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Laveen, Phoenix

Coordinates:33°22′39.14″N112°10′5.81″W/ 33.3775389°N 112.1682806°W/33.3775389; -112.1682806
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Laveen
Urban village
Laveen Village
The Laveen Village welcoming water tower
The Laveen Village welcoming water tower
Motto:
“Where rural is a way of life.”
Location of Laveen highlighted in red
Location of Laveen highlighted in red
CountryUnited States
StateArizona
CountyMaricopa
CityPhoenix
WebsiteLaveen Village Planning Committee
Laveen, Arizona
FormerCDP
Location of Laveen in Maricopa County, Arizona.
Location of Laveen inMaricopa County,Arizona.
Coordinates:33°22′39.14″N112°10′5.81″W/ 33.3775389°N 112.1682806°W/33.3775389; -112.1682806
CountryUnited States
StateArizona
CountyMaricopa
Area
• Total48 sq mi (124.3 km2)
Elevation
1,033 ft (315 m)
Population
(2000)
• Total48,021
• Density123.5/sq mi (47.7/km2)
Time zoneUTC-7(Mountain (MST))
ZIP codes
85339 and 85041
Area code(s)602,623
GNISfeature ID6920

Laveen(/ləˈviːn/lə-VEEN) is a community inMaricopa County,Arizona,United States, situated eight miles (13 km) southwest ofDowntownPhoenix,betweenSouth Mountainand theconfluenceof theGilaandSaltrivers.[1]Parts of Laveen constitute anunincorporated communityin Maricopa County, while the remainder falls within the city limits of Phoenix, constituting the city's "Laveen Village" anurban villagewithin the city of Phoenix. Laveen Village is split between District 7 and District 8, both notable asminority-majoritydistricts for the city. Although Laveen has been home to "pastoral alfalfa, cotton, and dairy farms"[2]since the 1880s, housing and commercial developments have been increasingly urbanizing the area.

History

[edit]

The Laveen area was first settled by farmers and dairymen in 1884. Despite its proximity to Phoenix, the community was isolated from its larger neighbor by theSalt River,which carried water year-round until theRoosevelt Damwas completed in 1911. The only bridged crossing was atCentral Avenue,more than six miles (9.7 km) away.[3][4]Because of its isolation, like the rest of south Phoenix, early Laveen wasautonomousof Phoenix, and became relativelyself-sufficient,supporting twogeneral stores,abarbershop,repair garage,twopool halls,and a building for the Laveen Women's Club. These businesses served as important gathering places for the greater Laveen community, which includes: modern south Phoenix, and the neighboring Gila River Indian Community (GRIC).[3]

Walter Laveen

[edit]

In the early 1900s, Walter Emanuel Laveen and his family homesteaded an area encompassing all four corners of present-day 51st Avenue and Dobbins Road, where they also built the area's first general store on the southeast corner. Members of the Laveen family donated land adjacent to their store for a school built in 1913, and named "Laveen School."[4]A second general store, theDel Monte Market,was built in 1908 at 27th Avenue and Dobbins Road, and is considered the oldest still-standing building in Laveen.[5]

In 1915, theU.S. Bureau of Reclamationnoted the community was called Laveen and had a population of less than 25.[6]In March 1918, Walter Laveen was appointed the area's first postmaster, and operated the post office in the back of his store.[4]Laveen later served as Sheriff inPinal County.[7]

Dee Cheatham

[edit]

Armon Deconda "Dee" Cheatham succeeded Walter Laveen as postmaster, and served in the post for the next 30 years.[8]Cheatham and his wife, Lula, were fromDuncan, Arizona,where they had owned a dairy. In 1919, the Cheathams sold their dairy, and moved to Laveen along with Cheatham's brother, Shelton.

Dee and Shelton bought the general store from the Laveens, along with 40 acres (160,000 m2) of farmland on the southeast corner of 51st Avenue and Dobbins Road. They sold the store after running it for a few years, and used the proceeds to set up separate farms. Shelton's farm was on the original 40 acres (160,000 m2), while Dee and Lula moved south to 51st Avenue and Elliott Road, where they set up not only a new farm, but also a dairy.[8]

“Come to Laveen and smell our 'Dairy-Air'”

—Laveen Community Councilbumper sticker

By 1941, the Cheathams' dairy operation had outgrown their farm, so they bought 360 acres (1.5 km2) of land south ofBaseline Road,between 43rd and 51st Avenues. While constructing the dairy, the Cheathams had to clear the site ofmesquiteandrattlesnakes.Once complete, it was one of the larger dairies in Arizona and used registeredHolstein cattle.[8]

The Cheathams grew their own hay on nearby land for the operation, and originally used a large herd ofBelgianandSuffolk Punchdraft horses to pull the hay mowers, rakes, baler, and wagons.[8]Although tractors eventually took over most of the work, the horses were still used for feeding the dairy herd until the operation was shut down in 2003,[8]and the family sold most of the land to developers.

