Lechitic languages

Lechitic
Geographic distribution	Poland
Linguistic classification	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic West Slavic Lechitic
Subdivisions	East Lechitic (PolishandSilesian) West Lechitic†(includesMarcho-Magdeburgian,Rani) (evolved intoPolabian) Pomeranian/Middle Lechitic†(evolved intoKashubianandSlovincian†)
Glottolog	lech1241

TheLechitic(orLekhitic)languagesare alanguage subgroupconsisting ofPolishand several other languages and dialects that were once spoken in the area that is now Poland and eastern Germany.It is one of the branches of the largerWest Slavicsubgroup; the other branches of this subgroup are theCzech–Slovak languagesand theSorbian languages.

Languages

TheBook of Henryków,containing what is claimed to be the first written Polish sentence

Kashubian jamboree inŁebain 2005 – banner showing the Kashubian name ofKartuzy County

The Lechitic languages are:

• Polish,used by approximately 38 million native speakers in Poland and several million elsewhere. Polish is considered to have severaldialects,includingGreater Polish,Lesser Polish,andMasovian,among others;
  • Silesian,used today by over 530,000 people (2011 census)in PolishSilesiaand by some more inCzech Silesia.The different varieties of Silesian are often considered to be dialects ofPolishandCzech,and are sometimes seen as forming a distinct language;
• Pomeranian,spoken bySlavic Pomeranians,of which the only remaining variety is:
  • Kashubian,used today by over 110,000 people (2011 census)in the eastern part ofPomerania.Sometimes it is considered a dialect ofPolish;
• Polabian,extinct since the mid-18th century, aWest Lechiticlanguage formerly spoken by Slavic peoples in areas around theElberiver in what is now the northeast of Germany.

Features

Common West Slavic features that are also present in Lechitic:

1. χ́ > š́ in front of ě₂,i₂
2. sk, zɡ > š́č́, ž́ǯ́ in front of ě₂,i₂
3. χ́ > š́ after i, ь, ę, ŕ̥
4. epenthetic l only in initial position after soft labials
5. -ě₃in the nominative/accusative plural and genitive singular (duš́ě₃) and accusatieve plural of kon’ě₃(instead of -ę)
6. replacement of the instrumental singular ending -omъ with -ъmъ
7. Creation of the nominative masculine/neuter singular ending/active preterite participle ending -a (reka, nesa instead of reky, nesy
8. õrt-, õlt- > rot-, lot- (rola, radło)
9. (ti̯, di̯ >) t́̄, d́̄; kt́ > ć, ʒ́
10. Extension of the pronoun tъ > tъnъ
11. Replacement of č́ьto with co via the genitive singular č́ьso
12. Use of the compound adjectival genitive and dative masculine/neuter singular endings -ego and -emu through analogy with jego, jemu
13. Temporal adverbs ending in -dy instead of -da
14. Creation of the conjunction of intent aby
15. Tendency for establishing a non-mobile accent
16. Tendency to raise long vowels

There was no Proto-Lechitic language, but rather Lechitic languages are a group of dialects with many shared features.The central and eastern territories came under the control of the Piasts, which created a political, cultural (especially religious) unit, which caused the Pomeranians and Polabians to have weaker contact, as the Pomeranians were absorbed into the state by Mieszko I and began integrating with the Eastern Lechites.

Common Lechitic features include:

1. Labiovelarization of *telt (but compare Polabianmlåkəand Kashubian/Slovincianmłȯko;alsoczółn)
2. Replacement of *tort, tolt, tert, telt
   1. In accented and preaccented syllables (i.e. under rising intonation): tórᵒt > tᵒrot > trot
   2. In circumflex and post-accented syllables (i.e. under falling intonation) *tolt > tòlᵒt or ‘tolòt > talt
3. Softening of consonants before front vowels
4. Velarization of ŕ̥
5. Development of sonants (voiced consonants) into complex groups of a vowel and a consonant r, l
   1. west and central ĺ̥ l̥ > oł > åu̯; Pĺ̥T (before a non-back hard consonant_ in the northeast > ‘el, in the south > ‘il; after TČKP and Pĺ̥T in the northeast ĺ̥ l̥ > oł
   2. ŕ̥T, r̥ > ar (and then in Polabian > or); ŕ̥T́ > ir (Polabian) > er >ar, or > (Polish) ir, iř > er, eř (which hardens before labials and ch)
6. Hardening of consonants before r̥ < ŕ̥T
7. *ěT > ‘a (Lechitic ablaut)
8. *ęT > ǫ
9. eT >’o

Sample text

The following is theLord's Prayerin several of the Lechitic languages:

Polish	Upper Silesian	Kashubian	Polabian
Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie, święć się imię Twoje, przyjdź królestwo Twoje, bądź wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na ziemi. Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj. I odpuść nam nasze winy, jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom. I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, ale nas zbaw ode złego. Amen.	Fatrze nŏsz, kery jeżeś we niebie, bydź poświyncōne miano Twoje. Przińdź krōlestwo Twoje, bydź wola Twoja, jako we niebie, tak tyż na ziymi. Chlyb nŏsz kŏżdodziynny dej nōm dzisiŏk. A ôdpuś nōm nasze winy, jako a my ôdpuszczōmy naszym winnikōm. A niy wōdź nŏs na pokuszyniy, nale zbŏw nŏs ôde złygo. Amyn.	Òjcze nasz, jaczi jes w niebie, niech sã swiãcy Twòje miono, niech przińdze Twòje królestwò, niech mdze Twòja wòlô jakno w niebie tak téż na zemi. Chleba najégò pòwszednégò dôj nóm dzysô i òdpùscë nóm naje winë, jak i më òdpùszcziwómë naszim winowajcóm. A nie dopùscë na nas pòkùszeniô, ale nas zbawi òde złégò. Amen.	Nôße Wader, ta toy giß wa Nebisgáy, Sjungta woarda tügí Geima, tia Rîk komma, tia Willia ſchinyôt, kok wa Nebisgáy, tôk kak no Sime, Nôßi wißedanneisna Stgeiba doy nâm dâns, un wittedoy nâm nôße Ggrêch, kak moy wittedoyime nôßem Grêsmarim, Ni bringoy nôs ka Warſikónye, tay löſoáy nôs wit wißókak Chaudak. Amen.

Etymology

The termLechiticis applied both to the languages of this group and to Slavic peoples speaking these languages (known asLechites). The term is related to the name of the legendary Polish forefatherLechand the nameLechiaby which Poland was formerly sometimes known. For more details, seeLechites.

See also

• Lech, Čech, and Rus