Laurasiatheria
Laurasiatheria Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
![]() | |
From top to right:European hedgehog,Lyle's flying fox,Siberian tiger,Indian pangolin,red deerandwhite rhino.Representing the living orders:Eulipotyphla,Chiroptera,Carnivora,Pholidota,ArtiodactylaandPerissodactyla,comprising Laurasiatheria. | |
Scientific classification![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Magnorder: | Boreoeutheria |
Superorder: | Laurasiatheria Waddell et al., 1999[1] |
Subgroups | |
| |
Synonyms | |
Laurasiatheria(/lɔːrˌeɪʒəˈθɪəriə,-θɛriə/;"laurasian beasts" ) is asuperorderofplacental mammalsthat groups together true insectivores (eulipotyphlans), bats (chiropterans),carnivorans,pangolins (pholidotes), even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls), and all their extinct relatives. Fromsystematicsandphylogeneticperspectives, it is subdivided into order Eulipotyphla and cladeScrotifera.[1][4][5]It is a sister group toEuarchontoglireswith which it forms the magnorderBoreoeutheria.Laurasiatheria was discovered on the basis of thesimilar gene sequencesshared by the mammals belonging to it; noanatomicalfeatures have yet been found that unite the group, although a few have been suggested such as a small coracoid process, a simplified hindgut (reversed in artiodactyls), high intelligence, lack of grasping hands (though mimicry of grasping is observed in felines) and allantoic vessels that are large to moderate in size.[6]The Laurasiatheria clade is based on DNA sequence analyses andretrotransposonpresence/absence data.The superorder originated on the northernsupercontinentofLaurasia,after it split fromGondwanawhenPangaeabroke up.[1]Itslast common ancestoris supposed to have lived between ca. 76 to 90 million years ago.[7][8]
Etymology[edit]
The name of this superorder derives from the theory that this group of mammals originated on the supercontinent ofLaurasia.[1]In contrast, extinct primitive mammals calledGondwanatheriaexisted in the supercontinent ofGondwana.
Classification and phylogeny[edit]
History of phylogeny[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg/220px-OrthoMaM_v10b_2019_116genera_circular_tree.svg.png)
Uncertainty still exists regarding thephylogenetic treefor extant laurasiatherians, primarily due to disagreement about the placement of ordersChiropteraandPerissodactyla.Based on morphological grounds, bats (order Chiroptera) had long been classified in the superorderArchonta(e.g. along withprimates,treeshrewsand the glidingcolugos) until genetic research instead showed their kinship with the other laurasiatheres.[10]The studies conflicted in terms of the exact placement of Chiroptera, however, with it being linked most closely to groups such as order Eulipotyphla in the cladeInsectiphillia.Two 2013 studies retrieve that bats,carnivoransandeuungulatesform a cladeScrotifera,indicating that Eulipotyphla might be the sister group to all other Laurasiatheria taxa.[11][12]
Laurasiatheria is also posited to include several extinct orders and superorders. At least some of these are consideredwastebasket taxa,historically lumping together several lineages based on superficial attributes and assumed relations to modern mammals. In some cases, these orders have turned out to either beparaphyleticassemblages, or to be composed of mammals now understood not to be laurasiatheres at all.
- Condylarthra(paraphyletic in relation to true ungulates, possibly polyphyletic since some forms may beafrotheresor even non-placentaleutherians)
- Creodonta(order closely related to Carnivora, now polyphyletic and split in two orders:HyaenodontaandOxyaenodonta)
- Dinocerata(natural order suggested to be closely related to ungulates)[13]
- Meridiungulata(Collagen sequences found inMacraucheniaandToxodonindicate this to be thesister taxonto perissodactyls, though in recent studies this clade was found to be polyphyletic)[14]
- Mesonychia(natural clade, though several members, such as genusAndrewsarchus,are now thought to belong in other groups)
Taxonomy[edit]
- Superorder:Laurasiatheria(Waddell, 1999)
- Clade:Scrotifera(Waddell, 1999)
- Order:Eulipotyphla(Waddell, 1999)(true insectivores)
See also[edit]
- Mammal classification
- Boreoeutheria
- Gondwanatheria– a clade ofmammaliaformesnamed after supercontinent ofGondwana
References[edit]
- ^abcdWaddell, Peter J.; Okada, Norihiro; Hasegawa, Masami (1999)."Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals".Systematic Biology.48(1): 1–5.doi:10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1.PMID12078634.
- ^Matsui, K.; Pyenson, N. D. (2023)."New evidence for the antiquity ofDesmostylus(Desmostylia) from the Skooner Gulch Formation of California ".Royal Society Open Science.10(6). 221648.Bibcode:2023RSOS...1021648M.doi:10.1098/rsos.221648.PMC10264998.
