List of nuclear weapons
This is alist ofnuclear weaponslisted according to country of origin, and then by type within the states.
Nuclear weapons |
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Background |
Nuclear-armed states |
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United States
[edit]American nuclear weapons of all types – bombs, warheads, shells, and others – are numbered in the same sequence starting with theMark 1and (as of March 2006[update]) ending with theW91(which was cancelled prior to introduction into service). All designs which were formally intended to be weapons at some point received a number designation. Pure test units which were experiments (and not intended to be weapons) are not numbered in this sequence.
Early weapons were very large and could only be used as free fall bombs. These were known by "Mark" designators, like the Mark 4 which was a development of the Fat Man weapon. As weapons became more sophisticated they also became much smaller and lighter, allowing them to be used in many roles. At this time the weapons began to receive designations based on their role; bombs were given the prefix "B", while the same warhead used in other roles, like missiles, would normally be prefixed "W". For instance, theW-53 warheadwas also used as the basis for theB53 nuclear bomb.Such examples share the same sequence number.
In other cases, when the modifications are more significant, variants are assigned their own number. An example is theB61 nuclear bomb,which was the parent design for theW80,W81,andW84.There are also examples of out-of-sequence numbering and other prefixes used in special occasions.
This list includes weapons which were developed to the point of being assigned a model number (and in many cases, prototypes were test fired), but which were then cancelled prior to introduction into military service. Those models are listed as cancelled, along with the year or date of cancellation of their program.
- Bombs – designated with Mark ( "Mk" ) numbers until 1968, and with "B" numbers after that. "Test Experimental" bombs designated with "TX".
- Mark 1 – "Little Boy"gun-type uranium weapon (used against Hiroshima). (13–18 kilotons, 1945–1950)
- Mark 2 – "Thin Man"plutonium gun design—cancelled in 1944
- Implosion Mark 2 – Another Manhattan Project plutonium implosion weapon, a hollowpitimplosion design,was also sometimes referred to as Mark 2. Also cancelled 1944.
- Mark 3 – "Fat Man"plutonium implosion weapon (used against Nagasaki), effectively the same as the" Gadget "device used in theTrinity nuclear testwith minor design differences. (21 kilotons, 1945–1950)
- Mark 4– Post-war "Fat Man" redesign. Bomb designed with weapon characteristics as the foremost criteria. (1949–1953)
- Mark 5– Significantly smaller high efficiency nuclear bomb. (1–120 kilotons, 1952–1963)
- Mark 6– Improved version of Mk-4. (8–160 kilotons, 1951–1962)
- Mark 7– Multi-purpose tactical bomb. (8–61 kilotons, 1952–1967)
- Mark 8– Gun-assembly,HEUweapon designed for penetrating hardened targets. (25–30 kilotons, 1951–1957)
- Mark 10– Improved version of Mk-8 (12–15 kilotons, cancelled May 1952).
- Mark 11– Re-designed Mk-8. Gun-type (8–30 kilotons).
- Mark 12– Light-weight bomb to be carried byfighter aircraft(12–14 kilotons).
- Mark 13– Improved version of Mk-6 (cancelled August 1954).
- TX/Mark 14– First deployable solid-fuelthermonuclear bomb(Castle Uniondevice). Only five produced. (5 Megatons)
- Mark 15– First "lightweight" thermonuclear weapon. (1.7–3.8 Megatons, 1955–1965)
- TX/Mark 16– First weaponized thermonuclear weapon (Ivy Mikedevice). Onlycryogenicweapon ever deployed. Only five produced. (6–8 Megatons)
- Mark 17– High-yield thermonuclear. Heaviest U.S. weapon, second highest yield of any U.S. weapon. Very similar to Mk-24. (10–15 Megatons)
- Mark 18– Very high yield fission weapon (Ivy Kingdevice).
- Mark 20– Improved Mark 13 (cancelled 1954)
- Mark 21– Re-designed variant ofCastle Bravotest
- Mark 22– Failed thermonuclear design (Castle Koondevice, cancelled April 1954).
- Mark 24– High-yield thermonuclear, very similar to Mk-17 but had a different secondary.
- Mark 26– Similar design to Mk 21 (cancelled 1956).
