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Culture of Lebanon

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Culture of Lebanon
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Symbols
Aerial photo ofBeirut,Lebanon's capital
Rue Maaradis a main street in the central district
Palm trees at the seafront inCorniche Beirut
Sidewalk Cafes are a trademark of the BCD
A selection of Lebanese dishes from Cafe Nouf Restaurant in London
City ofZahléat the eastern edge of theMount LebanonRange in eastern Lebanon

Theculture of Lebanonand theLebanese peopleemerged from Phoenicia and through various civilizations over thousands of years. It was home to thePhoeniciansand was subsequently conquered and occupied by theAssyrians,theGreeks,theRomans,thePersians,theArabs,theCrusaders,theOttomansand theFrench.This variety is reflected in Lebanon's diverse population, composed of different religious groups, and features in the country's festivals, literature, artifacts,cuisineandarchitecture of Lebanon.Despite colonization by different entities genetic testing has revealed that 89% of Lebanese people today descend from the Phoenicians.[citation needed]Regardless of religion or colonization which were layers of paint on top.

TheMaronite,Muslimand theDruzefounded modernLebanonin the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" inMount Lebanon Mutasarrifite.[1]Despite the religious and denominational diversity of the Lebanese, they "share an almost common culture".[2]Article 11 of theConstitution of Lebanonstates: "Arabicis the official national language. A law determines the cases in which theFrench languageis to be used ". The spokenLebanese Arabicdialect used in public mixes Arabic with French. Cuisine and literature are deep-rooted "in wider Mediterranean and Levantine norms".[2]

The hilly Mediterraneangeography of Lebanonhas played a role in shaping thehistory of Lebanonand its culture.Archaeology of Lebanonis conducted to explore the region's past.

Arts

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By the turn of the 20th century,Beirutwas vying withCairoto be the major centre for Near Eastern and Middle Eastern thought, with many newspapers, magazines and literary societies. Additionally, Beirut became a thriving epicenter of Armenian culture with varied productions[3]that was exported to the Armenian diaspora.

Visual arts

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Daoud Corm(1852-1930), Habib Serour (1860-1938) and Khalil Saleeby (1870-1928) are considered the first successful professional studio artists in Lebanon, with careers extending to Europe. All were trained outside Lebanon, with Corm and Serour attending Roman academies and Saleeby British and American ones. They were known for portraiture of Lebanese high society and men of religion, as well as Christian sacred art in the case of Corm and Serour.[4][5]

Mustafa Farroukh(1901-1957) was one of Lebanon's most important painters between the 1920s and the 1950s. Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career.[6]

Farid Mansour(1929-2010) was a Lebanese multi-talented painter and sculptor. Being trained in Italy and England, Mansour mastered severalpaintingand sculpting techniques. His works were exhibited in London, Paris, New York as well as Lebanon and Syria.

Csontváry Kosztka, Tivadar - Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon

Contemporary art

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Contemporary art started in Beirut immediately after the end of the civil war (1975-1991).

Many contemporary artists are currently active, such asWalid Raad,a contemporary media artist currently residing in New York.[7]

Two contemporary art exhibition centers, theBeirut Art Centerand the Beirut Exhibition Center (does not exist anymore) in the BIEL area reflect the vibrant Lebanese contemporary art scene. These two centers are intended to host exhibitions and are a must in the world of international as well as local contemporary art. Many art galleries also add to the local art scene, exhibiting the works of artists such asAyman Baalbaki,[8]Akram Zaatari,[9]Marwan Sahmarani,[10]Nadim Asfar,[11]Lamia Joreige,[12]Jean Marc Nahas,[13][14]Ricardo Mbarkho,[15]Mansour El-Habre,[16]Anita Toutikianand many others. These galleries are run by gallerists such asSaleh Barakat[17]> Fadi Mogabgab,[18]Nadine Begdache (Galerie Janine Rubeiz),[19]Odile Mazloum (Galerie Alwane).[20]

Located in Foch Street in theSoliderearea,FFA Private Bankis home to many temporary exhibitions of contemporary local artists as well as to a permanent display of paintings by Lebanese artists (Sahmarani, Baalbaki,Hanibal Srouji... ) or foreign artists such as Fabienne Arietti's "Nasdaq".[21]A Jean Dubuffet's huge sculpture can also be seen when visiting the atrium ofBank AudiPlaza, located in a beautiful contemporary building designed by Kevin Dash. By Strolling through the streets of the city one can find some interesting works such as sculptures of Michel Basbous in the Bank of Lebanon street.