Cotton harvest

[edit]
South Mountainsabove Laveen

Several farmers in Laveen raised (and continue to raise) cotton. In 1916, Andrew Benton Clevenger moved his family fromSt. George, Utah,onto rented land in Laveen. With the whole family's help, they put in a cotton crop.[9]Other farmers planted cotton as well, and around harvesting time, migrant workers who picked the cotton by hand would arrive, swelling the local population. Most farms provided housing for the workers.[4]The seasonal migrant population has dropped off due to the increased use of farm machinery in harvesting cotton.[4]

Well water

[edit]

Laveen School had the area's onlydeep well,which also supplied the Laveen Store. Water from residents' shallow wells was acceptable for washing and crop cultivation, but too salty for culinary use. Therefore, the community set up a public-use hydrant south of the store, where people, including members of theMaricopaandPimatribes, came for their drinking water.[4][9]Tribe members would bring wagon loads of milk cans to fill with water, and firewood to trade for groceries.[4]During the winter, the store would sell excess wood towood lotsin and around Phoenix.[4]

In a landmarkwater rightsruling involving several Laveen residents,Bristor v. Cheatham,the Arizona Supreme Court ruled on January 12, 1952, that percolating water was not private property. Several residents had sued Dee Cheatham for what they believed was excessive pumping of ground water, causing their wells to run dry. The court cited the principle "Rock stays, water moves." However, on February 26, 1952, the court reversed itself, ruling that ground water should be limited to "reasonable" use, but still fell under the ownership of landowners.[10]

Religion

[edit]

Although many of the early settlers were religious, including the Clevengers who wereMormons,[9]through April 1939, various attempts by churches to set up aSunday Schoolin Laveen had failed. However, that month, members of the Central Baptist Church of Phoenix leased space in theLaveen School Auditorium,and after their "mission" took hold, grew into the Laveen Baptist Church by 1943.[11]That year, the church purchased land for a permanent building on the northeast corner of 51st Avenue and Dobbins Road, across from the school.[11]The church added aparsonagein 1948, and had a full-time pastor by the 1970s.[11]Today, Laveen supports seven churches, and has an Islamicmosqueunder construction on the site of the old Laveen General Store, named the Islamic Center of Laveen.[12]

Laveen Cowbelles

[edit]

The Laveen Cowbelles were women from Laveen ranching and dairy families who worked to promote the beef industry.[13]Their parent group, the Arizona Cowbelles, was formed inDouglas, Arizona,in 1938 to "cement the goodwill and friendship among the wives and mothers of cattle men inCochise County."[14]They were initially a local service organization, putting together socials and picnics, but eventually expanded their mission to include promoting the industry's beef products. Laveen women formed a chapter in 1947, and the group was organized statewide by 1949. In 1956 alone, the Laveen Cowbelles affixed 138,000 stickers reading "Beef for Father's Day" to envelopes mailed by various banks and businesses, and in 1959, the statewide group had the then-Governor,Paul Fannin,proclaim "Beef for Father's Day."[14]The Cowbelles also gave members the ability to "communicate with one another about their collective identity."[14]Their mascot was "an ample-bosomed, blonde caricature named Lil' Dudette."[14]

Annual barbecue

[edit]
Estrella Mountainsfrom Laveen, January 2004.

In 1950, the Cowbelles organized a barbecue to give the community a chance to gather on the last Sunday of the year, and to raise money for theMarch of Dimes.[13]

In 1960, the non-profits and churches in Laveen formed the Laveen Community Council (LCC), which took over the barbecue, and began channeling most of the proceeds to pay for lights on the baseball fields at Laveen School, although donations to the March of Dimes continued into the 1970s. By 1984, the barbecue had raised a cumulative $71,000.[13]The date of the event was gradually moved into early February.

