Lee Marcus
Lee Marcus | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | January 30, 1969 Los Angeles County,California,United States | (aged 75)
Occupation | Producer |
Years active | 1934–47 |
Lee Marcus,also known asLee S. Marcus(December 7, 1893 – January 30, 1969), was an Americanfilm producerof the 1930s and 1940s. During his fifteen-year career he produced over 85 films, most of them between 1934 and 1941 while he was atRKO Studios.Prior to his production career, Marcus worked for FBO and then RKO as a sales executive, reaching the level of vice president in both organizations. At RKO, he was head of production of the studio'sb-filmsduring the late 1930s and the beginning of the 1940s. He was also responsible for producing what many consider to be the firstfilm noir,1940'sStranger on the Third Floor.
Early life
[edit]Marcus was born on December 7, 1893, in Buffalo, New York. His father was Albert L. Marcus.[1]During World War I Marcus served with theAmerican Expeditionary Force(AEF), and in 1918 was stationed in Vitry, France.[2]
Career
[edit]Early career
[edit]Growing up in Buffalo, Marcus was an avid theater-goer, attending the performances of many stock theater companies who passed through the city.[3]
Early in his career, he worked for various film distributors. In 1921, he represented W.A.S. Douglas who directed a film for Jawitz Pictures, entitledWatered Stock(later retitledBeware of the Law), in the sale of its domestic and international rights.[4]By the beginning of 1924 he was working forFilm Booking Offices of America(FBO).[5]In July 1925 it was announced that he would be the head of sales at FBO, following the death of Harry Berman.[6]In December 1925 Marcus penned an article forThe Film Dailyextolling the virtues offilm shorts,and warning exhibitors against the dangers of overlooking the use of shorts.[7]In 1927 Marcus was one of three film industry executives who formed a committee to produce a trailer meant to show the industry in a good light. The other members of the committee wereAl LichtmanofUnited ArtistsandEdmund Graingerof20th Century Fox.[8]Also in 1927, Marcus continued his championing of the film short. In June he announced a list of well-known writers who would be responsible for penning the shorts for FBO. The list included cartoonistsBill NolanandFontaine Fox,and short story writerH. C. Witwer.[9]Marcus began reorganizing the sales management and districts within FBO in September 1927. First he promoted his future partner, Charles Rosenzweig, to head the district overseeing FBO's New York State district,[10]and then completely reorganized the mid-west districts.[11]In February 1928 FBO planned a jubilee in honor of the second anniversary ofJoseph Kennedy's involvement as owner of FBO. As part of that event, Marcus took the rare step of giving authority to his sales force to directly approve contracts with exhibitors.[12][13]
Producing film shorts
[edit]In June 1928 Marcus created a separate department to focus on selling film shorts. To lead the new division, Marcus put Cleve Adams in charge.[14]Before the year was out Marcus was promoted to Vice President of FBO,[15]and he predicted that 1929 would be the turning point of the motion picture industry, with the advent of sound. He felt that every theater in the country would be equipped to show the new talking pictures before the end of the decade.[16]
With the integration of FBO into the new RKO Radio Pictures in 1929, Marcus became the executive vice-president for the new company. He, along with Joseph I. Schnitzer andWilliam LeBaron,were the triumvirate which ran the new company.[17]In February, Marcus announced that the new RCA Photophone process of sound on film was the direction the studio would go in, rather than the alternative of sound on disc. He stated, "Our synthesis of sound to action is all that we would want in accuracy, and certainly the exhibitor's projection and sound problem is, to our mind, a much simplified one with sound-on-film."[18]With sound films becoming the norm, Marcus announced that RKO would still produce 40–50 per cent of their sound films with silent versions as well in 1929.[19]Later in 1929 Marcus was one of the film executives on a committee representing film distributors in their negotiations with exhibition houses in trying to iron out a deal regarding splitting the revenue from movie showings.[20]