- ^Arnason U., Adegoke J. A., Gullberg A., Harley E. H., Janke A., Kullberg M. (2008.) "Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences." Gene.; 421(1–2):37–51
- ^Nikaido, M.; Rooney, A. P. & Okada, N. (1999)."Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interpersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.96(18): 10261–10266.Bibcode:1999PNAS...9610261N.doi:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10261.PMC17876.PMID10468596.
- ^Groves, Colin; Grubb, Peter (1 November 2011).Ungulate Taxonomy.JHU Press. p. 27.ISBN978-1-4214-0093-8.OCLC708357723.
- ^O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Jin; Ni, Xijun; Novacek, Michael J.; Perini, Fernando A.; Randall, Zachary S.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Sargis, Eric J.; Silcox, Mary T.; Simmons, Nancy B.; Spaulding, Michelle; Velazco, Paúl M.; Weksler, Marcelo; Wible, John R.; Cirranello, Andrea L. (2013)."The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals".Science.339(6120): 662–667.Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O.doi:10.1126/science.1229237.hdl:11336/7302.PMID23393258.S2CID206544776.
- ^dos Reis, Mario; Inoue, Jun; Hasegawa, Masami; Asher, Robert J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Yang, Ziheng (7 September 2012)."Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.279(1742): 3491–3500.doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683.ISSN0962-8452.PMC3396900.PMID22628470.
- ^Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang (1 January 2012)."Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals".Systematic Biology.61(1): 150–64.doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089.ISSN1063-5157.PMC3243735.PMID21900649.
- ^Pumo, Dorothy E.; Finamore, Peter S.; Franek, William R.; Phillips, Carleton J.; Tarzami, Sima; Balzarano, Darlene (1998). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Neotropical Fruit Bat,Artibeus jamaicensis,and a New Hypothesis of the Relationships of Bats to Other Eutherian Mammals ".Journal of Molecular Evolution.47(6): 709–717.Bibcode:1998JMolE..47..709P.doi:10.1007/PL00006430.PMID9847413.S2CID22900642.
- ^Tsagkogeorga, G; Parker, J; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013)."Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats".Current Biology.23(22): 2262–2267.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014.PMID24184098.
- ^Morgan, C. C.; Foster, P. G.; Webb, A. E.; Pisani, D.; McInerney, J. O.; O'Connell, M. J. (2013)."Heterogeneous models place the root of the placental mammal phylogeny".Molecular Biology and Evolution.30(9): 2145–2256.doi:10.1093/molbev/mst117.PMC3748356.PMID23813979.
- ^Burger, Benjamin J., (2015.) "The systematic position of the saber-toothed and horned giants of the Eocene: the Uintatheres (order Dinocerata)", Utah State University Uintah Basin Campus, Vernal, Utah
- ^Avilla, Leonardo S.; Mothé, Dimila (2021)."Out of Africa: A New Afrotheria Lineage Rises From Extinct South American Mammals".Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.9.doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.654302.ISSN2296-701X.
Further reading[edit]
- Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J.; Madsen, Ole; Scally, Mark; Douady, Christophe J.; Teeling, Emma; Ryder, Oliver A.; Stanhope, Michael J.; de Jong, Wilfried W.; Springer, Mark S. (2001). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics".Science.294(5550): 2348–2351.Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2348M.doi:10.1126/science.1067179.PMID11743200.S2CID34367609.
- Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003)."Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.100(3): 1056–1061.Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.1056S.doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100.PMC298725.PMID12552136.
- Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006)."Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.103(9): 3203–3208.Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.3203W.doi:10.1073/pnas.0511344103.PMC1413940.PMID16492730.
- Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2006)."Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals".PLOS Biology.4(4): e91.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091.PMC1395351.PMID16515367.
- Nikolaev, Sergey; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I.; Margulies, Elliott H.; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Rougemont, Jacques; Nyffeler, Bruno; Antonarakis, Stylianos E. (2007)."Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data".PLOS Genetics.3(1): e2.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002.PMC1761045.PMID17206863.
- Kitazoe, Yasuhiro; Kishino, Hirohisa; Waddell, Peter J.; Nakajima, Noriaki; Okabayashi, Takahisa; Watabe, Teruaki; Okuhara, Yoshiyasu (2007). Hahn, Matthew (ed.)."Robust Time Estimation Reconciles Views of the Antiquity of Placental Mammals".PLOS ONE.2(4): e384.Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..384K.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000384.PMC1849890.PMID17440620.
- Goloboff, Pablo A.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Mirande, J. Marcos; Szumik, Claudia A.; Arias, J. Salvador; Källersjö, Mari; Farris, James S. (2009)."Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups".Cladistics.25(3): 211–230.doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x.hdl:11336/78055.PMID34879616.S2CID84401375.
- Churakov, G.; Kriegs, J. O.; Baertsch, R.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J. R.; Schmitz, J. R. (2009)."Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals".Genome Research.19(5): 868–875.doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108.PMC2675975.PMID19261842.
External links[edit]
Data related toLaurasiatheriaat Wikispecies