- Mark 27– Navy nuclear bomb (1958–1965)
- Mk 101 Lulu(1958–1971)
- Mk 105 Hotpoint(1958–1965)
- B28 nuclear bomb(Mark 28) (1958–1991)
- Mark 36– Strategic nuclear bomb (1956–1961) 6–19 Megatons
- B39 nuclear bomb(Mark 39) (1957–1966)
- B41 nuclear bomb(Mark 41) (1960–1976); highest yield US nuclear weapon (25 Megatons).
- B43 nuclear bomb(Mark 43) (1961–1991)
- B46 nuclear bombor (Mark 46); experimental, design evolved intoB53 nuclear bombandW-53 warhead(cancelled 1958)
- Mark 90 nuclear bomb(1952-1960)
- B53 nuclear bomb(1962–1997; dismantled 2010–2011)
- B57 nuclear bomb(1963–1993)
- B61 nuclear bomb(1966–present)
- B77 nuclear bomb(cancelled 1977)
- B83 nuclear bomb(1983–present)
- B90 nuclear bomb(cancelled 1991)
- Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator design program (2001–2005, cancelled)
- Nuclear artilleryshells
- 16-inch (406 mm)
- W23(1956–1962) gun-type
- 11-inch (280 mm)
- 8-inch (203 mm)
- There were/are also nuclear warheads for the Army's 175 mm (6.9-inch) and 155 mm (6.1-inch) artillery.
- W48(1963–1992)
- W74(cancelled 1973)
- W82(cancelled 1983 (W-82-0Enhanced Radiation) and 1990 (W-82-1 fission only))
- 16-inch (406 mm)
- Atomic Demolition Munitions
- W7/ADM-B (c. 1954–1967)
- T4 ADM(1957–1963) Gun-type
- W30/Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition(1961–1966)
- W31/ADM (1960–1965)
- W45/Medium Atomic Demolition Munition(1964–1984)
- W54/Special Atomic Demolition Munition(1965–1989)
- Missile and Rocketwarheads
- W4forSM-62 Snarkcruise missile(cancelled 1951)
- W5forMGM-1 Matadorcruise missile (1954–1963)
- W7forMGR-1 Honest Johnartillery rocket(1954–1960),MGM-5 CorporalTBM(1955–1964),Nike HerculesSAM,andBOARair-to-surface rocket (ASR) (1958–1960s)
- W8forSSM-N-8 Reguluscruise missile, Gun-type (cancelled 1955)
- W12forRIM-8 TalosSAM (cancelled 1955)
- W13forSM-62 Snarkcruise missile andPGM-11 RedstoneSRBM(cancelled 1954)
- W15forSM-62 Snarkcruise missile (cancelled 1957)
- W21forSM-64 Navahocruise missile (cancelled 1957)
- W25for MB-1 "Ding Dong", laterAIR-2 GenieAAR(1957–1984)
- W27forSSM-N-8 RegulusandSSM-N-9 Regulus IIcruise missile (1958–1965)
- W28forAGM-28 Hound DogandMGM-13 Macecruise missiles (1958–1976)
- W29 forSM-64 Navahocruise missile,PGM-11 RedstoneSRBM, andSM-62 Snarkcruise missile (cancelled 1955)
- W30forRIM-8 TalosSAM (1959–1979)
- W31forMGR-1 Honest Johnartillery rocket (1961–1985),Nike HerculesSAM (1960s–1988)
- W34forMk 101 Luludepth charge,Mark 45 ASTORtorpedo,Mk 105 Hotpointbomb (1958–1976)
- W35forSM-65 AtlasICBM,HGM-25A Titan IICBM,PGM-17 ThorIRBM,andPGM-19 JupiterMRBM(cancelled 1958)
- W37(cancelled 1956)
- W38forSM-65 AtlasICBM andHGM-25A Titan IICBM (1961–1965)
- W39forPGM-11 RedstoneSRBM (1958–1964)
- W40forMGM-18 LacrosseTBM,CIM-10 BomarcSAM (1959–1972)
- W41forSM-64 Navahocruise missile (cancelled 1957)
- W42forMIM-23 HawkSAM,AIM-47 FalconAAM,AAM-N-10 EagleAAM (cancelled 1961)
- W44forRUR-5 ASROCSSM(1961–1989)
- W45forMGR-3 Little Johnartillery rocket,RIM-2 TerrierSAM, andAGM-12 BullpupASM(1961–1969 (some 1988))
- XW-46forPGM-11 RedstoneSRBM andSM-62 Snarkcruise missile (cancelled 1958)
- W47forUGM-27 PolarisA-1 and A-2SLBMs(1960–1974)
- W49forPGM-19 JupiterMRBM (1959–1963) andPGM-17 ThorIRBM (1959–1963)
- W50forMGM-31 PershingSRBM, andHopiASR (1960–1990)
