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List of river systems by length

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TheNileas seen from a cruise boat betweenLuxorandAswaninEgypt

This is alist of the longest rivers on Earth.It includesriver systemsover 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) in length.

Definition of length

There are many factors, such as the identification of the source,[1]the identification or the definition of the mouth, and the scale of measurement[2]of the river length between source and mouth, that determine the precise meaning of "river length". As a result, the length measurements of many rivers are only approximations (see alsocoastline paradox). In particular, there seems to exist disagreement as to whether theNile[3]or theAmazon[4]is the world's longest river. The Nile has traditionally been considered longer, but in 2007 and 2008 some scientists claimed that the Amazon is longer[5][6][7]by measuring the river plus the adjacentParáestuary and the longest connecting tidal canal.[8]Apeer-reviewedarticle published 2009 in theInternational Journal of Digital Earthconcludes that the Nile is longer.[9]

Even when detailed maps are available, the length measurement is not always clear. A river may have multiple channels, oranabranches.The length may depend on whether the center or the edge of the river is measured. It may not be clear how to measure the length through a lake or reservoir. Seasonal and annual changes may alter both rivers and lakes. Other factors that can change the length of a river include cycles of erosion and flooding, dams, levees, andchannelization.In addition, the length ofmeanderscan change significantly over time due to natural or artificialcutoffs,when a new channel cuts across a narrow strip of land, bypassing a large river bend. For example, due to 18 cutoffs created between 1766 and 1885, the length of theMississippi RiverfromCairo, Illinois,toNew Orleans, Louisiana,was reduced by 351 kilometres (218 miles).[10]

These points make it difficult, if not impossible, to get an accurate measurement of the length of a river. The varying accuracy and precision also makes it difficult to make length comparisons between different rivers without a degree of uncertainty.

List of river systems longer than 1,000 km

For most rivers, different sources provide conflicting information on the length of a river system. The information in different sources is between parentheses.

