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Line
Developer(s)
Initial releaseJune 23, 2011(2011-06-23)
Stable release(s)
Android13.0.1[1]Edit this on Wikidata/ 17 January 2023;21 months ago(17 January 2023)[2]
iOS13.4.0[3]Edit this on Wikidata/ 30 March 2023;19 months ago(30 March 2023)[4]
Windows7.14.1.2907[5]Edit this on Wikidata/ 23 March 2023;19 months ago(23 March 2023)[6]
macOS7.16.1[7]Edit this on Wikidata/ 17 March 2023;19 months ago(17 March 2023)[8]
Chrome2.5.11[9]Edit this on Wikidata/ 21 February 2023;20 months ago(21 February 2023)[10]
Repositorygithub/line
Operating system
Operating system
PlatformSmartphone,PC,iPad,Smartwatch
Size
Size
Available in17 languages[4]
List of languages
English, Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Malay, Arabic, Turkish
TypeInstant messaging,Social networking service
LicenseProprietary software
Websiteline.me/en/

Lineis afreewareapp and service forinstant messagingandsocial networking,operated by the Japanese companyLY Corporation,co-owned bySoftBank Group.Line was launched in Japan in June 2011 by NHN Japan, a subsidiary ofNaver.[11]

Initially designed fortext messagingandVoIPvoice and video calling, it has gradually expanded to become asuper-appproviding services including adigital wallet(Line Pay), news stream (Line Today),video on demand(Line TV) and digitalcomicdistribution (Line MangaandLine Webtoon).[12]Line became Japan's largestsocial networkin 2013[13]and is used by over 70% of the population as of 2023;[14]it is also popular mainly in Indonesia, Taiwan and Thailand.[15][16]

History

[edit]

Launch

[edit]

Naver had launched a messaging app called Naver Talk for the South Korean market in February 2011.[17]However, rival Korean companyKakaodominated the market with itsKakaoTalkapp, launched in March 2010[11][18]

Naver/NHN co-founder and chairman Lee Hae-Jin and a team of engineers were in Japan when theTōhoku earthquake and tsunamistruck in March 2011.[11][19]The earthquake and tsunami left millions without power and phone lines and SMS networks were overwhelmed.[11]Since Wi-Fi and some 3G remained largely usable, many people turned to KakaoTalk, which was just beginning to gain a foothold in Japan.[11]Lee was inspired to launch a messaging and chat app in the wake of the disaster and his NHN Japan team was testing a beta version of an app accessible on smartphones, tablet and PC, which would work on data network and provide continuous and free instant messaging and calling service,[20]within two months.[11][19]The app was launched as Line in June 2011.[11][19]

Because Naver/NHN had a far superior cultural knowledge of what Japanese users wanted, and a much larger corporate marketing budget, Line quickly surpassed KakaoTalk in Japan.[11]Line also offers free voice calls and, since Japan's telecoms make customers pay for bothSMSsand smartphone calls, this feature, which KakaoTalk did not have, was a major selling point.[11]

2011-2015

[edit]

Line experienced an unexpected server overload in October 2011 due to the app's popularity.[21]To improve scalability to accommodate its user growth, NHN Japan choseHBaseas the primary storage for user profiles, contacts and groups.[20]In December 2011, Naver announced that Naver Talk would be merged into Line, effective early 2012.[19][22]

In July 2012,NHN Japanannounced the new Line featuresHomeandTimeline.The features allowed users to share recent personal developments to a community of contacts in real-time, similar to the status updates in social networking services such as Facebook.[23]On April 1, 2013, Naver's Japanese branch name was changed from NHN Japan toLine Corporation.[24]

Because it was tailored to Japanese consumers' tastes and offered free smartphone calls as well as texting, with the help of a massive marketing campaign it quickly outpaced its existing rivalKakaoTalkfor the Japanese market.[11]It reached 100 million users within 18 months and 200 million users six months later.[25]Line gradually replacedcarrier-basedemailas the most popular method of communication in Japan.[26]