Hiram S. Brown, head of RKO, named Marcus as his liaison officer, splitting his time between Hollywood and New York at the beginning of January 1932. He moved from being RKO's general sales manager.[21]By April 1932 Marcus was a vice-president of RKO Radio Pictures, in charge of east coast production, as well as being the liaison between the distribution and production departments.[22][23]Marcus, along with his partner, Charles Rosenzweig, began to organize a film distributing company in March 1933, intending to distribute 26 independent films during the 1933–34 season.[24]In March 1933 Marcus became the assistant to Lou Brock, who was an associate producer at RKO. Marcus had been a sales executive for RKO.[25]In March 1934 Marcus graduated from being an assistant producer to producing shorts, succeeding Brock.[26]Bert Gilroy,who would eventually become a producer in his own right, was made Marcus' assistant.[27]For his first season in his new role, he would handle the production of eight different short series for the studio, each short consisting a "two-reeler", for a total of 42 short films. Five of the series would consist of six shorts each:Edgar Kennedy Comedies,Blondes and Redheads,Headliners,Four Star Comedies,andChick Chandlers.The other three series would each have 4 installments:Clark and McCulloughs,Ruth Ettings,andRadio Musicals.[28]At his first national meeting for RKO, Marcus declared his intent to increase the quality of production for short films.[29]
Move to producing feature films
[edit]However, in addition to being the head of Radio's comedy shorts division, Marcus was given the title of associate producer for features by the end of the summer of 1934. Associate producers during this time were the supervising producers for film production at RKO, and were given on-screen credit as either an associate producer, or simply, producer. Marcus' first feature wasKentucky Kernels,starring the comedy duo ofWheeler and Woolsey,and directed byGeorge Stevens.[30][31]He would work with the comedy team again the following year, once more with Stevens at the helm, onThe Nitwits.[32]The film's original title wasMellodicks,which Marcus found repugnant. He offered $50 to any employee of RKO who could come up with a better title. While he received numerous suggestions, he finally settled on the picture's final title, which had been a generic title around the RKO lot for years.[33]In all, Marcus produced the final six films made by duo between 1934 and 1937, the others beingThe Rainmakers(1935),Silly Billies(1936),Mummy's Boys(1936), andHigh Flyers(1937).[34]
Marcus would continue in his dual role at the studio for the 1935–36 season, scheduled to produce 36 shorts as well as three feature films.[35]In May 1936, RKO exercised their option on Marcus, extending his contract.[36]He was one of eight producers featured in RKO promotional features for the studio, heralding their upcoming film schedule.[37]One of the first films Marcus produced in the new season was the next Wheeler and Woolsey comedy,The Rainmakers,this picture directed byFred Guiol.[38]That season also saw Marcus produce a "tone film",Metropolitan Nocturne,wherein there was no dialogue, instead a musical composition, in this instance the symphony of the same name byLouis Alter,was interpreted on the screen using all pantomime.