Legend of colors used in main table, by continent
Continentcolor key
Africa Asia Australia Europe North America South America
Rank River Length (km) Length (miles) Drainage area
(km2)
[citation needed] 		Averagedischarge
(m3/s)
[citation needed] 		Outflow Countriesin the drainage basin[citation needed]
1. Nile–White Nile–Kagera–Nyabarongo–Mwogo–Rukarara[n 1] 6,650[3]
(7,088)[9] 		4,130[3]
(4,404)[9] 		3,254,555 2,800 Mediterranean Ethiopia,Eritrea,Sudan,Uganda,Tanzania,Kenya,Rwanda,Burundi,Egypt,Democratic Republic of the Congo,South Sudan
2. Amazon–Ucayali–Tambo–Ene–Mantaro[n 1] 6,400[4]
(6,575)[9] 		3,976[4]
(4,086)[9] 		7,000,000[4] 209,000 Atlantic Ocean Brazil,Peru,Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,Venezuela,Guyana
3. Yangtze–Jinsha–Tongtian–Dangqu
(Chang Jiang) 		6,300
(6,418) 		3,917
(3,988) 		1,800,000 30,166 East China Sea China
4. Mississippi–Missouri–Jefferson–Beaverhead–Red Rock–Hell Roaring 6,275
 3,902
 2,980,000 16,792 Gulf of Mexico United States(98.5%),Canada(1.5%)
5. Yenisey–Angara–Selenga–Ider 5,539
 3,445
 2,580,000 18,050 Kara Sea Russia(97%),Mongolia(2.9%)
6. Yellow River
(Huang He) 		5,464
 3,395
 745,000 2,571 Bohai Sea China
7. Ob–Irtysh 5,410 3,364 2,990,000 12,475 Gulf of Ob Russia,Kazakhstan,China, Mongolia
8. Río de la Plata–Paraná–Rio Grande[12] 4,880
 3,030
 2,582,672 22,000 Río de la Plata Brazil (46.7%),Argentina(27.7%),Paraguay(13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%),Uruguay(3.8%)
9. Congo–Lualaba-Luvua-Luapula-Chambeshi
(Zaïre) 		4,700
 2,922
 3,680,000 41,800 Atlantic Ocean Democratic Republic of the Congo,Central African Republic,Angola,Republic of the Congo,Tanzania,Cameroon,Zambia,Burundi,Rwanda
10. Amur–Argun–Kherlen
(Heilong Jiang) 		4,444 2,763 1,855,000 11,400 Sea of Okhotsk Russia, China, Mongolia
11. Lena 4,400
 2,736
 2,490,000 15,500 Laptev Sea Russia
12. Mekong
(Lancang Jiang) 		4,350 2,705 810,000 16,000 South China Sea China,Myanmar,Laos,Thailand,Cambodia,Vietnam
13. Mackenzie–Slave–Peace–Finlay 4,241
 2,637
 1,790,000 10,300 Beaufort Sea Canada
14. Niger 4,200
 2,611
 2,090,000 5,589 Gulf of Guinea Nigeria(26.6%),Mali(25.6%),Niger(23.6%),Algeria(7.6%),Guinea(4.5%),Cameroon(4.2%),Burkina Faso(3.9%),Côte d'Ivoire,Benin,Chad
15. Brahmaputra–Yarlung Tsangpo 3,969 2,466 712,035 19,800[13][14] Ganges India(58.0%), China (19.7%),Nepal(9.0%),Bangladesh(6.6%), Disputed India/China (4.2%),Bhutan(2.4%)
16. Murray–Darling–Culgoa–Balonne–Condamine 3,672[15] 2,282
 1,061,000 767 Southern Ocean Australia
17. Tocantins–Araguaia 3,650 2,270 950,000 13,598 Atlantic Ocean (Marajó Bay),Amazon Delta Brazil
18. Volga 3,645 2,266 1,380,000 8,080 Caspian Sea Russia
19. Shatt al-Arab–Euphrates–Murat 3,596
 2,236
 884,000 856 Persian Gulf Iraq,Turkey,Syria,Iran
20. Madeira–Mamoré–Grande–Caine–Rocha 3,380 2,100 1,485,200 31,200 Amazon Brazil, Bolivia, Peru
21. Purús 3,211 1,995 63,166 8,400 Amazon Brazil, Peru
22. Yukon 3,185 1,980[10] 850,000 6,210 Bering Sea United States (59.8%), Canada (40.2%)
23. Indus–Sênggê Zangbo 3,180 1,976 960,000 7,160 Arabian Sea Pakistan (93%), India and China
24. São Francisco 3,180*
(2,900) 		1,976*
(1,802) 		610,000 3,300 Atlantic Ocean Brazil
25. Syr Darya–Naryn 3,078 1,913 219,000 703 Aral Sea Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan
26. Salween
(Nu Jiang) 		3,060 1,901 324,000 3,153[16] Andaman Sea China (52.4%), Myanmar (43.9%), Thailand (3.7%)
27. Saint Lawrence–Niagara–Detroit–Saint Clair–Saint Marys–Saint Louis–North(Great Lakes) 3,058 1,900[10] 1,030,000 10,100 Gulf of Saint Lawrence Canada (52.1%), United States (47.9%)
28. Rio Grande 3,057 1,900[10] 570,000 82 Gulf of Mexico United States (52.1%),Mexico(47.9%)
29. Lower Tunguska 2,989 1,857 473,000 3,600 Yenisei Russia
