List of vegetable oils
Plant oils |
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Types |
Uses |
Components |
Vegetable oilsaretriglyceridesextracted fromplants.Some of these oils have been part of human culture for millennia.[1]Edible vegetable oils are used in food, both incookingand assupplements.Many oils, edible and otherwise, are burned as fuel, such as inoil lampsand as a substitute forpetroleum-based fuels. Some of the many other uses includewood finishing,oil painting,andskin care.
Definition
[edit]The term "vegetable oil" can be narrowly defined as referring only to substances that are liquid at room temperature,[2]or broadly defined without regard to a substance'sstate(liquid or solid) at a given temperature.[3]While a large majority of the entries in this list fit the narrower of these definitions, some do not qualify as vegetable oils according to all understandings of the term.
Classification
[edit]Vegetable oils can be classified in several ways. For instance, by their use or by the method used to extract them. In this article, vegetable oils are grouped in common classes of use.
Extraction method
[edit]There are severaltypes of plant oils,distinguished by the method used to extract the oil from the plant. The relevant part of the plant may be placed under pressure to extract theoil,giving anexpressed(or pressed) oil. The oils included in this list are of this type. Oils may also be extracted from plants bydissolvingparts of plants in water or anothersolvent.The solution may be separated from the plant material and concentrated, giving an extracted orleachedoil. The mixture may also be separated bydistillingthe oil away from the plant material. Oils extracted by this latter method are calledessential oils.Essential oils often have different properties and uses than pressed or leached vegetable oils. Finally,macerated oilsare made by infusing parts of plants in a base oil, a process calledliquid–liquid extraction.
Sources and Uses
[edit]Most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from thefruitsorseedsof plants. For instance,palm oilis extracted from palm fruits, whilesoybean oilis extracted from soybean seeds. Vegetable oils may also be classified by grouping oils extracted from similar plants, such as "nut oils".
Although most plants contain some oil, only the oil from certain major oil crops[4]complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops[5]is widely used and traded.
Use
[edit]Oils from plants are used for several different purposes. Edible vegetable oils may be used forcooking,or asfood additives.Many vegetable oils, edible and otherwise, are burned asfuel,for instance as a substitute forpetroleum-based fuels. Some may be also used forcosmetics,medical purposes,wood finishing,oil paintingand other industrial purposes.
Edible oils
[edit]Major oils
[edit]These oils make up a significant fraction of worldwide edible oil production. All are also used asfuel oils.
- Coconut oil,a cooking oil, with medical and industrial applications as well. Extracted from the kernel or meat of the fruit of thecoconut palm.Common in the tropics, and unusual in composition, withmedium chain fatty acidsdominant.[6]
- Corn oil,one of the principal oils sold assaladandcooking oil.[7]
- Cottonseed oil,used as a salad and cooking oil, both domestically and industrially.[8]
- Olive oil,used in cooking, cosmetics,soaps,and as a fuel for traditionaloil lamps.
- Palm oil,the most widely producedtropicaloil.[9]Popular inWest AfricanandBraziliancuisine.[10]Also used to makebiofuel.[11]
- Peanut oil(Ground nut oil), a clear oil with some applications as asalad dressing,and, due to its highsmoke point,especially used forfrying.[12]
- Rapeseed oil,including Canola oil, the most sold cooking oil all around the world; used as a salad and cooking oil, both domestically and industrially.[8]Also used in fuel industry as bio-fuel.
- Safflower oil,until the 1960s used in thepaintindustry, now mostly as a cooking oil.[13]
- Sesame oil,cold pressed as light cooking oil, hot pressed for a darker and stronger flavor.[14]
- Soybean oil,produced as a byproduct of processing soy meal.[15]
- Sunflower oil,a common cooking oil, also used to makebiodiesel.[16]
Nut oils
[edit]Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for theirflavor.Most are quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.
- Almond oil,used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture ofcosmetics.[17]
- Beechnut oil, fromFagus sylvaticanuts, is a well-regarded edible oil in Europe, used for salads and cooking.[18]
- Brazil nutoil contains 75%unsaturated fatty acidscomposed mainly ofoleicandlinolenic acids,as well as thephytosterol,beta-sitosterol,[19]and fat-solublevitamin E.[20]Extra virgin oil can be obtained during the first pressing of the nuts, possibly for use as a substitute forolive oildue to its mild, pleasant flavor.