[39]Shortly after it was announced that the RKO film shorts program for 1936-37 would consist of 36 films, including 12 musicals,[40]Marcus' contract was renewed bySam Briskin,head of the studio.[41]Before the end of the year Marcus was promoted to Briskin's assistant, wherein he was responsible for overseeing the work of several producers' output, primarily handling the studio'sB-filmoutput.[42]With this promotion Marcus finally relinquished his direct control over the RKO short film production.[43]While overseeing other producers, Marcus continued to be the supervising producer on his own pictures during 1936 and 1937, such asWe're on the Jury(1937),[44]andHigh Flyers(1937), another Wheeler/Woolsey film.[45]High Flyerswas originally titledThe Kangaroos(the name of the play on which it was based), and initially had a relatively unknownBetty Grableas the female lead.[46]Grable was eventually replaced byMarjorie Lordin the picture, which was the final film for the duo of Wheeler and Woolsey, due toRobert Woolsey's death less than a year later.[47]Marcus' work on the 1936 romantic comedyLove on a Betwas singled out for its production value.[48]
At the studio's annual sales meeting in June 1937, Briskin announced that Marcus' position within the organization would remain unchanged for the upcoming 1937–38 season.[49]Marcus was responsible for overseeing about half of the overall production for RKO. Briskin, rather than giving Marcus a budgeted amount for each picture, simply gave Marcus an overall lump sum with which he was responsible for completing all his filming assignments. This was an effort to do away with the practice of grading pictures as either "A" or "B" films.[50]When Briskin departed RKO in the fall of 1937, Marcus retained his position,[51]although there was some discussion of him replacing Berman. His name was on a short list, along withDavid O. Selznick,Mervyn LeRoy,Ben Kahane, andJesse L. Lasky.[52]When that didn't materialize, by the beginning of 1938 there was talk that he would split the head production activities of the studio withPandro S. Berman,with Marcus in charge of B-films and Berman in charge of A-films.[53]By the end of February 1938 that arrangement was made official byLeo Spitz,the new president of RKO,[54]and in August Marcus was given a new three-year contract with the studio.[55]In 1938 RKO created a new type of motion picture, theexploitation film,in response to potential issues from theHays commissionand theNational Legion of Decencyabout the number of crime dramas which were being produced by the studios. One of the first wasSmashing the Rackets(1938), after which Marcus suggested two other exploitation films,Clip JointandStrip Tease.Neither had either social significance or artistic value, but were conceived solely to drive viewers through the turnstiles. While they perfectly fit the bill of what Spitz was looking for, he passed on making either film.[56]When Berman was replaced by Harry Eddington in December 1939 as the head of A-film production, Marcus remained in charge of RKO's B product.[57]In 1940, Marcus produced what many consider the firstfilm noir,Stranger on the Third Floor.[58]Marcus remained in charge of the low-budget films at RKO until February 19, 1941, when studio head George J. Schaefer assumed total control of production, demoting both Eddington and Marcus. Marcus was relegated to being simply a studio producer.[59][60]Marcus lasted three months in his new position, resigning from RKO at the end of April, 1941.[61]
Post RKO