30. Colorado-Green(western U.S.) 2,945 1,830[17] 390,000 1,200 Gulf of California United States, Mexico
31. Danube–Breg(Donau, Dunăre, Duna, Dunav, Dunaj) 2,888* 1,795* 817,000 7,130 Black Sea Romania(28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%),Serbia(10.3%), Germany (7.5%),Slovakia(5.8%),Bulgaria(5.2%),Croatia(4.5%),Ukraine(3.8%)
32. Irrawaddy River–N'Mai River–Dulong River–Kelaoluo–Gada Qu 2,809* 1,745.8* 404,200* 13,000* Andaman Sea China,Myanmar
33. Zambezi
(Zambesi) 		2,740* 1,703* 1,330,000 4,880 Mozambique Channel Zambia(41.6%),Angola(18.4%),Zimbabwe(15.6%),Mozambique(11.8%),Malawi(8.0%),Tanzania(2.0%),Namibia,Botswana
34. Vilyuy 2,720 1,700 454,000 1,480 Lena Russia
35. Padma-Ganges-Alaknanda(Ganga) 2,704[18] 1,690 1,024,000 12,037[19] Bay of Bengal India, Bangladesh, Nepal
36. Amu Darya–Panj 2,620 1,628 534,739 1,400 Aral Sea Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Tajikistan,Afghanistan
37. Japurá(Caquetá) 2,615* 1,625* 242,259 6,000 Amazon Brazil, Colombia
38. Nelson–Saskatchewan–South Saskatchewan–Bow 2,570 1,597 1,093,000 2,575 Hudson Bay Canada, United States
39. Paraguay(Rio Paraguay) 2,549 1,584 900,000 4,300 Paraná Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina
40. Kolyma 2,513 1,562 644,000 3,800 East Siberian Sea Russia
41. Pilcomayo 2,500 1,553 270,000 Paraguay Paraguay,Argentina, Bolivia
42. UpperOb–Katun 2,490 1,547 Ob Russia
43. Ishim 2,450 1,522 177,000 56 Irtysh Kazakhstan, Russia
44. Ural 2,428 1,509 237,000 475 Caspian Sea Russia, Kazakhstan
45. Juruá 2,410 1,498 200,000 6,000 Amazon Peru, Brazil
46. Arkansas 2,348 1,459 505,000
(435,122) 		1,066 Mississippi United States
47. Olenyok 2,292 1,424 219,000 1,210 Laptev Sea Russia
48. Dnieper 2,287 1,421 516,300 1,670 Black Sea Ukraine,Belarus,Russia
49. Aldan 2,273 1,412 729,000 5,060 Lena Russia
50. Ubangi–Uele[20] 2,270 1,410 772,800 4,000 Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo,Central African Republic,Republic of Congo
51. Negro 2,250 1,398 720,114 26,700 Amazon Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia
52. Columbia-Snake 2,250 1,398[21] 415,211 7,500 Pacific Ocean Canada (30%),United States (70%)
53. Pearl–Xi-Xun-Qian-Hongshui-Nanpan 2,200 1,376 437,000 13,600 South China Sea China (98.5%),Vietnam(1.5%)
54. Red (USA) 2,188 1,360 78,592 875 Mississippi United States
55. Kasai 2,153 1,338 880,200 10,000 Congo Angola,Democratic Republic of the Congo
56. Ohio–Allegheny 2,102 1,306 490,603 7,957 Mississippi United States
57. Orinoco 2,101 1,306 1,380,000 33,000 Atlantic Ocean Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana
58. Tarim 2,100 1,305 557,000 Lop Nur China
59. Xingu 2,100 1,305 Amazon Brazil
60. Orange 2,092 1,300 Atlantic Ocean South Africa,Namibia,Botswana,Lesotho
61. Brazos-Double Mountain Fork-North Fork-Blackwater Draw 2,060 1,280[22] Gulf of Mexico United States
62. NorthernSalado 2,010 1,249 Paraná Argentina
63. Vitim 1,978 1,229 Lena Russia
64. Tigris 1,950 1,212 Shatt al-Arab Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran
65. Songhua 1,927 1,197 Amur China
66. Tapajós 1,900 1,181 Amazon Brazil
67. Don 1,870 1,162 425,600 935 Sea of Azov Russia, Ukraine
68. Stony Tunguska 1,865 1,159 240,000 Yenisey Russia
69. Pechora 1,809 1,124 322,000 4,100 Barents Sea Russia
70. Kama 1,805 1,122 507,000 4,100 Volga Russia
71. Limpopo 1,800 1,118 413,000 Indian Ocean Mozambique,Zimbabwe,South Africa,Botswana
72. Chulym 1,799 1,118 134,000 Ob Russia
73. Guaporé(Itenez) 1,749 1,087 Mamoré Brazil, Bolivia
73. Indigirka 1,726 1,072 360,400 1,810 East Siberian Sea Russia
75. Senegal 1,641 1,020 419,659 Atlantic Ocean Guinea,Senegal,Mali,Mauritania
76. Uruguay 1,610 1,000 370,000 4,622[23] Atlantic Ocean Uruguay,Argentina, Brazil