- XW-51for various (program converted toW54in 1959)
- W52forMGM-29 SergeantTBM (1962–1977)
- W53forLGM-25C Titan IIICBM (1962–1987)
- W54forDavy Crockettrecoilless rifle,AIM-26 FalconAAM,andAIM-4 FalconAAM (1961–1972)
- W55forUUM-44 SUBROCSSM (1965–1989)
- W56forLGM-30 MinutemanI and II ICBMs (1963–1993)
- W58forUGM-27 PolarisA-3 SLBM (1964–1982)
- W59forLGM-30 MinutemanI ICBM andGAM-87 SkyboltALBM(1962–1969)
- W60forRIM-50 TyphonSAM (cancelled 1963)
- W61forMGM-134 Midgetman(cancelled 1992)
- W62forLGM-30 MinutemanIII ICBM, (1970–2010)
- W63forMGM-52 LanceTBM (warhead cancelled 1966)
- W64forMGM-52 LanceTBM (warhead cancelled 1964)
- W65forSprintABM(cancelled 1968)
- W66forSprintABM (available 1970–1975)
- W67forUGM-73 PoseidonSLBM andLGM-30 MinutemanIII ICBM (cancelled 1967)
- W68forUGM-73 PoseidonSLBM (1970–1991)
- W69forAGM-69 SRAMASM (1972–1990)
- W70forMGM-52 LanceTBM (deployed 1973–1992)
- W71forLIM-49A SpartanABM (deployed 1974–1975; dismantled 1992)
- W72forAGM-62 Walleyeglide bomb(1970–1979)
- W73forAGM-53 CondorASM (cancelled 1970)
- W76forUGM-96 Trident IandUGM-133 Trident IISLBMs (1978–present)
- W78forLGM-30 MinutemanIII ICBM (1979–present)
- W80forAGM-86,AGM-129,BGM-109 Tomahawk,andAGM-181 LRSOcruise missiles (1981–present)
- W81forRIM-67 StandardER SAM, based on B61 (cancelled 1986)
- W84forBGM-109G Gryphoncruise missile (1983–1991)
- W85forPershing IIMRBM and Pershing 1b SRBM (1983–1991)
- W86forPershing IIMRBM Earth penetrating warhead option (cancelled 1980)
- W87forLGM-118 PeacekeeperICBM (1986–2005),LGM-30 MinutemanIII ICBM (2007–present), andLGM-35 SentinelICBM (future)
- W87-1forMGM-134 MidgetmanICBM (cancelled 1992)
- W88forUGM-133 Trident IISLBM (1988–present)
- W89forAGM-131 SRAM IIASM andUUM-125 Sea LanceSSM (cancelled 1991)
- W91forSRAM-TASM (cancelled 1991)
- Reliable Replacement Warhead(RRW1) design program (2004–2008, cancelled)
- W93forUGM-133 Trident IISLBM (proposed)[1]
See alsoEnduring Stockpile.
Common nuclear primaries
[edit]Several American weapons designs share common components. These include publicly identified models listed below.
Model | Used in these weapons |
---|---|
RACER IVprimary | TX/Mark 14,TX/Mark 16,Mark 17 |
Python primary | B28W28W40W49 |
Boa primary | W30W52 |
Robin primary | W38W45W47 |
Tsetse primary | B43W44W50B57W59 |
Kinglet primary | W55W58 |
B61 Family | B61W69W73W80W81W84W85W86 |
Soviet Union/Russia
[edit]At the peak of its arsenal in 1988, Russia possessed around 45,000 nuclear weapons in its stockpile, roughly 13,000 more than the United States arsenal, the second largest in the world, which peaked in 1966.[2]
- Tests
- Torpedoes
- 53-58 torpedo with 10 kilotonsRDS-9warhead
- 65-73 torpedo with 20 kilotons
- VA-111 Shkvalwith 150 kilotons
- Bombs
- RDS-1,22 kiloton bomb. Tested 29 August 1949 as "First Light" (Joe 1). Total of 5 stockpiled
- RDS-2,38 kiloton bomb. Tested 24 September 1951 as "Second Light." The RDS-2 was an entirely Russian design, delayed by development of the RDS-1
- RDS-3,42 kiloton bomb. First Soviet bomb tested in an airdrop on 18 October 1951. First 'mass-produced "Soviet bomb
- RDS-3I,62 kiloton bomb. Tested 24 October 1954. The RDS-31 was an improved RDS-3 with externalneutron generator
- RDS-4,"Tatyana" 42 kiloton bomb. The RDS-4 was smaller and lighter than previous Soviet Bombs.
