List of architectural styles
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Anarchitectural styleis characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable. A style may include such elements asform,method ofconstruction,building materials,and regional character. Mostarchitecturecan be classified as a chronology of styles which change over time reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials which make new styles possible.
Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society and are documented in the subject ofarchitectural history.At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. Styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. A style may also spread throughcolonialism,either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. After a style has gone out of fashion, there are often revivals and re-interpretations. For instance,classicismhas been revived many times and found new life asneoclassicism.Each time it is revived, it is different.
Vernacular architectureworks slightly differently and is listed separately. It is the native method of construction used by local people, usually using labour-intensive methods and local materials, and usually for small structures such as rural cottages. It varies from region to region even within a country, and takes little account of national styles or technology. As western society has developed, vernacular styles have mostly become outmoded by new technology and national building standards.
Chronology of styles
[edit]Prehistoric
[edit]Earlycivilizationsdeveloped, often independently, in scattered locations around the globe. The architecture was often a mixture of styles in timber cut from local forests and stone hewn from local rocks. Most of the timber has gone, although the earthworks remain. Impressively, massive stone structures have survived for years.
- Neolithic10,000–3000 BC
Ancient Americas
[edit]Mediterranean and Middle-East civilizations
[edit]
Ancient Near East and Mesopotamia[edit]
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Iranian/Persian[edit]
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Ancient Asian
[edit]
Indic[edit]
Historic temple styles[edit]
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East Asian[edit]Also[edit]
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Classical Antiquity
[edit]The architecture ofAncient GreeceandAncient Rome,derived from the ancient Mediterranean civilizations such as atKnossoson Crete. They developed highly refined systems for proportions and style, using mathematics and geometry.
- Ancient Greek776–265 BC
- Roman753 BC–663 AD
- Etruscan700–200 BC
- Classical600 BC–323 AD
- Herodian37–4 BC (Judea)
- Early Christian100–500
- Byzantine527–1520
Middle Ages
[edit]The European Early Middle Ages are generally taken to run from the end of theRoman Empire,around 400 AD, to around 1000 AD. During this period, Christianity made a significant impact on European culture.
Early Medieval Europe
[edit]- Latin Armenian4th–16th centuries
- Anglo-Saxon450s–1066 (England)
- Bulgarianfrom 681
- First Bulgarian Empire681–1018
- Pre-Romanesquec. 700–1000 (Merovingian and Carolingian empires)
- Iberian pre-Romanesque
- Merovingian5th–8th centuries (France, Germany, Italy and neighbouring locations)
- Visigothic5th–8th centuries (Spain and Portugal)
- Asturian711–910 (North Spain, North Portugal)
- Carolingian780s–9th century (mostly France, Germany)
- Ottonian950s–1050s (mostly Germany, also considered Early Romanesque)[1]
- Repoblación880s–11th century (Spain)
Medieval Europe
[edit]The dominance of the Church over everyday life was expressed in grand spiritual designs which emphasized piety and sobriety. The Romanesque style was simple and austere. The Gothic style heightened the effect with heavenly spires, pointed arches and religious carvings.[2]
Byzantine[edit]
Romanesque[edit]
Timber styles[edit]
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Gothic[edit]1135/40–1520