Line became Japan's largest social network by the end of 2013, with more than 300 million registrants worldwide, of which more than 50 million users were within Japan.[27][28]In October 2014, Line announced that it had attracted 560 million users worldwide with 170 million active user accounts.[29]In February 2015, it announced the 600 million users mark had been passed and 700 million were expected by the end of the year.[30][31]

Line was originally developed as a mobile application forAndroidandIOSsmartphones. The service has since expanded to:BlackBerry OS(August 2012),[32]Nokia Asha(Asia and Oceania, March 2013),[33][34]Windows Phone(July 2013),[35]Firefox OS(February 2014),[36]iPadOS(October 2014) and as aGoogle Chrome App(via theChrome Web Store). The application also exists in versions for laptop and desktop computers using theMicrosoft WindowsandmacOSplatforms.[citation needed]

2016-present

[edit]

Ownership

[edit]

In July 2016,Line CorporationheldIPOson both theNew York Stock Exchangeand theTokyo Stock Exchange.[37]

In late December 2020, Line Corporation delisted from both the New York Stock Exchange and the Tokyo Stock Exchange,[38]in advance of its absorption-type merger agreement with Z Holdings.[39] On March 1, 2021,[40]SoftBank Group affiliate andYahoo! JapanoperatorZ Holdingscompleted a merger withLine Corporation.Under the new structure, A Holdings, a subsidiary ofSoftBankCorporation andNaver Corporation,will own 65.3% of Z Holdings, which will operate Line and Yahoo! Japan.[41][40][42][43]

Market share

[edit]

By 18 January 2013, Line had been downloaded 100 million times worldwide.[44]The number expanded to 140 million by early July 2013 and to 200 million by July 21.[45]As of June 2016, Japan claimed 68 million users while Thailand had 33 million.[46]As of February 2014, Indonesia had 20 million users, Taiwan 17 million, while India and Spain had 16 million each.[47]In April 2014, Naver announced that Line had reached 400 million worldwide users[48]and by 2017 this had grown to 700 million.[49]

As of 2021 Line had 92 million users in Japan, and a total of 178 million across its four largest markets: Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan and Thailand.[16]In 2023, for the first time, more Japanese seniors preferred to use Line overemailfor communicating.[50]

Features

[edit]

Line is an application that works on multiple platforms and has access via multiple personal computer operating systems. Users can also can share photos, videos and music, send the current or any specific: locations, voice audios, emojis, stickers and emoticons to friends. Users can see a real-time confirmation when messages are sent and received or use a hidden chat feature, which can hide and delete a chat history (from both involved devices and Line servers) after a time set by the user.[51]

The application also makes free voice and video calls. Users can also chat and share media in a group by creating and joining groups that have up to 500 people. Chats also provide bulletin boards on which users can post, like and comment. This application also has timeline and homepage features that allow users to post pictures, text and stickers on their homepages. Users can also change their Line theme to the theme Line provides in the theme shop for free or users can buy other famous cartoon characters they like. Line also has a feature, called a Snap movie, that users can use to record a stop-motion video and add in provided background music.

In January 2015,Line Taxiwas released in Tokyo as a competitor toUber.[52][53][54]Line launched a new android app called "Popcorn buzz" in June 2015. The app facilitates group calls with up to 200 members.[55]In June a new Emoji keyboard was also released for IOS devices, which provides a Line-like experience with the possibility to add stickers.[56]In September 2015 a new Android launcher was released on the Google Play Store, helping the company to promote its own services through the new user interface.[57]

Official channels

[edit]

Line includes a feature known as "official channels" which allows companies, especially news media outlets, publications and other mass media companies to offer an official channel which users can join and thereby receive regular updates, published articles or news updates from companies or news outlets.[58][59]

Stickers

[edit]