- RDS-5
- RDS-6,also known as RDS-6S, or "sloika" or "layer cake" gaining about 20% of its yield from fusion. RDS-6 was tested on 12 August 1953. Yield 400 kilotons
- RDS-7,a backup for the RDS-6, the RDS-7 was a 500 kiloton all fission bomb comparable to the US Mk-18, development dropped after success of the RDS-6S
- RDS-27,250 kiloton bomb, a 'boosted' fission bomb tested 6 November 1955.
- RDS-37,3 megaton bomb, the first Soviet two-stage hydrogen bomb, tested 22 November 1955
- RDS-220Tsar Bombaan extremely large three stage bomb, initially designed as a 100-megaton-bomb, but was scaled down to 50 megatons for testing.
- Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
- RDS-9,40 kiloton warhead[3]for R-5M MRBM (SS-3)
- RDS-373megatonwarhead[4]forR7 Semyorka / SS-6ICBM
- RDS-465megatonwarhead[4]forR-7A Semyorka / SS-6ICBM
- 8F173 megaton[5]warhead forR-16 / SS-7ICBM
- 8F115and8F1165-6 megaton[5]warhead forR-16 / SS-7ICBM
- Unknown model warheads forR-9 / SS-8 SasinICBM
- 15F421.2 megaton warhead forUR 100U/SS-11Mod 3 Sego ICBM
- Unknown model 750kilotonto 1.0megatonwarhead forRT-2 / SS-13 Mod 1 SavageICBM
- 15F1r750 kiloton to 1.65megatonwarhead forRT-2 / SS-13 Mod 2 SavageICBM
- Unknown model 466 kiloton warhead forRT-2 / SS-13 Mod 3 SavageICBM
- Unknown model 500 kiloton warhead forRT-20 / SS-15 ScroogeICBM
- Unknown model 1.5 megaton warhead forRT-20 / SS-15 ScroogeICBM
- Unknown model 650 kiloton to 1.5 megaton warheads forRT-21 Temp 2S SS-16 SinnerICBM
- Unknown model 300–750 kiloton warheads forMR-UR-100 Sotka / SS-17 Spanker Mod 1ICBM
- Unknown model 4–6 megaton warhead forMR-UR-100 Sotka / SS-17 Spanker Mod 2ICBM
- 8F675 (Mod2) 20 megaton warhead forR-36M2 / SS-18 SatanICBM
- 8F021 2 or 5 megaton warheads forR-36MP / SS-18 SatanICBM (3 MIRV warheads)
- unknown 550 kiloton warheads forR-36M2 / SS-18 SatanICBM (10 MIRV warheads)
- Unknown model 750 kiloton warheads forR-36M2 / SS-18 SatanICBM (10 MIRV warheads)
- Unknown model 550 kiloton warheads forUR-100N / SS-19 Mod 1 StilettoICBM (6 MIRV warheads)
- Unknown model 2.5–5 megaton warhead forUR-100N / SS-19 Mod 2 StilettoICBM
- Unknown model 550 kiloton warheads forRT-23 Molodets / SS-24 ScalpelICBM (10 MIRV warheads)
- Unknown model 550 kiloton warhead forRT-2PM Topol / SS-25 SickleICBM
- Unknown model 550 kiloton warhead forRT-2UTTH Topol M / SS-27ICBM
- Varioustactical nuclear weaponsincluding "suitcase bombs"(RA-115 or RA-115-01 as examples)
United Kingdom
[edit]- Blue Steel
- Yellow Sunproductionised air-delivered thermonuclear bomb casing.
- Warheads
- Blue DanubeFission weapon.