77. Blue Nile 1,600 994 326,400 Nile Ethiopia,Sudan
77. Churchill 1,600 994 Hudson Bay Canada
77. Khatanga–Kotuy 1,600 994 Laptev Sea Russia
77. Okavango(Cubango) 1,600 994 Okavango Delta Namibia,Angola,Botswana
77. Volta 1,600 994 Gulf of Guinea Ghana,Burkina Faso,Togo,Côte d'Ivoire,Benin
82. Beni 1,599 994 283,350 8,900 Madeira Bolivia
83. Platte 1,594 990 Missouri United States
84. Tobol 1,591 989 Irtysh Kazakhstan, Russia
85. Alazeya 1,590 988 64,700 East Siberian Sea Russia
86. Jubba–Shebelle 1,580* 982* Indian Ocean Ethiopia,Somalia
87. Içá(Putumayo) 1,575 979 Amazon Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador
88. Magdalena 1,550 963 263,858 9,000 Caribbean Colombia
89. Han 1,532 952 Yangtze China
90. Kura/Mt'k'vari 1,515 941 188,400 575 Caspian Sea Turkey,Georgia,Azerbaijan
91. Oka 1,500 932 245,000 1,258 Volga Russia
92. UpperMurray 1,500[24] 932
 LowerMurray Australia
93. Guaviare 1,497 930 Orinoco Colombia
94. Pecos 1,490 926 Rio Grande United States
95. Murrumbidgee River 1,485[15] 923 84,917 120 Murray River Australia
96. UpperYenisey–Little Yenisey (Kaa-Hem) 1,480 920 Yenisey Russia, Mongolia
97. Godavari 1,465 910 312,812 3,061 Bay of Bengal India
98. Sutlej 1,450 900 Chenab China, India, Pakistan
99. Colorado(Texas) 1,438 894 Gulf of Mexico United States
100. UpperColumbia[25] 1,430 889[21] 292,316[25] 3,364[26] Columbia United States, Canada
101. UpperTocantins 1,427 887 Tocantins Brazil
102. Belaya 1,420 882 142,000 858 Kama Russia
103. Cooper–Barcoo 1,420 880 Lake Eyre Australia
104. Marañón 1,415 879 Amazon Peru
105. Dniester 1,411 (1,352) 877 (840) 72,100 310 Black Sea Ukraine,Moldova
106. Benue 1,400 870 Niger Cameroon,Nigeria
107. Chari 1,400[27] 870 Lake Chad Chad,Cameroon,Niger,Nigeria
108. Ili(Yili) 1,400 870 Lake Balkhash China, Kazakhstan
109. Warburton–Georgina 1,400 870 365,000 Lake Eyre Australia
110. Yamuna 1,370 851 366,223 2,950 Ganges India
111. Vyatka 1,370 851 129,000 890 Kama Russia
112. Fraser 1,368 850 220,000 3,475 Pacific Ocean Canada, United States[28]
114. Grande 1,360 845 Paraná Brazil
115. Liao-Xiliao-Laoha 1,345 836 Bohai Sea China
116. Lachlan River 1,339[15] 832 84,700 49 Murrumbidgee River Australia
117. Narmada 1,333[29] 815 98,796 1,447 Arabian Sea India
118. Yalong 1,323 822 Yangtze China
119. Iguaçu 1,320 820 Paraná Brazil, Argentina
120. Olyokma 1,320 820 Lena Russia
121. Northern Dvina–Sukhona 1,302 809 357,052 3,332 White Sea Russia
122. Krishna 1,300 808 Bay of Bengal India
123. Iriri 1,300 808 Xingu Brazil
124. Lomami[30] 1,280 795 Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo
125. Ottawa 1,271 790 146,300 1,950 Saint Lawrence Canada
126. Rio Grande de Santiago-Lerma 1,270 789 119,543 Pacific Ocean Mexico
128. Elbe–Vltava 1,252 778 148,268 711 North Sea Germany,Czech Republic
128. Zeya 1,242 772 Amur Russia
129. Juruena 1,240 771 Tapajós Brazil
130. UpperMississippi 1,236 768 Mississippi United States
129. Rhine 1,233 768 185,000[31] 2,330 North Sea Germany (57.3%), Switzerland (15.1%), Netherlands (12.3%), France (12.2%),Luxembourg(1.4%), Austria (1.3%), Belgium (0.4%),Liechtenstein(0.1%), Italy (0.03%)
130. Athabasca 1,231 765 95,300 Mackenzie Canada
131. Canadian 1,223 760 Arkansas United States
132. North Saskatchewan 1,220 758 Saskatchewan Canada
133. Vistula–Narew-Bug 1,213 754 194,424 1,080 Baltic Sea Poland, Belarus, Ukraine
134. Vaal 1,210 752 Orange South Africa
135. Shire 1,200 746 Zambezi Mozambique,Malawi
135. Ogooué (or Ogowe) 1,200 746 223,856 4,706 Atlantic Ocean Gabon,Republic of the Congo
137. Nen
(Nonni) 		1,190 739 Songhua China
138. Kızıl River 1,182 734 115,000 400 Black Sea Turkey
139. Markha 1,181 734 99,000 405 Vilyuy Russia
140. Milk 1,173 729