[edit]After leaving RKO, Marcus only worked on a single film during the remainder of 1941 and all of 1942. In early 1942 he was the associate producer onThe SpoilersforUniversal Pictures,which starredJohn Wayne,Randolph Scott,andMarlene Dietrich.[62]Later that year, in August, Marcus signed a long-term contract to produce for20th Century Fox.[63]His first assignment at 20th Century was supposed to beBad Men of Texas,written byFrank Gruber,however that project does not appear to have been completed.[64]His first completed project for Fox wasCrash Dive,which he finished producing afterMilton Sperlingwas called up to join theUnited States Marine Corpsin September 1942.[65]This was followed byThey Came to Blow Up America,a spy thriller starringGeorge Sanders,for which Marcus' production quality received positive reviews.[66]In June 1943, Marcus resigned from 20th-Century, to work for Edward Small at his independent production company.[67]The final two films he produced for Fox,The Dancing Masters,aLaurel and Hardycomedy, andRoger Touhy, Gangster,a gangster film withPreston Fosterin the titular role, were not released until after his departure from the studio.[68][69]His tenure with Small was short-lived, however, and he resigned in March 1944, due to an unspecified illness.[70]At the end of 1944, he co-produced, withBert Gilroy,a musical short for his old studio, RKO,Songs of the Colleges.[71]In 1946 he rejoined forces with Small, this time along withJoseph Fields,in forming an independent production company.[72]In 1946 Marcus produced a compilation film forAstor Pictures.TitledHollywood Bound,it consisted of three film shorts featuring Betty Grable, which Marcus had produced in the 1930s.[73]In early 1947, Marcus produced his final film,Lost Honeymoon,which was written by Fields. StarringFranchot Tone,Ann Richards,andTom Conway,the picture was produced and released byEagle-Lion Films.[74]
Filmography
[edit]- Kentucky Kernels(1934)
- Lightning Strikes Twice(1934)
- The Nitwits(1935)
- The Rainmakers(1935)
- Silly Billies(1936)
- Love on a Bet(1936)
- Mummy's Boys(1936)
- Grand Jury(1936)
- Second Wife(1936)
- We're on the Jury(1937)
- On Again-Off Again(1937)
- High Flyers(1937)
- Annabel Takes a Tour(1938)
- Tarnished Angel(1938)
- The Law West of Tombstone(1938)
- Next Time I Marry(1938)
- Lawless Valley(1938)
- A Man to Remember(1938)
- The Fighting Gringo(1939)
- The Girl from Mexico(1939)
- The Rookie Cop(1939)
- Conspiracy(1939)
- They Made Her a Spy(1939)
- Twelve Crowded Hours(1939)
- Full Confession(1939)
- Pacific Liner(1939)
- Panama Lady(1939)
- Beauty for the Asking(1939)
- Five Came Back(1939)
- Career(1939)
- The Saint in London(1939)
- Sorority House(1939)
- Arizona Legion(1939)
- The Day the Bookies Wept(1939)
- Fixer Dugan(1939)
- Racketeers of the Range(1939)
- Almost a Gentleman(1939)
- The Marshal of Mesa City(1939)
- Reno(1939)
- Three Sons(1939)
- Sued for Libel(1939)
- Two Thoroughbreds(1939)
- The Saint Strikes Back(1939)
- The Girl and the Gambler(1939)
- The Spellbinder(1939)
- Timber Stampede(1939)
- Trouble in Sundown(1939)
- Mexican Spitfire Out West(1940)
- Mexican Spitfire(1940)
- Anne of Windy Poplars(1940)
- Men Against the Sky(1940)
- Stranger on the Third Floor(1940)
- The Marines Fly High(1940)
- Curtain Call(1940)
- You Can't Fool Your Wife(1940)
- Millionaires in Prison(1940)
- Cross-Country Romance(1940)
- Bullet Code(1940)
- Little Orvie(1940)
- Laddie(1940)
- I'm Still Alive(1940)
- The Fargo Kid(1940)
- Married and in Love(1940)
- Pop Always Pays(1940)
- Prairie Law(1940)
- The Saint Takes Over(1940)
- Wagon Train(1940)
- Wildcat Bus(1940)
- Millionaire Playboy(1940)
- The Saint's Double Trouble(1940)
- Legion of the Lawless(1940)
- A Bill of Divorcement(1940)
- Triple Justice(1940)
- Stage to Chino(1940)
- One Crowded Night(1940)
- Along the Rio Grande(1941)
- Father Takes a Wife(1941)
- Play Girl(1941)
- The Saint in Palm Springs(1941)
- Let's Make Music(1941)
- The Spoilers(1942)
- Crash Dive(1943)
- The Dancing Masters(1943)
- They Came to Blow Up America(1943)
- Roger Touhy, Gangster(1944)
- Hollywood Bound(1946)
- Lost Honeymoon(1947)
Personal life
[edit]On October 17, 1927, Marcus married Claire S. Warner. The two were married at the restaurant, Sherry's, before leaving on their three-week honeymoon in Bermuda.[76][77]Marcus died on January 30, 1969, at the age of 75.