- Cashew oil,somewhat comparable toolive oil.May have value for fightingdental cavities.[21]
- Jamaican cobnut oil,a sweet, fine-flavored oil[22][23]pressed from the seeds ofOmphalea triandrain the tropical Americas. It is also reported to be used as a lubricant.[24]
- Hazelnut oil,mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slightastringentnature.[25]
- Macadamia oil,with a mild nutty flavor and a highsmoke point.[26]
- Mongongo nutoil (ormanketti oil), from the seeds of theSchinziophyton rautanenii,a tree which grows inSouth Africa.High invitamin E.Also used in skin care.[27]
- Pecan oil,valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.[28]
- Pine nut oil,sold as a gourmet cooking oil,[29][30]and of potential medicinal interest as an appetite suppressant.[31]
- Pistachio oil,a strongly flavored oil with a distinctive green color.[26]
- Walnut oil,used for its flavor,[26]also used byRenaissancepainters inoil paints.[32][33]
- Pumpkin seed oil[34]
Citrus oils
[edit]A number ofcitrusplants yield pressed oils. Some, such as lemon and orange oil, are used asessential oils,which is uncommon for pressed oils.[note 1][35]The seeds of many if not most members of the citrus family yield usable oils.[35][36][37][38]
- Grapefruit seed oil,extracted from the seeds ofgrapefruit(Citrus × paradisi). Grapefruit seed oil was extracted experimentally in 1930 and was shown to be suitable for making soap.[39]
- Lemon oil,similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils.[40]Used as a flavoring agent[41]and in aromatherapy.[42]
- Orange oil,like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled.[43]Consists of 90% d-Limonene.Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.[44]
Oils from melon and gourd seeds
[edit]Members of theCucurbitaceaeincludegourds,melons,pumpkins,andsquashes.Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content, but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil. In most cases, the plants are grown as food, with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food.[45]
- Bitter gourd oil, from the seeds ofMomordica charantia.High inα-Eleostearic acid.Of current research interest for its potential anti-carcinogenic properties.[46]
- Bottle gourd oil, extracted from the seeds of theLagenaria siceraria,widely grown intropical regions.Used as an edible oil.[47]
- Buffalo gourd oil,from the seeds of theCucurbita foetidissima,avinewith a rank odor, native to southwestNorth America.[48]
- Butternut squash seed oil, from the seeds ofCucurbita moschata,has a nutty flavor that is used for salad dressings, marinades, and sautéeing.[49]
- Egusi[note 2]seed oil, from the seeds ofMelothria sphaerocarpa(syn.Cucumeropsis mannii), is particularly rich inlinoleic acid.[50]
- Pumpkin seed oil,a specialty cooking oil, produced inAustria,SloveniaandCroatia.Used mostly in salad dressings.[51]
- Watermelon seed oil,pressed from the seeds ofCitrullus vulgaris.Traditionally used in cooking inWest Africa.[52][53]
Food supplements
[edit]A number of oils are used asfood supplements(or "nutraceuticals"), for their nutrient content or purported medicinal effect.Borage seed oil,blackcurrant seed oil,andevening primrose oilall have a significant amount ofgamma-Linolenic acid(GLA) (about 23%, 15–20% and 7–10%, respectively), and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers.
- Açaí oil,from the fruit of severalspeciesof theAçaí palm(Euterpe) grown in theAmazonregion.[54][55]
- Black seed oil,pressed fromNigella sativaseeds, has a long history of medicinal use, including inancient Greek,Asian,andIslamic medicine,as well as being a topic of current medical research.[56][57][58]
- Blackcurrant seed oil,from the seeds ofRibes nigrum,used as a food supplement. High in gamma-Linolenic,Omega -3andOmega -6 fatty acids.[59]
- Borage seed oil,from the seeds ofBorago officinalis.[59]
- Evening primrose oil,from the seeds ofOenothera biennis,[60]the most important plant source of gamma-Linolenic acid, particularly because it does not containAlpha -Linolenic acid.[59][61]
- Flaxseed oil(calledlinseed oilwhen used as adrying oil), from the seeds ofLinum usitatissimum.High in Omega -3 andlignans,which can be used medicinally. A good dietary equivalent tofish oil.[62]Easily turnsrancid.[63]
Other edible oils
[edit]- Amaranth oil,from the seeds of grainamaranthspecies, includingAmaranthus cruentusandAmaranthus hypochondriacus,high insqualeneandunsaturatedfatty acids.[64]
- Apricot oil,similar toalmond oil,which it resembles. Used in cosmetics.[65]
- Apple seed oil,high inlinoleic acid.[66]
- Argan oil,from the seeds of theArgania spinosa,is a food oil fromMorocco[67]developed through a women's cooperative founded in the 1990s,[note 3]that has also attracted recent attention inEurope.