Line features a Sticker Shop where users are able to purchasevirtual stickersdepicting original and well-known characters. The stickers are used during chat sessions between users and act as largeemoji.Users can purchase stickers as gifts, with many stickers available as free downloads, depending on country availability. Purchased stickers are attached to an account and can be used on other platforms. New sticker sets are released weekly. Line's message stickers feature original characters as well as a number of popularmanga,animeand gaming characters, movie tie-ins and characters fromDisneyproperties such asPixar.Some sticker sets, such as those that celebrate special events like the 2012 Summer Olympics, are released for only a limited time. Other sticker sets that support charity are known as Charity Stickers. For example, in 2016, Line released "Support Kumamoto" Charity Stickers to provide aid to victims of the2016 Kumamoto earthquakes.All proceeds earned from the sales of these stickers were to be donated to theJapanese Red Cross Societyto provide financial support and aid for the victims.[60]

The original default characters and stickers, known asLine Friends,were created by Kang Byeongmok, also known as "Mogi", in 2011.[61][62]

There are over 1 billion stickers sent by worldwide users on a daily basis.[63]The popular charactersMilk & Mochabegan as stickers on Line in Indonesia.[64]

Games

[edit]

NHN Japan created Line Games in 2011. Only those with a Lineapplication accountcan install and play the games. Players can connect with friends, send and accept items and earn friend points. The game range includes: puzzles, match-three, side-scroller, musical performance, simulation, battle and spot-the-difference games. In September 2013, Line Corporation announced its games had been downloaded 200 million times worldwide.[65]

On July 10, 2017, Line Games acquired NextFloor Corporation, developers of Dragon Flight and Destiny Child.[66]On January 5, 2017, Line Games was announced as the publisher for Hundred Soul (formerly known as Project 100) by Hound 13.[67]

On December 12, 2018, Line Games held a media event called LPG (Line Games-Play-Game) to introduce its games for 2019. Mobile games announced include: Exos Heroes (by OOZOO), Ravenix: The Card Master (also by OOZOO), Dark Summoners (by SkeinGlobe), Project PK (by Rock Square) and Super String (by Factorial Games). Project NM by Space Dive was also announced for PC. Games to be released on mobile and PC include: Project NL (by MeerKat Games) and Uncharted Waters Origins (by Line Games andKoei Tecmo).[68]

On 10 Jul 2019,NintendoreleasedDr. Mario Worldco-developed by Line Games.[69]On July 18, 2019, First Summoner developed by SkeinGlobe was released.

Line Pay

[edit]

Line introduced Line Pay worldwide on December 16, 2014. The service allows users to request and send money from users in their contact list and make mobile payments in store.[70]The service has since expanded to allow other features such as offline wire transfers when making purchases and ATM transactions like depositing and withdrawing money. Unlike other Line services, Line Pay is offered worldwide through the Line app.

Line Taxi

[edit]

Line Taxi was launched in January 2015 in partnership with Nihon Kotsu, a localtaxiservice in Japan.[71]Just like Line Pay, Line Taxi is not offered as a separate app but rather through the Line app where users can request a taxi and automatically pay for it when they connect their account to Line Pay.[72]

Line Wow

[edit]

Announced alongside Line Pay and Line Taxi, a service that allows users to instantly access delivery services for registered food or products and services.[73]

Line Today

[edit]

A news hub integrated in the Line app.

Line Shopping

[edit]

A referral program for online shopping. Customers get extra discount or earn Line Points by purchasing through the Line Shopping service.

Line Gift

[edit]

A gift sending services on Line. Customers can send gift via Line.[74]

Line Doctor

[edit]

A matching platform for finding doctors online.[74]

Line Lite

[edit]
Line Lite
Developer(s)Line Corporation
Stable release
2.17.1 / 2021-09-13[75]
Repository
Operating systemAndroid
Size8.89MB
Websiteline.meEdit this on Wikidata

In 2015, a lower-overhead Android app was released foremerging marketscalled Line Lite. This supports messages and calls[76]but not themes or timeline.[77]

It became available worldwide in August 2015.[78]

In January 2022 Line announced the discontinuation of Line Lite, taking effect on the 28th February 2022.