References
[edit]- ^"Father of Lee Marcus Dead".The Film Daily.June 7, 1926. p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"What Were They Doing in 1918?".The Film Daily.May 24, 1928. pp. 60, 93.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"RKO Convention Sidelights".The Film Daily.May 18, 1932. p. 4.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"United Rights Sold".The Film Daily.April 24, 1921. p. 74.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Putting It Over".The Film Daily.February 28, 1924. p. 9.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"The Week's Headlines".The Film Daily.July 5, 1925. p. 9.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^Marcus, Lee (December 6, 1925)."Spine of Program".The Film Daily.p. 36.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Propaganda Film".The Film Daily.May 15, 1927. pp. 1, 12.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^Marcus, Lee (June 5, 1927)."Bringing Big Names for Selling Impetus".The Film Daily.p. 11.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Rosenzweig Promoted".The Film Daily.September 21, 1927. p. 6.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"FBO Realigns Divisions".The Film Daily.September 27, 1927. p. 5.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"FBO Salesmen Approving Contracts In Campaign".The Film Daily.January 1, 1929. pp. 1, 12.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"FBO Grand Jubilee Being Backed by Leading Chains".The Film Daily.February 7, 1928. p. 4.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Cleve Adams Heads FBO Short Subject Dep".The Film Daily.May 31, 1928. p. 4.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Week's Headlines".The Film Daily.December 30, 1928. p. 12.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^Marcus, Lee (December 31, 1928)."1929, An Epochal Year".The Film Daily.p. 8.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Radio Prepares Its Debut".The Film Daily.July 15, 1929. p. 4.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Sound-On-Film Said to Meet RKO Requirements".The Film Daily.February 20, 1929. p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Silent Films to Stay".The Film Daily.March 26, 1929. p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Guarantee and Split Expected to Be Adopted by Distributors".The Film Daily.July 9, 1929. p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 19,2016.
- ^"Schnitzer Heading Sales – Marcus on Liaison".The Film Daily.January 6, 1932. p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"Complete Personnel of RKO Companies".The Film Daily.April 21, 1932. p. 8.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"D.O. Selznick Completes Studio Executive Staff".The Film Daily.May 15, 1932. p. 3.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"Rosenzweig and Marcus Plan to Distribute 26".The Film Daily.March 23, 1933. p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"Lee Marcus Appointed Aide to Brock at RKO".The Film Daily.March 27, 1933. p. 1.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^Wilk, Ralph (March 2, 1934)."A Little from" Lots "".The Film Daily.p. 6.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"Radio Advances Brock".Motion Picture Daily.February 24, 1934. p. 2.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^"What They're Down For".Motion Picture Daily.June 20, 1934. p. 10.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^"Shorts to Get Feature Care, Says Lee Marcus".Motion Picture Daily.June 21, 1934. p. 7.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^"Marcus Made Associate".Motion Picture Daily.September 1, 1934. p. 2.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^"Kentucky Kernels".American Film Institute. Archived fromthe originalon September 21, 2015.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^"Motion Picture Daily's Hollywood Preview: Nitwits".Motion Picture Daily.May 15, 1935. p. 21.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^Watz, Edward (2001).Wheeler & Woolsey.McFarland. p. 232.ISBN0786411414.
- ^Watz, Edward (2001).Wheeler & Woolsey.McFarland. pp. 219, 229, 241, 251, 261, 279.ISBN0786411414.
- ^"Marcus To Do Three Features, 36 Shorts".Motion Picture Daily.September 25, 1935. p. 9.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^"Radio Holds Producers".Motion Picture Daily.May 12, 1936. p. 3.RetrievedMarch 14,2016.
- ^"For 1935-36 48 Productions From RKO".Motion Picture Daily.June 25, 1935. pp. 18–19.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^"News of the Day".The Film Daily.July 17, 1935. p. 4.RetrievedMarch 12,2016.
- ^Wilk, Ralph (August 2, 1935)."A" Little "From Hollywood" Lots "".The Film Daily.p. 12.RetrievedMarch 12,2016.
- ^"RKO Plans 36 Short Subjects on '36-37 Program".The Film Daily.April 20, 1936. p. 1.RetrievedMarch 12,2016.
- ^"RKO Takes Up 3 Options".The Film Daily.May 12, 1936. p. 1.RetrievedMarch 12,2016.
- ^Wilk, Ralph (August 4, 1936)."A" Little "From Hollywood" Lots "".The Film Daily.p. 6.RetrievedMarch 12,2016.
- ^"24 Shorts Finished by RKO Radio Studios".The Film Daily.September 16, 1936. p. 10.RetrievedMarch 12,2016.