Missouri

United States, Canada
141. Mun-Chi 1,162 722 Mekong River Thailand
141. White 1,162 722[32] Mississippi United States
143. Chindwin 1,158 720 Ayeyarwady Myanmar
144. Sankuru 1,150 715 Kasai Democratic Republic of the Congo
144. Wu 1,150 715 80,300 1,108 Yangtze China
146. Red (Asia) 1,149 714 143,700 2,640 Gulf of Tonkin China, Vietnam
147. James (Dakotas) 1,143 710 Missouri United States
147. Kapuas 1,143 710 98,749 6,507 Natuna Sea Indonesia
149. Desna 1,130 702 88,900 360 Dnieper Russia,Belarus,Ukraine
149. Helmand 1,130 702 Hamun-i-Helmand Afghanistan,Iran
149. Madre de Dios 1,130 702 125,000 4,915 Beni Peru, Bolivia
149. Tietê 1,130 702 Paraná Brazil
149. Vychegda 1,130 702 121,000 1160 Northern Dvina Russia
154. Sepik 1,126 700 77,700 Pacific Ocean Papua New Guinea,Indonesia
155. Cimarron 1,123 698 Arkansas United States
156. Anadyr 1,120 696 Gulf of Anadyr Russia
156. Paraíba do Sul 1,120 696 Atlantic Ocean Brazil
158. Jialing River 1,119 695 Yangtze China
159. Liard 1,115 693 Mackenzie Canada
160. Mamberamo River 1,112 691 78,992 5,923 Pacific Ocean Indonesia
161. Cumberland 1,105 687 46,830 862 Mississippi United States
162. Huallaga 1,100 684 Marañón Peru
162. Kwango 1,100 684 263,500 2,700 Kasai Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo
162. Draa 1,100 684 Atlantic Ocean Morocco
165. Gambia 1,094 680 Atlantic Ocean The Gambia,Senegal,Guinea
166. Tyung 1,092 679 49,800 Vilyuy Russia
167. Barito River 1,090 680 81,675 5,497 Java Sea Indonesia
168. Chenab 1,086 675 Indus India, Pakistan
169. Yellowstone 1,080 671 114,260 Missouri United States
169. Ghaghara 1,080 671 127,950 2,990 Ganges India, Nepal, China
171. Huai River 1,078 670 270,000 1,110 Yangtze China
172. Aras 1,072 665 102,000 285 Kura Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran
173. Chu 1,067 663 62,500 none Kyrgyzstan,Kazakhstan
174. Seversky Donets 1,053 (1,078) 654 (670) 98,900 159 Don Russia, Ukraine
175. Bermejo 1,050 652 Paraguay Argentina, Bolivia
175. Fly 1,050 652 Gulf of Papua Papua New Guinea,Indonesia
175. Kuskokwim 1,050 652 Bering Sea United States
178. Tennessee 1,049 652 Ohio United States
179. Oder–Warta 1,045 649 118,861 550 Baltic Sea Poland, Germany, Czech Republic
180. Aruwimi[30] 1,030 640 Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo
181. Chambal 1,024 636 Yamuna India
182. Daugava 1,020 634 87,900 678 Gulf of Riga Latvia,Belarus,Russia
183. Gila 1,015 631 Colorado(western U.S.) United States
184. Loire 1,012 629 115,271 840 Atlantic Ocean France
185. Essequibo 1,010 628 Atlantic Ocean Guyana
185. Khopyor 1,010 628 61,100 150 Don Russia
187. Tagus
(Tajo/Tejo) 		1,006 625 80,100 444 Atlantic Ocean Spain, Portugal
188. Flinders River 1,004[15] 624 109,000 122 Gulf of Carpentaria Australia