In recent years, the barbecue has grown into a very large event held at Corona Ranch, a venue in Laveen with rodeo grounds. The event attracts vendors from all over Arizona, and serves as an opportunity for community members to come together. The barbecue has held tight to its rural roots, and hosts a variety of events, including: a cow milking competition, pot-belly pig racing, country music, and more.

Notable historical events

[edit]
  • February 4, 1923:Laveen farmer R.F. Payton used an ax to murder his wife and 9-year-old daughter, and seriously injured his 5-year-old son. Payton then took his own life.[15]
  • January 14, 1930:The "Toledo Family Bandits," two men and a woman whose recent criminal activity involved gunning down aPennsylvania state trooper[16]and aMaricopa County sheriff,[17]as well as kidnapping aFlorence, Arizona,deputy sheriff,[18]were captured alive by apossein theEstrella Mountains[19]above Laveen after a "sharp gun fight."[20][21]Walter E. Laveen, by then serving asPinal CountySheriff, "enlisted almost every able-bodied man" in the area to capture the trio,[7]which had been the subject of a nationwide manhunt.[22]After their capture, the woman,Irene Schroeder,became the first womanexecuted by electrocutionin Pennsylvania, and the fourth woman electrocuted in the United States.[18]
  • July 3, 1983:Miami Dolphinslinebacker,Larry Gordon,collapsed while jogging in Laveen during his off-season training program. He died about an hour later at a Phoenix hospital.[23]
  • December 25, 1998:A fire destroyed the Laveen home of formerPhiladelphia EagleslinebackerByron Evans.Evans and his family made it out safely.[24]
  • June 2002:TheCity of Phoenixtook over the Laveen Fire Department, a step in the slow annexation of Laveen by the city.[25]
  • May 25, 2003:A developer clearing land for a housing development razed twostonesilosstanding near the northeast corner of 43rd Avenue and Dobbins Road. The silos dated from around 1900, and were visible landmarks throughout Laveen. They were torn down "at four in the morning on a weekend when everybody was sleeping."[2]ARichmond-American Homessubdivision was later built on the land.
  • 2006:Former NFL running back,Emmitt Smith,spearheaded a large, 25-acre (100,000 m2) retail development at the intersection of 35th Avenue and Southern, which has sat mostly empty sinceMervyn'sclosed its doors several years ago.[26]
  • April 3, 2012:Laveen made national headlines when Daniel Adkins was shot while walking his dog past aTaco Bellat night. This case added to theTrayvon Martincontroversy unfolding at the same time inFlorida.Both were cases of concern about murder versus self-defense.[27]

Other

[edit]

World War IIAlamo Scout(US 6th Army Special Reconnaissance Unit) Joshua Sunn was born and raised in Laveen.[28]The endangeredMaricopa languageis spoken by fewer than 100 members of theMaricopa(or Piipaash) tribe, most of whom live at theMaricopa Colonynear Laveen.[29]

Community

[edit]
TheDel Monte Marketbuilt in 1908 and located at 2659 W. Dobbins Road. It is the oldest continuously operating market in the state. Designated as a landmark with Historic Preservation-Landmark (HP-L) overlay zoning (Phoenix Historic Property Register).

Laveen became less isolated as bridges were built across the Salt River. The store, barber shop, and one of the pool houses burned down. Roger Laveen, later elected Maricopa County Recorder, tore down the other pool hall. The Laveen Women's Club donated its building to the community, which moved it west of Laveen School. The LCC restored the building – now called "Building A" – using barbecue proceeds as well as federal funds.[4]Although some dairies and farms have sold out to residential and commercial developers, some remain, contributing to the continued rural feel of the area.

“As development pressures increase throughout the valley and city leaders continue to focus on infill of properties near central Phoenix, the area's proximity to downtown and access to the future South Mountain Loop will bring these pressures to bear on Laveen. The area contains approximately 28 square miles (73 km2) of largely undeveloped and agricultural property within a ten- or twenty-minute commute of the Interstate 10 corridor and downtown.”