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Asian architecture contemporary with the Dark Ages and medieval Europe
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Japanese[edit]
Chinese[edit]Korean[edit]Dravidian and Vesara temple styles (India)[edit]
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Other Indian styles[edit]
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Islamic Architecture 620–1918
[edit]- Central Styles (Multi-Regional)
- Prophetic Era – based in Medina (c. 620–630)
- Rashidi Period – based in Medina (c. 630–660)
- Umayyad architecture– based in Damascus (c. 660–750)
- Abbasid architecture– based in Baghdad (c. 750–1256)
- Mamluk architecture– based in Cairo (c. 1256–1517)
- Ottoman architecture– based in Istanbul (c. 1517–1918)
- Regional Styles
- Egypt
- Early Islamic architecture(Rashidi + Umayyad) (641–750)
- Abbasid architecture(750–954)
- Fatimid architecture(954–1170)
- Ayyubid architecture (1174–1250)
- Mamluk architecture(1254–1517)
- Ottoman architecture(1517–1820)
- North Africa (Maghrib)
- The Umayyads (705–750)
- The Abbasid Era (750–909)
- The Fatimids (909–1048)
- The Amazigh Dynasties (1048–1550)
- Zirids 1048–1148 (Middle Maghreb)
- Almoravids 1040–1147 (Far Maghreb)
- Almohads 1121–1269 (Far Maghreb)
- Hafsids 1229–1574 (Near and Middle Maghreb)
- Marinids 1244–1465 (Middle and Far Maghreb)
- Zayyanids 1235–1550 (Middle Maghreb)
- Ottoman Rule 1550–1830 (Near and Middle Maghreb)
- Local Dynasties 1549–present (Far Maghreb)
- Islamic Spain
- Umayyad architecture (756–1031)
- Taifa Kingdoms-1 (1031–1090)
- Almoravid architecture (1090–1147)
- Taifa Kingdoms-2 (1140–1203)
- Almohad architecture(1147–1238),
- Taifa Kingdoms-3 (1232–1492)
- Granada architecture (1287–1492)
- Persia and Central Asia
- Khurasani architecture (Late 7th–10th century)
- Razi Style (10th–13th century)
- Samanid Period (10th c.)
- Ghaznawid Period (11th c.)
- Saljuk Period (11th–12th c.)
- Mongol Period (13th c.)
- Timurid Style (14th–16th c.)
- Isfahani Style (17th–19th c.)
- Indian subcontinent
- Indo-Islamic architecture(1204–1857)
- Mughal architecture(1526–1707)
- Indo-Islamic architecture(1204–1857)
- Turkey
- Anatolian Seljuk architecture(1071–1299)
- Ottoman architecture(1299–1922)
- First national architectural movement(1908–1940)
- Egypt
Pre-Columbian Indigenous American Styles
[edit]Early Modern Period and European Colonialism
[edit]1425–1660. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread through Europe, rebelling against the all-powerful Church, by placing Man at the centre of his world instead of God.[5]The Gothic spires and pointed arches were replaced by classical domes and rounded arches, with comfortable spaces and entertaining details, in a celebration of humanity. The Baroque style was a florid development of this 200 years later, largely by the Catholic Church to restate its religious values.[6]
France[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Spain and Portugal[edit]
Colonial[edit]
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Baroque[edit]1600–1800, up to 1900
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Asian architecture contemporary with Renaissance and post-Renaissance Europe
[edit]Japanese
[edit]- Shoin-zukuri(1560s–1860s)
- Sukiya-zukuri(1530s–present)
- Minka(Japanese commoner or folk architecture)
- Gassho-zukuri (Edo periodand later)
- Honmune-zukuri (Edo periodand later)
- Imperial Crown Style(1919–1945)
- Giyōfū architecture(1800s)
Indian
[edit]- Indo-Islamic
- Mughal1540–? (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
- Sharqiaka Janpur Style
Late Modern Period and the Industrial Revolution
[edit]Neoclassicism
[edit]1720–1837 and onward. A time often depicted as a rural idyll by the great painters, but in fact was a hive of early industrial activity, with small kilns and workshops springing up wherever materials could be mined or manufactured. After the Renaissance, neoclassical forms were developed and refined into new styles for public buildings and the gentry.