Notes

  • When the length of a river is followed by an asterisk, it is an average of multiple information sources. If the difference in lengths between given information sources is significant, all lengths are listed. But if the lengths from secondary information sources are similar, they are averaged and that figure has an asterisk.
  • Scientists debate whether the Amazon or the Nile is the longest river in the world. Traditionally, the Nile is considered longer, but recent information suggests that the Amazon may be longer. Differences in the recorded length of the Amazon mainly depend on whether the course south of theIlha de Marajóat the Amazon's mouth is to be treated as part of the Amazon, or as part of the separateTocantins River.New evidence,(dated 16 June 2007) obtained from a high-altitude scientific venture in theAndes,claims that "the Amazon is longer than the Nile by 100 km, with its longestheadwaterbeing the Carhuasanta stream originating in the south of Peru on theNevado Mismimountain's northern slopes and flowing into theRío Apurímac".[33]However, the origin of the river at Nevado Mismi had already been known more than one decade earlier (seeJacek Palkiewicz), and satellite based measuring from this origin to the Amazon mouth has resulted in not more than 6,400 km.
  • Generally, the most commonly used/anglicised name of the river is used. The name in a native language or alternate spelling may be shown.
The Mississippi River just north ofSt. Louis
Saint Lawrence River along the New York-Quebec border

River systems that may have existed in the past

Amazon–Congo

TheAmazon basinformerly drained westwards into the Pacific Ocean, until theAndesrose and reversed the drainage.[34]

TheCongobasin is completely surrounded by high land, except for its long narrow exit valley pastKinshasa,includingwaterfallsaroundManyanga.That gives the impression that most of the Congo basin was formerly on a much higher land level and that the Congo River wasrejuvenatedby much of its lower course being removed, likeliest when Africa split from South America whenGondwanalandbroke up due tocontinental drift,and before that, the Congo would likely have flowed into the Amazon,[34]producing a river around 6000 miles or 10,000 km long.

West Siberian Glacial Lake drainage

Main article:West Siberian Glacial Lake

This river would have been about 10,000 km (6,200 mi) long, in thelast ice age.Its longest headwater was theSelengariver ofMongolia:it drained through ice-dammed lakes and theAral Seaand theCaspian Seato theBlack Sea.