—Laveen Planning Commission

Urban development

[edit]

In 2000, a commercial home builder[30]broke ground on "Arlington Estates," a large residential development in what, at the time, was rural Laveen. Since that time, the community has experienced explosive residential growth. That growth has been tempered, however, by community activist groups, such as the LCC and two newer groups, "Laveen Citizens for Responsible Development" (LCRD), and "South Laveen Against High Density" (SLAHD). These groups put pressure on developers to includeequestrian trails,open spaces,and other bucolic and rural elements in new developments. For example, whenWalmartopened its Laveen location in 2007, it looked “a little different than most other Walmart. The face of the building has more of a rural design, and there is more dense and mature landscaping than other Walmart stores.”[31]

Although official zoning recommendations for the area of Laveen falling within the city of Phoenix come from the Laveen Planning Commission (LPC),[32]thePhoenix City Councilhas historically taken the recommendations of both the commission and the LCRD into consideration when voting on zoning matters. Zoning in both the county and city areas of Laveen is guided by a master plan called the "Southwest Regional Growth Study."[33]

In the 1980s, theArizona Department of Transportation(ADOT) proposed building part of the202 Freewaythrough Laveen.[34]ADOT later shelved its plans due to funding problems. However, the freeway construction eventually began, and the extension, passing through most of Laveen at about 59th Avenue, officially opened on December 21, 2019.[35]As a result, there are plans for a new Laveen hospital, regional retail centers, and potentialSpring Trainingexpansion in 2011–2012. A new retail development, called Laveen Park Place, opened around the time of the freeway opening.

Golf courses

[edit]

Laveen supports two golf courses: the formerBougainvillea Golf Club(formerly private), which became a public course under new management in October 2012, and now known asSouthern Ridge Golf Club;and theAguila Golf Course(public), 18-hole pro golf course featuring 3 lakes that is owned by the city of Phoenix. Southern Ridge, located at 59th Avenue and Baseline Road, was an 18-hole, par-72 course with six par 5's, 4's, and 3's, as well as a driving range.[36]Aguila is an 18-hole public course located at 35th Avenue and Dobbins Road. In addition to its main course, Aguila has a 9-hole par-3 executive course as well.[37]

Education

[edit]

The community is served by theLaveen Elementary School DistrictandRoosevelt Elementary School District(for both elementary and middle school students), and thePhoenix Union High School District.In addition to the original Laveen School, now a K-8 school named Laveen Elementary, the community supports seven other K-8 schools: Bernard Black, Cheatham Elementary, Desert Meadows, M.C. Cash Elementary, Rogers Ranch, Trailside Point, and Vista del Sur (a traditional school that was named the #1 Elementary School in the state of Arizona in 2012 by theArizona Department of Education).[38]Rogers Ranch Elementary, the seventh school in the district with a curriculum focused on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math ( "STEM"), opened in August 2012.[39]There are two charter schools in Laveen, and a private school in nearby Maricopa Village. Laveen has two high schools (Fairfax High SchoolandCésar Chávez High School), andSouth Mountain Community Collegeplans to build a campus at 59th Avenue and Vineyard Road.

TheK-8tribal school Gila Crossing Community School, affiliated with theBureau of Indian Education,is inKomatke,with a Laveen address.[40]

Governmental representation

[edit]

Laveen is in Arizona's 7th Congressional District, and is served byRepresentativeRuben Gallego,aDemocrat.Laveen is also represented by Phoenix City Council's 7th district, and Arizona Legislative district 27.

Geography

[edit]

Laveen is located near theconfluenceof theSaltandGila Rivers,southwest ofdowntown Phoenix.The area of Laveen contains approximately 48 square miles (120 km2) of largely undeveloped, agricultural property, as well as several groups of residential housing developments. It is bounded on the north by theSalt River,on the south bySouth Mountain Park,on the west by theGila River Indian Community,and on the east by 27th Avenue. After several annexations from the mid-1990s to the present, a large portion of the community lies within the city limits of Phoenix, and is designated by the city as Laveen Village (anurban village).

Climate

[edit]

Laveen is located entirely within theSonoran Desert,an arid climate. High temperatures in the summer season can average over 105 degreesFahrenheit.The daily high temperature ranges from over 115 °F (46 °C) during the hottest days of summer, to about 65 °F (18 °C) in winter.