New Cooperism
Neoclassical
[edit]- Neoclassicalc. 1715–1820
- Beaux-Arts1670+ (France) and 1880 (US)
- Georgian1720–1840s (UK, US)
- Jamaican Georgian architecturec. 1750 – c. 1850 (Jamaica)
- American Colonial1720–1780s (US)
- Pombaline style1755 – c. 1860 (Lisbon in Portugal)
- Josephinischer Stil1760–1780/90 (Austria)
- Adam style1760–1795 (England, Scotland, Russia, US)
- Federal1780–1830 (US)
- Empire1804–1830, revival 1870 (Europe, US)
- Regency1811–1830 (UK)
- Antebellum1812–1861 (Southern United States)
- Palazzo Style1814–1930? (Europe, Australia, US)
- Neo-Palladian
- Jeffersonian1790s–1830s (Virginia in US)
- American Empire1810
- Greek Revival architecture
- Rundbogenstil1835–1900 (Germany)
- Neo-Grec1845–65 (UK, US, France)
- Nordic Classicism1910–30 (Norway, Sweden, Denmark & Finland)
- Polish Neoclassicism(Poland)
- New Classical architecture20th/21st century (global)
- Temple1832+ (global)
Revivalism and Orientalism
[edit]Late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Victorian Era was a time of giant leaps forward in technology and society, such as iron bridges, aqueducts, sewer systems, roads, canals, trains, and factories. As engineers, inventors, and businessmen they reshaped much of the British Empire, including the UK, India, Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and influenced Europe and the United States. Architecturally, they were revivalists who modified old styles to suit new purposes.
Revivals started before the Victorian Era[edit]
Victorian revivals[edit]
Orientalism[edit]
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Revivals in North America[edit]
Other late 19th century styles[edit]
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Rural styles
[edit]- Swiss chalet style1840s–1920s+ (Scandinavia, Austria, Germany, later global)
- Adirondack1850s (New York, US)
- National Park Service rusticaka Parkitecture 1903+ (US)
- Western false front(Western United States)
Reactions to the Industrial Revolution
[edit]Industrial
[edit]- Industrial,1760–present (worldwide)
Arts and Crafts in Europe[edit]
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Arts and Crafts in the US[edit]
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Modernism and other styles contemporary with modernism
[edit]1880 onwards. The Industrial Revolution had brought steel, plate glass, and mass-produced components. These enabled a brave new world of bold structural frames, with clean lines and plain or shiny surfaces. In the early stages, a popular motto was "decoration is a crime".In theEastern Blocthe Communists rejected theWestern Bloc's 'decadent' ways, and modernism developed in a markedly more bureaucratic, sombre, and monumental fashion.
Modernism under communism[edit]
Fascist/Nazi[edit]
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Post-Second World War[edit]1945–
Other 20th century styles[edit]
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Postmodernism and early 21st century styles
[edit]- Postmodernism1945+ (US, UK)
- Bowellism
- Shed Style
- Arcology1970s+ (Europe)
- Deconstructivism1982+ (Europe, US, Far East)
- Critical regionalism1983+
- Blobitecture2003+
- High-tech1970s+
- Interactive architecture2000+
- Sustainable architecture2000+
- Earthship1980+ (Started in US, now global)
- Green building2000+
- Natural building2000+
- Neo-Andean2005+
- Neo-futurismlate 1960s-early 21st century
- New Classical Architecture1980+
- New London Vernacular2009+
- Berlin Style1990s+
- Mass timber2010s+
Fortified styles
[edit]- Fortification6800 BC+
- Ringfort800 BC – 400 AD
- Dzong17th century+
- Star fort1530–1800?