Lobourg

During the lastglacial maximum,much of what is now the southern part of theNorth Seawas land, known to archaeologists asDoggerland.At this time, theThames,theMeuse,theScheldt,and theRhineprobably joined before flowing into the sea, in a system known bypalaeogeographersas theLoubourg or Lobourg River System.[35]There is some debate as to whether this river would have flowed southwest into what is now theEnglish Channel,or flowed north, emerging into the North Sea close to modernYorkshire.If the latter hypothesis is true, the Rhine would have attained a length of close to 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi). The former hypothesis would have produced a shorter river, some 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) in length. Current scientific research favours the former opinion, with the Thames and Rhine meeting in a large lake, the outflow of which was close to the present-dayStraits of Dover.[36]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ^abThe Nile is usually said to be the longest river in the world, with a length of about 6,650 km,[3]and the Amazon the second longest, with a length of at least 6,400 km.[4]In 2007 and 2008, some scientists claimed that the Amazon has a length of 6,992 km and was longer than the Nile, whose length was calculated as 6,853 km.[6][11][7]They achieved this result by adding the waterway from the Amazon's southern outlet through tidal canals and the Pará estuary of the Tocantins.[citation needed]The dispute is: "Is the channel south of Isla de Marajó to be treated as part of the Amazon, or as part of the Rio Tocantins?"[citation needed] Apeer-reviewedarticle, published in 2009, states a length of 7,088 km for the Nile and 6,575 km for the Amazon, measured by using a combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions.[9] According to theEncyclopædia Britannica,as of 2020, the length of the Amazon remains open to interpretation and continued debate.[4][8] Note that disputed values have been put in parentheses.
References
  1. ^"Where Does the Amazon River Begin?".National Geographic News.2014-02-15. Archived fromthe originalon February 15, 2014.Retrieved2018-12-25.
  2. ^for more on this, seecoastline paradox
  3. ^abcd"Nile River".Encyclopædia Britannica.2020.Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2017.Retrieved8 December2020.
  4. ^abcdef"Amazon River".Encyclopædia Britannica.2020.Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2020.Retrieved8 December2020.
  5. ^Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists SayArchived15 August 2012 at theWayback Machine
  6. ^ab"Amazon river 'longer than Nile'".BBC News. 16 June 2007.Archivedfrom the original on 26 September 2010.Retrieved3 August2010.
  7. ^ab"Studies from INPE indicate that the Amazon River is 140km longer than the Nile".Brazilian National Institute for Space Research. Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2011.Retrieved3 August2010.
  8. ^ab"How Long Is the Amazon River?".Encyclopedia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-12-24.Retrieved2018-12-24.
  9. ^abcdefLiu, Shao giường; Lu, P; Liu, D; Jin, P; Wang, W (2009-03-01)."Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world".Int. J. Digital Earth.2(1): 80–87.Bibcode:2009IJDE....2...80L.doi:10.1080/17538940902746082.S2CID27548511.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-12-23.Retrieved2018-12-24.
  10. ^abcdJ.C. Kammerer (1 September 2005)."Largest Rivers in the United States".US Geological Survey.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2020.Retrieved25 January2015.
  11. ^Roach, John (18 June 2007)."Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say".National Geographic. Archived fromthe originalon August 22, 2007.Retrieved4 March2015.
  12. ^"Río de la Plata".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2015.Retrieved11 August2010.
  13. ^"Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers".Xinhua News Agency.22 August 2011. Archived fromthe originalon December 30, 2013.Retrieved8 September2015.
  14. ^"Brahmaputra River".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-04-26.Retrieved2017-04-11.
  15. ^abcd"Longest Rivers".Geoscience Australia. 15 May 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 5 September 2015.Retrieved9 February2021.
  16. ^Syvitski, James P. M., Vörösmarty, Charles J., Kettner, Albert J., Green, Pamela (2005)."Impact of Humans on the Flux of Terrestrial Sediment to the Global Coastal Ocean".Science.308(5720): 376–80.Bibcode:2005Sci...308..376S.doi:10.1126/science.1109454.PMID15831750.S2CID11382265.Archived fromthe originalon 2006-09-19.Retrieved2006-02-27.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^"The Mighty Colorado River – Once Known as Merely Grand".Colorado LegiSource.2021-05-06.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  18. ^Parua, Pranab Kumar (3 January 2010).The Ganga: water use in the Indian subcontinent.Springer. p. 272.ISBN978-90-481-3102-0.Retrieved17 May2011.
  19. ^"Ganges–Farakka".Archivedfrom the original on 2018-03-10.Retrieved2007-03-27.
  20. ^Bossche, J.P. vanden; G. M. Bernacsek (1990).Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 338.ISBN978-92-5-102983-1.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-11-10.Retrieved2016-10-28.
  21. ^ab"The Columbia River and Its Tributaries".USGS Volcanoes.Retrieved2024-02-17.
  22. ^Kammerer, J.C. (1987)."Largest Rivers in the United States".United States Geological Survey.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-05-13.Retrieved2006-07-15.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
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  31. ^If the Meuse is considered a tributary, the Rhine basin is 218,300 km2.
  32. ^Rogers, Aaron W."White River - Encyclopedia of Arkansas".encyclope điểu farkansas.net.Archivedfrom the original on 27 October 2018.Retrieved27 October2018.
  33. ^Daily Telegraph,Monday 18 June 2007, page 18
  34. ^ab"Amazon river flowed into the Pacific millions of years ago".mongabay. 24 October 2006.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-12-12.Retrieved2017-12-11.
  35. ^Vaikmäe, R., Edmunds, W. M., and Manzano, M., (2001) "Weichselian palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment in Europe: Background for palaeogroundwater formationArchived2023-12-21 at theWayback Machine",in" Palaeowaters in Coastal Europe: Evolution of Groundwater Since the Late Pleistocene "(W. M. Edmunds and C. J. Milne (eds)). London:The Geological Society. p. 177
  36. ^Bridgland, D. R., and D'Olier, B. (1995) "The Pleistocene evolution of the Thames and Rhine drainage systems in the southern North Sea Basin (abstract)Archived2022-06-27 at theWayback Machine",Geological Society, London,Special Publications,v. 96, p. 27–45, in Lyell Collection. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
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