hoewel in beide landsdelen de jongeren inderdaad meer talen kennen dan de ouderen, is de talenkloof tussen Vlaanderen en Wallonië toch gegroeid. Dit komt omdat de talenkennis in Vlaanderen sneller is toegenomen dan die in Wallonië.... Het probleem aan Franstalige kant is dus groot en er is, verassend genoeg, niet echt een verbetering of oplossing in zicht.... het is met de kennis van het Engels ongeveer even pover gesteld als met de kennis van het Nederlands. Tot daar dus de verschoning van de povere talenkennis aan Waalse zijde als een rationele individuele keuze in een markt met externe effecten. Het is merkwaardig dat de auteurs dit huizenhoge probleem met hun verklaring expliciet toegeven, maar er bij het formuleren van beleidsadviezen dan toch maar van uit gaan dat hun model juist is. (Although in both parts of the country the young indeed know more languages than the elder, the languages chasm between Flanders and Wallonia has nevertheless grown. This is because the knowledge of languages in Flanders has increased faster than that in Wallonia.... Thus the problem at the French-speaking side is large and there is, quite surprisingly, not really an improvement or solution in sight.... the knowledge of English is in about as poor a state as the knowledge of Dutch. So far, about the excuse for the poor knowledge of languages on the Walloon side as a rational individual choice in a market with external effects. It is remarkable that the authors by their statement explicitly acknowledge this towering problem, but in formulating governance advices still assume their model to be correct)
– Reaction on the Ginsburgh-Weber report- ——."La connaissance des langues en Belgique – Reactions"(PDF)(in French). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 June 2007.
- ^Décret Valmy Féaux, 14 December 1990
- ^Conseil des Langues régionales endogènes(in French)
- ^La protection des langues minoritaires en Europe: vers une nouvelle décennie(in French). Council of Europe. 2010. p. 55.ISBN978-92-871-6726-2– via Google Books.
- ^"The Jewish Community of Antwerp".ANU - Museum of the Jewish People.Archived fromthe originalon 12 June 2018.Retrieved6 August2021.
Footnotes[edit]
This article incorporatespublic domain materialfromThe World Factbook(2024 ed.).CIA.(Archived 2006 edition.)
External links[edit]
- Ethnologue, Languages of the World: Belgium(non-free content)