- Polygonal fort1850?-
Vernacular styles
[edit]Generic methods
[edit]- Natural building
- Ice –Igloo,quinzhee
- Earth–Cobhouse,sod house,adobe,mudbrickhouse,rammed earth
- Timber –Log cabin,log house,Carpenter Gothic,roundhouse,stilt house
- Nomadic structures –Yaranga,bender tent
- Temporary structures –Quonset hut,Nissen hut,prefabricated home
- Underground –Underground living,rock-cut architecture,monolithic church,pit-house
- Modern low-energy systems –Straw-bale construction,earthbag construction,rice-hull bagwall construction,earthship,earth house
- Various styles –Longhouse
European
[edit]- European Arctic (North Norway and Sweden, Finland, North Russia) – Samilavvu,Samigoahti
- Northwest Europe (Norway, Sweden, Fresia, Jutland, Denmark, North Poland, UK, Iceland) –Norse architecture,heathen hofs,Viking ring fortress,fogou,souterrain,Grubenhaus(also known as Grubhouse or Grubhut)
- Central and Eastern Europe –Burdei,zemlyanka
- Bulgaria –Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo
- Estonia
- Germany –Black Forest house,Swiss chalet style,Gulf house(aka East Frisian house),Geestharden house(aka Cimbrian house, Schleswig house),Haubarg,Low German house(aka Low Saxon house),Middle German house,Reed house,Seaside resort house,Ständerhaus,Uthland-Frisian house
- Netherlands –Frisian farmhouse,Old Frisian longhouse,Bildts farmhouse
- Iceland –Turf houses
- Ireland –Clochán,Crannog
- Italy –Trullo
- Lithuania –Kaunas modernism,Lithuanian folk architecture,Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues
- Norway –Architecture of Norway:Post church,Palisade church,Stave church,Norwegian Turf house,Vernacular architecture in Norway,Rorbu,Dragestil,alsoNational Romantic style,Swiss chalet styleandNordic Classicism buildings
- Poland –Zakopane,Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues,wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland,Upper Lusatian house
- Romania –Carpathian vernacular,wooden churches of Maramureș
- Russia –Dacha
- Scotland–Medieval turf building in Cronberry,blackhouses
- Slovakia –Wooden churches of the Slovak Carpathians
- Spain – Asturianteito,Asturianhórreo,Gallicianpalloza
- Ukraine –Wooden churches
- United Kingdom –Dartmoor longhouse,Neolithic long house,palisade church,mid-20th-century system-built houses
- Scotland –Broch,Atlantic roundhouse,crannog,dun
North American[edit]
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Native American[edit]
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South American[edit]
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African
[edit]- Central and South African countries –Rondavel,Xhosa and Zulu Architecture,Zimbabwean Architecture,Sotho-Tswana Architecture,Zulu and Nguni Architecture,andMadagascan Architecture
- Dutch Colonial,Cape Dutch
Asian
[edit]- China
- India–Rock-cut,Toda hut
- Indonesia –Uma longhouse,attap dwelling
- Iran, Turkey –Caravanserai
- Iran –Yakhchal
- Israel –Rock-cut tombs
- Japan –Minka
- Mongolia –Yurt
- Papua New Guinea –Papua New Guinea stilt house
- Philippines –Bahay kubo,Jin-jin,Torogan,Bale
- Russia – Siberianchum
- Thailand –Thai stilt house
- Myanmar –Shwenandaw Monastery
Australasian
[edit]Alphabetical listing
[edit]- Adam style1770 England
- Adirondack Architecture1850s New York, US
- Anglo-Saxon architecture450s–1066 England and Wales
- American colonial architecture1720–1780s US
- American Craftsman1890s–1930 US, California & east
- American Empire1810
- American Foursquaremid. 1890s-late 1930s US
- Amsterdam School1912–1924 Netherlands
- Ancient Egyptian architecture3000 BC – 373 AD
- Ancient Greek architecture776 BC – 265 BC
- Angevin Gothicsince 1148, western France
- Arcology1970s AD–present
- Art Deco1925–1940s Europe & US
- Art Nouveauc. 1885–1910
- 1880s–1920s; UK, California, US
- Australian architectural styles
- Baroque architecture
- Bauhaus
- Berlin style1990s+
- Biedermeier1815–1848
- Blobitecture2003–present
- Bowellism1957–present
- Brick Gothicc. 1350 – c. 15th century
- Bristol Byzantine1850–1880
- Brownstone
- Brutalist architecture1950s–1970s
- Buddhist architecture1st century BC
- Byzantine architecture527 AD (Sofia) – 1520