There are twowet seasons:first in spring, and then in late summer, when sometimes-powerfulmonsoonthunderstorms roar through the area.[41]Occasionally, a winter storm will leave snow on the nearbyEstrella Mountains,which occurred between March 11–12, 2006 and on March 2, 2023.[42]

[edit]
Historic buildings in Laveen
  • Different view of the Laveen Village Welcoming Water Tower.
    Different view of theLaveen Village Welcoming Water Tower.
  • The Laveen School Auditorium listed in the National Register of Historic Places, reference #88001601.
    TheLaveen School Auditoriumlisted in the National Register of Historic Places, reference #88001601.
  • Different view of Del Monte Market.
    Different view ofDel Monte Market.
  • The Laveen Post Office located in the corner of 51st and Dobbins Aves. This is the located where the original Laveen Village post office was established in 1918.
    TheLaveen Post Officelocated in the corner of 51st and Dobbins Aves. This is the located where the original Laveen Village post office was established in 1918.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Consultant's Report on the first round of the City of Phoenix 2012 Redistricting Process"(PDF).City of Phoenix. March 2012. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 2, 2013.RetrievedJune 20,2012.
  2. ^abFoster, Margaret (June 3, 2003)."Razing Arizona".MyWire. Archived fromthe originalon November 2, 2013.RetrievedJuly 26,2008.He didn't tell anybody, "says George Anderson, a board member of the Laveen Citizens for Responsible Development, founded in 1999." He came in at four in the morning on a weekend when everybody was sleeping, and down they went. [The silos] were a big landmark in this town, and now they're gone.
  3. ^abHistory section ofhttp:// laveen.org.Accessed April 21, 2006.
  4. ^abcdefghi"What Do You Know About Laveen?"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 18, 2011.RetrievedJuly 25,2008.
  5. ^"Historic Preservation Office".City of Phoenix. Archived fromthe originalon May 9, 2008.
  6. ^United States Federal Works Agency, United States Bureau of Reclamation (1915).Annual Report – Bureau of Reclamation.U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 48.
  7. ^abEppinga, Jane (2006).Apache Junction And the Superstition Mountains.Arcadia Publishing.ISBN978-0738530406.
  8. ^abcde"The Cheatham Family of Laveen"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 18, 2011.RetrievedJuly 25,2008.
  9. ^abcO'Barr, Gerald L."The Augustus Barto O'Barr and Lola May Peppers Family (Chapter 9)".RetrievedAugust 6,2010.
  10. ^Steinberg, Theodore (1995).Slide Mountain, Or, The Folly of Owning Nature.University of California Press. p.96.ISBN978-0520207097.laveen.
  11. ^abc"History of our church".Laveen Baptist Church. Archived fromthe originalon April 14, 2008.RetrievedJuly 26,2008.
  12. ^"Churches".Laveen Community Council. Archived fromthe originalon July 25, 2008.RetrievedJuly 26,2008.
  13. ^abc"Laveen Barbecue: Then and Now"(PDF).Laveen Community Council. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 18, 2011.RetrievedJuly 25,2008.
  14. ^abcdBerry, Michelle K. (2004). "Be Shure to Fix the Fence: The Arizona Cowbelles' Public Persona, 1950–1960".Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies.25(2): 151–175.doi:10.1353/fro.2004.0046.S2CID143923515.
  15. ^"Man Kills Two With Ax".Los Angeles Times.February 5, 1923. p. I1.Phoenix, Feb. 4. – R.F. Payton, a farmer living near Laveen, ten miles (16 km) southwest of Phoenix, this afternoon killed his wife and 9-year-old daughter, probably killed his 5-year-old son, and then committed suicide.
  16. ^"Memoriam".Archived fromthe originalon July 25, 2011.RetrievedJuly 27,2008.Corporal Brady C. Paul. Enlisted in the Pennsylvania State Police on January 7, 1926. He was setting up a roadblock on the Butler Highway, 3 miles (4.8 km) east of New Castle, at Rose Point, Lawrence County, accompanied by Patrolman Ernest Moore. Corporal Paul and Patrolman Moore stopped a vehicle with Ohio registration, when a woman, one of three individuals in the vehicle, fired a pistol at the two officers. Corporal Paul was killed on December 27, 1929, by Irene Schroeder, who fired the fatal shots. Patrolman Moore was wounded during the altercation. Corporal Paul was 29 years of age.
  17. ^"Deputy Sheriff Lee Wright".RetrievedJuly 27,2008.Deputy Wright was shot and killed by two suspects, a man and a woman, who murdered Corporal Brady Paul, of the Pennsylvania State Highway Patrol, one month earlier following a robbery. The female suspect was later apprehended and executed in Pennsylvania for the murder of Corporal Paul.