- Red Snowfor Yellow Sun Mk.2.
- Green GrassFor Yellow Sun Mk.1.
- Red Beard,tactical nuclear weapon.
- WE.177(also used as a nuclear depth charge).
- Blue Cat– nuclear warhead a.k.a. Tony – UK version of US W44, a.k.a.Tsetse.
- Blue Fox– kiloton range nuclear weapon, later renamed Indigo Hammer – not to be confused with the later Blue Fox radar.
- Blue Peacockten-kiloton nuclear land mine, a.k.a. the "chicken-powered nuclear bomb", originally 'Blue Bunny' It used the Blue Danube physics package.
- Blue Rosette– short-case nuclear weapon bomb casing for reconnaissance bomber to spec R156T, including the Avro 730, Handley Page HP.100, English Electric P10, Vickers SP4 and various others.
- Blue Slug– nuclear ship-to-ship missile using Sea Slug launcher.
- Blue Water– nuclear armed surface to surface missile.
- Green Bamboo– nuclear weapon.
- Green Cheese– nuclear anti-ship missile.
- Green Flash– Green Cheese's replacement.
- Green Granite– nuclear weapons – Green Granite (small) & Green Granite (large).
- Green Grass– nuclear weapon
- Indigo Hammer– nuclear weapon
- Orange Herald– fusion-boosted fission weapon. It is believed that the fusion boost didn't work, which would make it the most powerful fission bomb ever tested at 720 kt.
- Violet Club– nuclear weapon
France
[edit]France is said to have an arsenal of 350 nuclear weapons stockpiled as of 2002.
- Bombs
- Warheads (and missiles)
China
[edit]China is believed to possess around 250 nuclear weapons, but has released very little information about the contents of its arsenal.
- Tests:
- Ballistic Missiles:
- Cruise Missiles
India
[edit]Although India's nuclear programme and its details are highly classified, international figures suggest that India possesses about 172 nuclear weapons as per 2024 estimate. In 1999, India was estimated to have 800 kg of separated reactor-grade plutonium, with a total amount of 8,300 kg of civilian plutonium, enough for approximately 1,000 nuclear weapons.[6][7][8]
Israel
[edit]Israel is widely believed to possess a substantial arsenal of nuclear weapons and missiles, estimated at 75–130 and 100–200[9]warheads, but refuses officially to confirm or deny whether it has a nuclear weapon program, leaving the details of any such weapons unclear.Mordechai Vanunu,a former nuclear technician for Israel, confirmed the existence of a nuclear weapons program in 1986.
Unconfirmed rumors have hinted at tactical nuclear artillery shells, light fission bombs and missile warheads, and perhaps thermonuclear missile warheads.[10]
TheBBC News Onlinewebsite published an article[11]on 28 May 2008, which quotes former U.S. PresidentJimmy Carteras stating that Israel has at least 150 nuclear weapons. The article continues to state that this is the second confirmation of Israel's nuclear capability by a U.S. spokesman following comments from U.S. Defense SecretaryRobert Gatesat a Senate hearing and had apparently been confirmed a short time later by Israeli Prime MinisterEhud Olmert.[12]
Pakistan
[edit]As of June 2019,Pakistanis believed to possess about 160nuclear weapons.The specifications of its weapon production are not disclosed to the public. The main series for nuclear transportation is Hatf (lit.Target).[13][14]
North Korea
[edit]North Korea claims to possess nuclear weapons, however, the specifications of its systems are not public. It is estimated to have 6–18 low yield nuclear weapons (August 2012 estimate).[15]On 9 October 2006,North Korea achieved its first nuclear detonation.
On 25 May 2009, North Korea conducted a second test of nuclear weapons at the same location as the original test. The test weapon was of the same magnitude as the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in the 2nd World War. At the same time of the test, North Korea tested two short range ballistic missiles. The country tested a 7 kt nuclear weapon on 2 February 2013. On 3 September 2017, North Korea conducted an underground thermonuclear test which had an estimated yield of 100kt to 250kt, according to various sources.