Ashkal Alwan,the Lebanese association for plastic arts and a platform for the creation and exchange of artistic practices. It was founded byChristine Tohmé,Marwan Rechmaoui, Rania Tabbara, Mustapha Yamout and Leila Mroueh. Initially, Ashkal Alwan promoted and introduced the work of artists who have been engaged in critical art practices within the context of post-war Lebanon. The Home Works Forum is a multidisciplinary platform that takes place in Beirut, Lebanon about every other year. it has evolved into one of the most vibrant platforms for research and exchange on cultural practices in the region and beyond.

Umam Documentation & Researchruns an exhibition space (The Hangar) located atHaret Hreik,in Beirut's Southern suburb with extensive events.

In the field of digital art, the artistRicardo Mbarkhoinvestigates the transformation of cultural industries into creative industries.

In the field of photography, theArab Image Foundationhas a collection of +4000 photographs from Lebanon and the Middle East. The photographs can be viewed in a research center and various events and publications have been produced in Lebanon and worldwide to promote the foundation.

Architecture

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Gibran Khalil Gibran Gardenand surroundings inBeirut Central District,Majidiye,Beirut
Main article:Architecture of Lebanon

Architecture in Lebanon includes the legacies of various occupying powers including the Romans, Phoenicians, Ottomans and French, as well as post independence developments.

When the Ottomans exiledFakhreddinetoTuscany,Italyin 1613, he entered an alliance with theMedicis.Upon his return to Lebanon in 1618, he began modernizing Lebanon. He developed a silk industry, upgraded olive-oil production, and brought with him numerous Italian engineers who began the construction of mansions and civil building throughout the country.[22]The cities ofBeirutandSidonwere especially built in the Italianate style.[23]

TheItalianate,specifically, Tuscan, influence on architecture in Lebanon dates back to theRenaissancewhen Fakhreddine, the first Lebanese ruler who truly unifiedMount Lebanonwith its Mediterranean coast executed an ambitious plan to develop his country.

The influence of these buildings, such as the ones inDeir el Qamar,influenced building in Lebanon for many centuries and continues to the present time. For example, streets likeRue Gouraudcontinues to have numerous, historic houses with Italianate influence.[24]Buildings like theNicolas Sursock mansiononRue Sursock,which is today a major museum, attest[citation needed]to the continuous influence of Italianate architecture inLebanon.

Literature

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Khalil Gibran(April 1913)
See also:Arabic literature

Khalil Gibran(1883–1931), who was born inBsharri,is particularly known for his bookThe Prophet(1923), which has been translated into more than twenty different languages.[25]Several contemporary Lebanese writers have also achieved international success; includingElias Khoury,Amin Maalouf,Hanan al-Shaykh,andGeorges Schehadé.

Several contemporary Lebanese writers[26]have also achieved international success; includingElias Khoury,Amin Maalouf,Hanan al-Shaykh,andGeorges Schehadé.Raméz A. Baassiri, a contemporary writer of Lebanese origin, authored a book on Entrepreneurship titled "Interrupted Entrepreneurship: Embracing Change in the Family Business" on family business cycles. The book published with ForbesBooks, was voted the 88th best book of all time by Book Authority.[27][28][29][30][31]

Poetry

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See also:Arabic poetry

There are many well knownLebanese poetsthat marked the history of poetry. For example, there isGibran Khalil Gibranwho wrote "Love" in 1920, "On Friendship" in 1923 and many more.[32]

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Music

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Main article:Music of Lebanon
Fairuzplaying guitar

Music is famous in Lebanese society.[33]While traditional folk music remains popular in Lebanon, modern music reconciling traditional styles, pop, andfusionare rapidly advancing in popularity.[34]Radio stations feature a variety of genres and languages, including traditional, classical Arabic and Armenian[35][36]Prominent traditional musicians includeFairuz,an icon during thecivil war,SabahMelhem Barakat,Wadih El Safi,Majida El Roumi,andNajwa Karamwho built an international audience for the genre.[33]Historical figure and Lebanese musical pioneerLydia Canaanis listed in the catalog of theRock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's Library and Archives in Cleveland, Ohio, USA[37][38]as the first rock star of theMiddle East.[38][39][40][41][42]Canaan's unique style fusesMiddle-Easternquarter notesandmicrotoneswithanglophonerock.Marcel Khalife,a musician who blends classical Arab music with modern sounds, boasts immense[43]popularity for his politically charged lyrics.[33][34]Distinguished pop artists includeNancy Ajram,Haifa Wehbe,Fadl Shaker,Elissa,andMika.[33]