Limitations

[edit]

Line accounts can be accessed on only one mobile device (running the app version) or one personal computer (running the version for these). Additional mobile devices can install the app but require different mobile numbers or e-mail addresses for the Line account.[79][80]

If "Line Lite" for Android was installed and activated, the user was told they will be "logged out of the normal Line". This message did not make clear that it was impossible to log back in to the normal Line, which would delete all history data when next launched.[81]Line Lite has now been discontinued.

Security

[edit]

In August 2013, it was possible to intercept a Line chat session at the network level using packet capture software and to reconstruct it on a PC. Messages were sent in cleartext to Line's server when on cellular data but encrypted when using Wi-Fi most of the time.[82]

Until February 2016, it was also possible to "clone" an iPhone from a backup and then use the "cloned" iPhone to access the same Line account as used by the original iPhone. This loophole was widely rumored (but never proven) to have been used to intercept Line messages between the popular Japanese television personalityBeckyand her married romantic partnerEnon Kawatani;the intercepted messages were published in the magazineShukan Bunshunand led to the temporary suspension of Becky's television career.[83]

In July 2016, Line Corporation turned onend-to-end encryptionby default for all Line users.[84]It had earlier been available as an opt-in feature since October 2015.[85]The app uses theECDHprotocol for client-to-client encryption.[85]In August 2016, Line expanded its end-to-end encryption to also encompass its group chats, voice calls and video calls.[86]

In March 2021, the Japanese government announced that it would investigate Line after reports that it let Chinese system-maintenance engineers in Shanghai access Japanese users' data without informing them,[87]beginning in August 2018.[88]Four Chinese engineers in aShanghai-based affiliate that Line subcontracted to develop AI accessed the messages stored in the Japanese computer system and personal information of Line users, such as: name, phone number, email address and Line ID.[88]Photos and video footage posted by Japanese users were also stored on a server in South Korea.[89]Line stated in March 2021 that it had since blocked access to user data at the Chinese affiliate[87]and that it would revise its privacy policy and make it more explicit.[88]Line had been used by the Japanese government and local governments to notify residents about developments in dealing with the coronavirus pandemic.[88]In response to the reports of security issues, the national government and many local governments halted their usage of Line in late March 2021.[90]In April 2021 the government ordered Line to take measures to properly protect customers' information and to report improvement measures within a month.[89]Line also relocated image and other data stored in South Korea to Japan.[90]As of November 2021, the Tokyo metropolitan government offers proof of COVID-19 vaccinations through the Line app, with expansion planned for other prefectures.[91]

On 12 April 2021, Line suffered a large-scale crash in Taiwan.[92]

More than 70,000 Line Pay users in Taiwan have been affected by a leak of transaction information during the period from December 26, 2020, to April 2, 2021.[93]

In October 2023, the company confirmed a data breach where over 440,000 items of personal data were leaked. This included user age groups, genders, and partial service usage history, along with business partner and employee information like email addresses and names. The leak was traced back to unauthorized access through a Naver subcontractor's computer, which shared an authentication system with Line, allowing the breach.[94]In March 2024, the Japanese government ordered Line and Naver to separate their systems because of the data leak.[95]

Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications issued administrative guidance to LY Corporation twice on April 16 2024.LY Corporation is required to submit another report by The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications before July 1, 2024.[96][97][98]

Censorship

[edit]

Line suppressed content in China to conform with governmentcensorship.[99]Analysis byCitizen Labshowed that accounts registered with Chinese phone numbers download a list of banned words that cannot be sent or received through Line.[100]

Line publicly confirmed the practice in December 2013.[101]However, by 2014, access to Line chat servers has been entirely blocked by theGreat Firewall,while the company still makes revenue in China from brick-and-mortar stores.[102][103]

In Indonesia, Line has responded to pressure from theIndonesian Communication and Information Ministryto remove emojis and stickers it believes make reference to homosexuality, for example the emoji "two men holding hands". Line issued a public statement on the issue: "Line regrets the incidents of some stickers which are considered sensitive by many people. We ask for your understanding because at the moment we are working on this issue to remove the stickers".[104]