- Cape Cod17th century
- Carolingian architecture780s–9th century; France and Germany
- Carpenter GothicUS and Canada 1840s on
- Chicago school1880s and 1890 US
- Chilotan architecture1600–present Chiloé and southern Chile
- Churrigueresque,1660s–1750s; Spain and the New World
- City Beautiful movement1890–20th century US
- Classical architecture600 BC – 323 AD
- Colonial Revival architecture
- Constructivist architecture
- Danish Functionalism1960s AD Denmark
- Deconstructivism1982–present
- Decorated Periodc. 1290 – c. 1350
- Dragestil1880s–1910s, Norway
- Dutch Colonial1615–1674 (Treaty of Westminster) New England
- Dutch Colonial Revivalc. 1900 New England
- Dzong ArchitectureTibet and Bhutan
- Early English Periodc. 1190 – c. 1250
- Ephemeral architecture
- Eastlake Style1879–1905 New England
- Egyptian Revival architecture1809–1820s, 1840s, 1920s
- Elizabethan architecture(1533–1603)
- Empire1804–1814, 1870 revival
- English Baroque1666 (Great Fire) – 1713 (Treaty of Utrecht)
- Expressionist architecture1910 – c. 1924
- Farmhouse
- Federal architecture1780–1830 US
- Federation architecture1890–1915 Australia
- Florida cracker architecturec. 1800 – present Florida, US
- Florida modern1950s orTropical Modernism
- Functionalismc. 1900 – 1930s Europe & US
- Futurist architecture1909 Europe
- Georgian architecture1720–1840s UK & US
- Googie architecture1950s US and Canada
- Gothic architecture
- Gothic Revival architecture1760s–1840s
- Gotico Angioiano,since 1266, southern Italy
- Greek Revival architecture
- Green building2000–present
- Heliopolis style1905 – c. 1935 Egypt
- Indian architectureIndia
- Interactive architecture2000–present
- International style1930–present
- Isabelline Gothic1474–1505 (reign) Spain
- Islamic Architecture691–present
- Italianate architecture1802
- Jacobean architecture1580–1660
- Jacobethan1838
- Jeffersonian architecture1790s–1830s Virginia, US
- Jengki style1950s Indonesia
- Jugendstilc. 1885–1910 German term forArt Nouveau
- Manueline1495–1521 (reign) Portugal and colonies
- Mediterranean Revival Style1890s–present; US, Latin America, Europe
- Memphis Group1981–1988
- Merovingian architecture5th–8th centuries; France and Germany
- Metabolist Movement1959 Japan
- Mid-century modern1950s–1960s California, US, Latin America
- Mission Revival Style architecture1894–1936; California, US
- Modern movement1927–1960s
- Modernisme1888–1911 Catalan Art Nouveau
- National Park Service Rustic1872–present US
- Natural building2000–
- Nazi architecture1933–1944 Germany
- Neo-Byzantine architecture1882–1920s American
- Neoclassical architecture
- Neo-Grec1848–1865
- Neo-gothic architecture
- Neolithic architecture10,000–3000 BC
- Neo-Manueline1840s–1910s AD Portugal and Brazil
- New towns1946–1968 United Kingdom
- Norman architecture1074–1250
- Organic architecture
- Ottonian architecture950s–1050s Germany
- Palladian architecture1616–1680 (Jones)
- Perpendicular Periodc. 1350 – c. 1550
- Plantagenet Stylesince 1148, western France
- Southern plantation architecture
- Ponce Creole1895–1920Ponce, Puerto Rico
- Pombaline style1755 earthquake – c. 1860 Portugal
- Postmodern architecture1980s
- Polish Cathedral Style1870–1930
- Polite architecture
- Prairie Style1900–1917 US
- Pueblostyle 1898–1990s
- Shingle Style1879–1905 New England
- Queen Anne Style architecture1870–1910s UK and US
- Queenslander1840s–1960s
- Ranch-style1940s–1970s US
- Repoblación architecture880s–11th century; Spain
- Regency architecture
- Richardsonian Romanesque1880s US
- Rococo
- Roman architecture753 BC – 663 AD
- Romanesque architecture1050–1100
- Romanesque Revival architecture1840–1900 US
- Russian architecture989 – 18th century
- Russian Revival1826–1917, 1990s–present
- Saltbox
- San Francisco architecture
- Scottish Baronial
- Second Empire1865–1880
- Serbo-Byzantine revivalInterwar period
- Sicilian Baroque1693 earthquake – c. 1745
- Soft Portuguese style1940–1955 Portugal & colonies
- Spanish Colonial Revival style1915–present; California, Hawaii, Florida, Southwest US
- Spanish Colonial style1520s – c. 1820s; New World, East Indies, other colonies
- c. 1900–present; California, Florida, US, Latin America, Spain.