According to theWorld Intellectual Property Organization,Lebanon's music industry is growing and could attain leading status in the region.[44]Lebanese performers are celebrated throughout the Arab World,[45]and with the notable exception ofEgyptenjoy increasing regional popularity.[44]Rising demand for Arabic music outside Western Asia has provided Lebanese artists with a small but significant global audience. However, widespread piracy continues to inhibit the music industry's growth.[44]

Media

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Main article:Media of Lebanon

Lebanon is not only a regional center of media production but also the most liberal and free in the Arab world.[46]According to Press freedom'sReporters Without Borders,"the media have more freedom in Lebanon than in any other Arab country".[47]Despite its small population and geographic size, Lebanon plays an influential role in the production of information in the Arab world and is "at the core of a regional media network with global implications".[48]

After independence, Beirut emerged as the epicenter of publishing in the Arab world, characterized by free and liberal media and literary scenes.[49]Lebanon's press became a huge industry despite the country's small size and has remained a haven for Arabic publishing.[50]The establishment of modern printing presses and sophisticated book distribution channels made Beirut a regional publishing leader, and gave the Lebanese publishers a dominant role in Arab publishing.[51]Lebanon hosts annually two important regional publishing events, the Beirut Book Fair and the Beirut Francophone Book Fair.[52]

Television in Lebanonwas introduced in1959,with the launch of two privately owned stations, CLT and Télé Orient that merged in 1967 intoTélé Liban.[53]Lebanon has ten national television channels, with most being affiliated or supported by certain political parties oralliances.

Lebanon was one of the first countries in the Arabic-speaking world to introduce internet. Beirut's newspapers were the first in the region to provide readers with web versions of their newspapers. By 1986, three newspapers from Lebanon were online,Al Anwar,Annahar,andAssafir,and by 2000, more than 200 websites provided news out of Lebanon.[48]

Cinema

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Main article:Cinema of Lebanon

Cinema of Lebanon, according to film critic and historian, Roy Armes, was the only other cinema in the Arabic-speaking region, beside Egypt's, that could amount to a national cinema.[54]Cinema in Lebanon has been in existence since the 1920s, and the country has produced over 500 films,[55]some of which are:

Theatre

[edit]
Main article:Theatre of Lebanon

Lebanese theatre has its origin inpassion plays.The musical plays of Maroun Naccache from the mid-1800s are considered the birth of modern Arab theatre.[56]Some scholars like Abdulatif Shararah divided theatre in Lebanon into three phases: translations of European plays, Arab nationalism, and realism.[57]

Cultural relations between Lebanon and Egypt

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See also:Syro-Lebanese in Egypt

The cultural and historical relations between Lebanon andEgyptare considered to be unique, because there is a considerable overlap between the Lebanese and Egyptiancultures,especially in the fields of literature, theater, cinema and journalism. All of them played an integral role towards each other especially in theater, cinema and journalism, that's what was confirmed by the Conference Egypt in the eyes of the Lebanese and which is Within the activities of the cultural program Egypt in the eyes of the World. Which is held at the headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism, and in the presence of the Lebanese Ambassador in Egypt,Madeleine Tabarand Ahmed Ghanem founder of cultural program Egypt in the eyes of the World and an elite of Lebanese artists.[58]

Fashion

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Many Christians and most Muslims who live in the cities wear modern stylish clothes. In the countryside, women sometimes wear traditional colorful skirts and men wear a traditional sherwal (baggy trousers). Dress was historically Ottoman, but remains only as part of thefolk culture.Today, almost all Lebanese wear modern clothing.

Famous names in the Lebanese fashion industry includeElie Saab,Zuhair Murad,Darin Hachem, Reem Acra, andRabih Kayrouz

Holidays and festivals

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Beiteddine Palace,venue of theBeiteddine Festival
Main article:Public holidays in Lebanon

Lebanon celebrates national holidays and bothChristianandMuslimholidays.

Christian holidays are celebrated following both the Gregorian Calendar and Julian Calendar.Greek Orthodox,Catholics (Maronite and Melkite), and Protestant Christians follow the Gregorian Calendar and thus celebrate Christmas on 25 December. Armenian Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on 6 January, as they follow the Julian Calendar.