- ^"Reviews of New Films:" We're on the Jury "".The Film Daily.January 18, 1937. p. 12.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^Wilk, Ralph (February 23, 1937)."A" Little "From Hollywood" Lots "".The Film Daily.p. 10.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^Wilk, Ralph (March 3, 1937)."A" Little "From Hollywood" Lots "".The Film Daily.p. 11.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"High Flyers".American Film Institute. Archived fromthe originalon September 21, 2015.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Motion Picture Daily's Hollywood Preview".Motion Picture Daily.February 1, 1936. p. 4.RetrievedMarch 14,2016.
- ^"Briskin Staff Unchanged".The Film Daily.June 17, 1937. p. 8.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"RKO Moves to Prevent Gradation of Pictures".The Film Daily.June 15, 1937. p. 2.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Denies Realignment of RKO Studio Execs".The Film Daily.November 12, 1937. pp. 1, 7.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Rumors Name Many for Briskin Post".Motion Picture Daily.November 5, 1937. pp. 1, 4.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"RKO Studios' Reins to Berman, Marcus?".The Film Daily.January 15, 1938. pp. 1, 4.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"McDonough's RKO Duties Not Yet Defined".The Film Daily.February 24, 1938. pp. 1, 9.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"New Pacts for Marcus, Sisk".The Film Daily.August 5, 1938. p. 4.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^Jewell, Richard (2012).RKO Radio Pictures: A Titan Is Born.University of California Press. pp. 157–58.ISBN978-0520951952.
- ^"Eddington Named RKO's New Executive Producer".The Film Daily.December 29, 1939. pp. 1, 3.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^Biesen, Sheri Chinen (2005).Blackout: World War II and the Origins of Film Noir.JHU Press. p.22.ISBN0801882176.
Lee Marcus.
- ^"McDonough Assumes Marcus Post at RKO".The Film Daily.February 19, 1941. pp. 1, 3.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Major News Events of Film Industry Year".The Film Daily.December 30, 1941. p. 7.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Marcus Resigns from RKO; On a Two-Months' Vacation".The Film Daily.April 29, 1941. p. 2.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Lloyd-Skirball to Make" Spoilers "for Universal".The Film Daily.November 6, 1941. p. 2.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"20th Fox Ties Lee Marcus For Termer as Producer".The Film Daily.August 25, 1942. p. 1.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Notes From Hollywood".Motion Picture Daily.October 21, 1942. p. 9.RetrievedMarch 15,2016.
- ^"Crash Dive".American Film Institute. Archived fromthe originalon March 5, 2016.RetrievedMarch 15,2016.
- ^"They Came to Blow Up America".Motion Picture Daily.April 22, 1943. p. 6.RetrievedMarch 15,2016.
- ^"Marcus Quits 20th-Fox; Joins Small Productions".The Film Daily.June 30, 1943. p. 2.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Review:" Dancing Masters "".Motion Picture Daily.October 28, 1943. p. 4.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Roger Touhy, Gangster".American Film Institute. Archived fromthe originalon March 23, 2016.RetrievedMarch 15,2016.
- ^"Coast Flashes".Motion Picture Daily.March 16, 1944. p. 8.RetrievedMarch 13,2016.
- ^"Short Subject Reviews:" Songs of the Colleges "".Motion Picture Daily.December 26, 1944. p. 8.RetrievedMarch 15,2016.
- ^"Names... in Today's News".Motion Picture Daily.February 26, 1946. p. 1.RetrievedMarch 15,2016.
- ^"Hollywood Bound".American Film Institute. Archived fromthe originalon March 23, 2016.RetrievedMarch 15,2016.
- ^"Review:" Lost Honeymoon "".Motion Picture Daily.March 10, 1947. p. 10.RetrievedMarch 15,2016.
- ^"Lee Marcus".American Film Institute.RetrievedMarch 6,2016.
- ^Daly, Phil M. (October 14, 1927)."And That's That".The Film Daily.p. 10.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.
- ^"Lee Marcus Back".The Film Daily.November 15, 1927. p. 2.RetrievedFebruary 18,2016.