On March 24, 2023, North Korea unveiled the Hwasal-31화살-31 tactical nuclear bomb with at least 10 warheads shown, each measuring an estimated 40 to 50 centimeters in diameter and 1 meter in length as reported by the South Korean media.KN-23andKN-25ballistic missiles are capable of carrying it.[16][17][18]
South Africa
[edit]South Africa built six or seven gun-type weapons. All constructed weapons were verified byInternational Atomic Energy Agencyand other international observers to have been dismantled, along with the complete weapons program, and their highly enriched uranium was reprocessed back into low enriched form unsuitable for weapons.
See also
[edit]- Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
- Nuclear weapon yield
- Nuclear weapon
- Nuclear bunker buster
References
[edit]- ^"Inside America's newly revealed nuclear ballistic missile warhead of the future".24 February 2020.Retrieved2020-10-18.
- ^Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, "Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945–2006,"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62, no. 4 (July/August 2006), 64–66.
- ^"de beste bron van informatie over Nuclear weapons. Deze website is te koop!".atomicforum.org.Retrieved2012-08-14.
- ^ab"R-7 - SS-6 SAPWOOD Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces".Fas.org.Retrieved2012-08-14.
- ^ab"R-16 / SS-7 SADDLER – Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces".Fas.org.Retrieved2012-08-14.
- ^Kristensen, Hans M.; Norris, Robert S. (5 July 2017)."Indian nuclear forces, 2017".Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.73(4): 205.Bibcode:2017BuAtS..73d.205K.doi:10.1080/00963402.2017.1337998.
- ^"India's Nuclear Weapons Program".nuclearweaponarchive.org.Retrieved26 June2012.
- ^"India's and Pakistan's Fissile Material and Nuclear Weapons Inventories, end of 1999".Institute for Science and International Security.Retrieved26 June2012.
- ^Normark, Magnus, Anders Lindblad, Anders Norqvist, Björn Sandström and Louise Waldenström. "Israel and WMD: Incentives and Capabilities." Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI-R--1734--SE December 2005 <"Israel and WMD: Incentives and Capabilities - Swedish Defence Research Agency".Archived fromthe originalon 2007-07-07.Retrieved2007-10-20.>
- ^The Samson option; Israel's nuclear arsenal and American foreign policy,Hersh, Seymour M., New York, Random House, 1991,ISBN0-394-57006-5
- ^"Middle East | Israel 'has 150 nuclear weapons'".BBC News.2008-05-26.Retrieved2012-08-14.
- ^"Israel 'has 150 nuclear weapons'",BBC News OnlineMay 28, 2008
- ^"Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance".Arms Control Association.ACA.Retrieved23 April2019.
- ^"Global nuclear weapons".sipri.Retrieved13 June2019.
- ^"North Korea could have fuel for 48 nuclear weapons by 2015".The Daily Telegraph.20 August 2012.Retrieved8 November2012.
- ^"North Korea Unveils Tactical Nuclear Warheads for First Time".
- ^"[영상] '화산-31' 전술핵탄두 전격 공개한 북한…7차 핵실험 임박했나?".March 28, 2023.
- ^"북한, 전술핵탄두 전격 공개…김정은" 무기급 핵물질 확대 "".March 28, 2023.
Bibliography
[edit]- Holloway, David,Stalin and the Bomb,New Haven & London,Yale University Press,1994,ISBN0-300-06056-4.
- Zaloga, Steven J.,The Kremlin's Nuclear SwordWashington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002,ISBN1-58834-007-4.
- Hansen, Chuck.U.S. Nuclear Weapons.Arlington, Texas, Areofax, Inc., 1988.ISBN0-517-56740-7.
- Gibson, James N.Nuclear Weapons of the United States,Altglen, PA, Schiffer Publishing, 1996,ISBN978-0-7643-0063-9.
- Cochran, Thomas, Arkin, William, Hoenig, Milton "Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume I, U.S. Nuclear Forces and Capabilities," Cambridge, Massachusetts, Ballinger Pub. Co., 1984,ISBN0-88410-173-8.
- Hansen, Chuck, "Swords of Armageddon"(CD-ROM & download available). PDF. 2,600 pages, Sunnyvale, California, Chucklea Publications, 1995, 2007.ISBN978-0-9791915-0-3(2nd Ed.)
External links
[edit]- CNS Resources on South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programat theLibrary of CongressWeb Archives (archived 2001-09-27) – indicates that "most international experts conclude that South Africa has completed its nuclear disarmament. South Africa is the first and to date only country to build nuclear weapons and then entirely dismantle its nuclear weapons program."