  18. ^abShipman, Marlin (2002) [2002]."13".The Penalty is Death: U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Women's Executions.Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 209–15.ISBN0826213863.
  19. ^"Wednesday, January 29, 1930".The Lima News.Lima, Ohio. January 29, 1930.
  20. ^"Posse Trails Into the Hills".Gettysburg Times.Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. January 15, 1930.Two men and a woman suspected of being the trio that shot and killed State Policeman Brady Paul and wounding another state trooper on the Butler-New Castle road, New Castle, on December 27, surrendered to a posse near LAVEEN, Arizona, last night following a gun battle. They were tentatively identified as Mrs. Irene Schroeder, of Benwood, W. Va., and Glen Gage and J. W. Crawford. The group was known to police as the 'Toledo Family Bandits.'
  21. ^"Confesses a Part in Police Killing; Dague Says Mrs. Schroeder or Their Companion Fired Fatal Shot in Pennsylvania".The New York Times.New York. January 20, 1930.Walter Glena Dague today confessed that he, Mrs. Irene Schroeder and another man took part is a gun fight with two Pennsylvania State highway patrolmen near New Castle...
  22. ^"Wednesday, January 15, 1930".Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin:Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune.January 15, 1930.[The] trio had been the object of a nationwide search since the slaying last December 27 of Corporal Brady Paul of the Pennsylvania state highway police, and the wounding of Private Ernest Moore, near Newcastle, Pa. They were surrounded and captured by a posse in the mountains near LAVEEN, Ariz., after they had barricaded themselves behind rocks on a small peak and fired upon the searchers. No one was hurt in the brisk gun battle.
  23. ^"Miami Linebacker Larry Gordon Dies While Jogging".Los Angeles Times.June 27, 1983. p. D4.
  24. ^Inquirer Staff (December 27, 1998). "Hunter: NBA Talks Likely to Resume".Philadelphia Inquirer.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. C03.A fire that apparently began with a chimney problem destroyed the home of former Eagles linebacker Byron Evans in Laveen, Ariz., near Phoenix, on Christmas Day. Evans, his wife, and their two children were unharmed. Damage was estimated at $500000.
  25. ^Eppler, Patti (September 12, 2002)."Spiked".Phoenix New Times.RetrievedJuly 27,2008.
  26. ^Gorden, Kathleen (November 4, 2006)."Former Arizona Cardinal Meets with City Staff on Development Opportunity in Laveen".EVLiving. Archived fromthe originalon October 3, 2011.RetrievedJuly 26,2008.
  27. ^Simon, Mallory (May 2, 2012)."Unstable ground: The fine line between self-defense and murder".CNN.RetrievedJune 20,2012.
  28. ^"Alamo Scouts Photograph".Archived fromthe originalon July 16, 2012.Alamo Scout Joshua Sunn before the war. Sunn, a member of the Native American Maricopa Tribe, hailed from Laveen, Arizona, and served with the Scouts from January–December 1944.
  29. ^Moseley, Christopher (2007).Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages.Routledge. p. 60.ISBN978-0700711970.
  30. ^Trend Homes
  31. ^Hertel, Phil (January 2007)."What's Up With Commercial Development?"(PDF).Quarterly Newsletter.Laveen Community Council: 3.RetrievedJuly 28,2008.[dead link]
  32. ^"Laveen Planning Commission".City of Phoenix. Archived fromthe originalon January 29, 2008.
  33. ^"Southwest Regional Growth Study"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 5, 2008.
  34. ^"South Mountain Freeway".Arizona Department of Transportation.Archived fromthe originalon August 18, 2013.
  35. ^South Mountain Corridor Study."South Mountain Corridor Study".Archived fromthe originalon December 19, 2005.RetrievedDecember 13,2005..Accessed April 21, 2006.
  36. ^"Bougainvillea Golf Club".Archived fromthe originalon September 8, 2008.RetrievedJuly 28,2008.
  37. ^"Aguila Golf Course".Archived fromthe originalon July 31, 2008.RetrievedJuly 28,2008.
  38. ^"Laveen DO: School Sites".RetrievedSeptember 20,2011.
  39. ^"Laveen Do: News & Events".RetrievedSeptember 20,2011.
  40. ^"Gila Crossing Community School".Bureau of Indian Education.RetrievedAugust 2,2021.
  41. ^"Basics of the Arizona Monsoon & Desert Meteorology". Arizona State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.http://geography.asu.edu/aztc/monsoon.htmlArchivedMay 31, 2009, at theWayback Machine.Accessed April 21, 2006.
  42. ^Cronin, Mike. "Snow draws hundreds to northeast Valley".Arizona Republic.March 13, 2006. See alsohttp:// azcentral /12news/news/articles/0313weather0313-CP.html.
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