Muslim holidays are followed based on the Islamic lunar calendar. Muslim holidays that are celebrated include Eid al-Fitr (the three-day feast at the end of the Ramadan month), Eid al-Adha (The Feast of the Sacrifice) which is celebrated during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca and also celebrates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son to God, Mawlid (the Birthday of Muhammad), and Ashura. Lebanon's National Holidays include Workers Day, Independence day, and Martyrs Day.

Music festivals, often hosted at historical sites, are a customary element of Lebanese culture.[59]Among the most famous areBaalbeck International Festival,Byblos International Festival,Beiteddine International Festival,Broumana Festival, Batroun Festival, Dhour Chwer Festival and Tyr Festival.[59][60]These festivals are promoted by Lebanon'sMinistry of Tourism,Lebanon Hosts about 15 Concerts from International Performers Each Year Ranking Number one for Nightlife in the Middle east and 6th Worldwide.[61]

Cuisine

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Main article:Lebanese cuisine
An array of Lebanese cuisine.

Lebanese cuisine is similar to those of many countries in the Eastern Mediterranean, such asTurkey,Greece,andCyprus.

The Lebanese national dishes are thekibbe,a meat pie made from finely mincedlambandburghul(crackedwheat), and thetabbouleh,a salad made fromparsley,tomatoes,and burghul. The national beverage isarak,a stronganise-flavored liquor made from fermentedgrape juice.It is usually drunk with water and ice, which turns the clear liquid milky-white, and usually accompanies food. Arak is a strong spirit similar to the Greek ouzo and the Turkish raki.[citation needed]


M'Juhdara,a thick stew ofonions,rice,andlentils,is sometimes eaten aroundLentby people in the Lebanese diaspora.

Society

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Main article:Lebanese society

Lebanese society is similar to certain cultures of the Mediterranean as the country is uniquely diverse religiously.[62]It is often considered as a gateway to Western Asia, Levant and the Arab World.[63]

Notwithstanding the persistence of traditional attitudes regarding the role of women,Lebanese womenenjoy equalcivil rightsand attend institutions of higher education in large numbers (for example, women constituted 41 percent of the student body at theAmerican University of Beirutin 1983). Although women in Lebanon have their own organizations, most exist as subordinate branches of the political parties.

Sports

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Main article:Sport in Lebanon

In 2009, the country hosted theFrancophone Games,which took place in the capital,Beirut.

See also

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References

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  1. ^Deeb, Marius (2013).Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon.Hoover Press.ISBN9780817916664.the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
  2. ^abStokes, Jamie.Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East,page 406
  3. ^Migliorino, p. 166
  4. ^"Khalil Saleeby (1870-1928): A Founder of Modern Art in Lebanon".aub.edu.lb.Archived fromthe originalon July 29, 2020.Retrieved2019-10-02.
  5. ^"One Fine Art | artists - painters / habib srour".onefineart.Archived fromthe originalon July 29, 2020.Retrieved2019-10-02.
  6. ^"Moustafa Farroukh".Kaftoun. 2 July 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 7 March 2012.Retrieved5 May2012.
  7. ^"Media Art Net | Ra'ad, Walid: Biography".Medienkunstnetz.de.Archivedfrom the original on 30 April 2012.Retrieved5 May2012.
  8. ^"Ayman Baalbaki".lucegallery. Archived fromthe originalon 26 April 2010.Retrieved5 May2012.
  9. ^"Earth of Endless SecretsWriting for a Posterior TimeAkram Zaatari".Beirut Art Center. 22 July 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2011.Retrieved5 May2012.
  10. ^"Marwan Sahmarani Biography and Links – Marwan Sahmarani on artnet".Artnet.Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2012.Retrieved5 May2011.
  11. ^"Nadim Asfar".Galerie Tanit. 10 May 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 28 April 2012.Retrieved5 May2012.
  12. ^"Independent Curators International – Lamia Joreige".Curatorsintl.org.Archivedfrom the original on 17 December 2011.Retrieved5 May2012.
  13. ^"Jean-Marc Nahas".Jean-Marc Nahas. Archived fromthe originalon 18 January 2012.Retrieved5 May2012.
  14. ^"Jean-Marc Nahas".Art of the Mid East. Archived fromthe originalon 9 April 2012.Retrieved5 May2012.
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  26. ^ago·, Chloe Ghaleb·People·4 months (2020-06-14)."12 Most Influential Lebanese Writers".The961.Retrieved2020-09-30.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ^"Seeing the Opportunities in Disruptive Interruptions".20 November 2018.
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