In Thailand, Line is suspected of responding to pressure from the Thai government and, after previously approving 'Red Buffalo' stickers, which had been used to refer to theRed Shirtspolitical faction, including by the Red Shirts themselves, removed the stickers.[105][106]

In Russia, on 28 April 2017, Russia'sFederal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media(Roskomnadzor) placed Line on a banned list. Telecommunications companies appear to have taken steps in May to progressively block access to Line and other services using smartphones. The Russian Internet Regulation Law obliges social network operators to store personal information of their Russian customers in the country and submit it if requested by the authorities; Line is believed to have been found to be in breach of this provision. According to reports, BBM, Imo.im and Vchat have been newly added to the list of banned services, in addition to Line. On 3 May 2017 access to Line chat servers was entirely blocked by theRoskomnadzorand the Line servers were added to theUnified Register of Banned Sites,after which Russian users began to experience problems receiving and sending messages.[107][108]

[edit]

Line Friends

[edit]
Main article:Line Friends
Line Friends Store inHysan Place,Hong Kong

Line Friendsare featured characters that are shown in stickers of the application. They include Brown, Cony, Sally, James, Moon, Boss, Jessica, Edward, Leonard, Choco, Pangyo and Rangers. Two anime series,Line OfflineandLine Town,were produced in 2013, picturing the Line Friends as employees for the fictional Line Corporation.

Line Man

[edit]

On-demand assistant for food and messenger delivery services inBangkok.

Line TV

[edit]
Main article:Line TV

A video on demand service operating inTaiwanandThailand.

Stores

[edit]

There are physical stores in Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Thailand, U.S. and a Korean online store to purchase Line Friends merchandise.[109]Occasionally, Line will have pop-up or temporary stores globally.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  85. ^abJI (October 13, 2015)."New generation of safe messaging:" Letter Sealing "".LINE Engineers' Blog.LINE Corporation. Archived fromthe originalon July 8, 2016.RetrievedJuly 15,2016.
  86. ^Shin, Ki Bin (August 11, 2016)."The next step for even safer messaging: Letter Sealing".Line Corporation. Archived fromthe originalon October 2, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 30,2016.
  87. ^ab"Japan to probe Line after reports it let Chinese engineers access user data".Reuters.March 17, 2021.RetrievedMarch 17,2021.
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  89. ^ab"Japan gov't warns Line over insufficient personal data protection".Kyodo News.April 26, 2021.RetrievedNovember 19,2021.
  90. ^abMichinaga, Tatsuya; Goto, Tsuyoshi; Matsukura, Yusuke (March 24, 2021)."Japan gov't, many local bodies halt use of Line app following data breach".The Mainichi.RetrievedNovember 19,2021.
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  92. ^News, Taiwan (April 12, 2021)."LINE crashes in Taiwan | Taiwan News | 2021/04/12".Taiwan News.RetrievedApril 27,2021.{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help)
  93. ^"Over 70,000 LINE Pay users in Taiwan affected by data leak - Focus Taiwan".focustaiwan.tw(in Chinese). December 7, 2021.RetrievedDecember 7,2021.
  94. ^"Line operator says some 440,000 items of personal data leaked".The Japan Times.November 27, 2023.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
  95. ^Sharwood, Simon (March 6, 2024)."Japan orders LINE and NAVER to disentangle their tech".The Register.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
  96. ^"Line Operator Gets Administrative Guidance Again".2024-04-17.
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  98. ^"Japanese government rejects Yahoo! infosec improvement plan".2024-04-17.
  99. ^Hardy, Seth (November 14, 2013)."Asia Chats: Investigating Regionally-based Keyword Censorship in LINE".RetrievedNovember 4,2014.
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  103. ^Horwitz, Josh (August 3, 2015)."One year after the government banned it, Line is still in China—selling lattes".Quartz.
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  109. ^"LINE FRIENDS".store.linefriends.
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