- Stalinist architecture1933–1955 USSR
- Stave churches,oldest 845(d) in England, Norway one 11th century, several 12th century
- Stick Style1860–1890s
- Storybook1920s
- Streamline Moderne1930–1937
- Structural Expressionism1980s–present
- Structuralism1950–1975
- Sumerian architecture5300 – 2000 BC
- Sustainable architecture2000–present
- Swiss chalet style1840s–1920s, Scandinavia and Germany
- Tidewater architecture19th century
- Tudor architecture1485–1603
- Tudorbethan architecture1835–1885
- Ukrainian Baroquelate 1600 – 19th century
- Usonian1936–1940s US
- Victorian architecture1837–1901 UK
- Vienna Secession1897 – c. 1905 Austrian Art Nouveau
Examples of styles
[edit]-
Persian Islamic architecturefrom the 7th- to 9th-century period: theShah Mosque,Naqsh-i Jahan Square,Iran
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LateByzantine architectureof theTarnovo schoolin Bulgaria
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Baroque architecture:Melk Abbey,Austria
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Neoclassical architecture:Cathedral of Vilniusin Lithuania
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Historicism:Resort architectureinBinzonRugia Island,a specific style common in German seaside resorts
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A stylised façade inGiyōfū architecture:Kaichi School MuseumJapan (1800s)
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Beaux-Artsarchitecture in abank's building façadein Puerto Rico
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Art Decoarchitecture in a citymarketplace building
See also
[edit]- National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories
- Architectural design values
- Feminism and modern architecture
- List of house styles
- Sacred architecture
- Timeline of architecture
- Timeline of architectural styles
- Parametricism
References
[edit]- ^Hans Erich Kubach.Architektur der Romanik,1973/1974, 3-7630-1705-7, p. 63–144Die erste Romanische Kunst – Frühromanische Architektur
- ^Robert Stuart (1854),Cyclopedia of architecture: historical, descriptive, typographical, decorative, theoretical and mechanical, Alpha betically arranged, familiarly explained, and adapted to the comprehension of workmen,A. S. Barnes & Co, p. 75
- ^abGebaut,Burgundische Romanik – Pontigny – Zisterziensergotik
- ^abReally, Mudéjar style had phases according to the general European styles, there was Romanesque Mudéjar, Gothic Mudéjar and even Renaissance Mudéjar.
- ^Gerald Leinwand,The pageant of world history,Prentice-Hall, 1990, page 330
- ^Jackson J. Spielvogel (2010),Western Civilization: A Brief History.Cengage Learning. page 333ISBN0495571474
- White, Norval; Elliott Willensky (2000).AIAGuide to New York(4th ed.). New York: Random House.ISBN0-8129-3107-6.
- Lewis, Philippa; Gillian Darley (1986).Dictionary of Ornament,NY: Pantheon
- Baker, John Milnes, AIA (1994)American House Styles,NY: Norton
Further reading
[edit]- Hamlin Alfred Dwight Foster,History of Architectural Styles,BiblioBazaar, 2009
- Carson Dunlop,Architectural Styles,Dearborn Real Estate, 2003
- Herbert Pothorn,A guide to architectural styles,Phaidon, 1983