- Avocado oil,an edible oil[68]used primarily in thecosmeticsandpharmaceuticalindustries.[69][70]Unusually highsmoke pointof 510 °F (266 °C).[71]
- Babassu oil,from the seeds of theAttalea speciosa,is similar to, and used as a substitute for,coconut oil.[72]
- Ben oil,extracted from the seeds of theMoringa oleifera.High inbehenic acid.Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable forbiofuel.[citation needed]
- Borneo tallow nut oil,extracted from the fruit of species of genusShorea.Used as a substitute forcocoa butter,and to make soap, candles, cosmetics and medicines in places where the tree is common.[73]
- Cape chestnutoil, also called yangu oil, is a popular oil in Africa for skin care.[74]
- Carob pod oil(Algaroba oil), fromcarob,with an exceptionally highessential fatty acidcontent.[75][76]
- Cocoa butter,from thecacaoplant, is used in the manufacture ofchocolate,as well as in some ointments and cosmetics; sometimes known as theobroma oil[77]
- Cocklebur oil,from species of genusXanthium,with similar properties topoppyseed oil,similar in taste and smell tosunflower oil.[78][79]
- Cohune oil,from theAttalea cohune(cohune palm) used as a lubricant, for cooking, soapmaking and as a lamp oil.[80]
- Coriander seed oil, fromcorianderseeds, used in a wide variety of flavoring applications, includingginandseasoningblends.[81]Recent research has shown promise for use in killing food-borne bacteria, such asE. coli.[82]
- Date seed oil, extracted fromdatepits.[83]Its low extraction rate and lack of other distinguishing characteristics make it an unlikely candidate for major use.[84]
- Dika oil, fromIrvingia gabonensisseeds, native toWest Africa.Used to makemargarine,soapandpharmaceuticals,where is it being examined as a tablet lubricant. Largely underdeveloped.[85][86]
- False flax oilmade of the seeds ofCamelina sativa.One of the earliest oil crops, dating back to the 6th millennium B.C.[87]Produced in modern times inCentralandEastern Europe;fell out of production in the 1940s.[88]Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.[89]
- Grape seed oil,a cooking and salad oil, also sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor.[90]
- Hemp oil,a high quality food oil[91]also used to make paints, varnishes, resins and soft soaps.[92]
- Kapok seed oil,from the seeds ofCeiba pentandra,used as an edible oil, and in soap production.[93]
- Kenaf seed oil,from the seeds ofHibiscus cannabinus.An edible oil similar tocottonseed oil,with a long history of use.[94][95]
- Lallemantia oil,from the seeds ofLallemantia iberica,discovered atarchaeological sitesin northern Greece.[96]
- Mafura oil, extracted from the seeds ofTrichilia emetica.Used as an edible oil inEthiopia.Mafura butter, extracted as part of the same process when extracting the oil, is not edible, and is used in soap and candle making, as a body ointment, as fuel, and medicinally.[97]
- Marula oil,extracted from the kernel ofSclerocarya birrea.Used as an edible oil with a light, nutty flavor. Also used in soaps.Fatty acidcomposition is similar to that ofolive oil.[98][99]
- Meadowfoam seed oil,highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chainfatty acids.Competes withrapeseed oilfor industrial applications.[100]
- Mustard oil(pressed), used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as amassageoil.[101]
- Niger seed oilis obtained from the edible seeds of the Niger plant, which belongs to the genusGuizotiaof the familyAsteraceae.The botanical name of the plant isGuizotia abyssinica.Cultivation for the plant originated in theEthiopian highlands,and has since spread fromMalawitoIndia.[102]
- Nutmeg butter,extracted byexpressionfrom the fruit ofcogenersof genusMyristica.Nutmeg butter has a large amount oftrimyristin.Nutmeg oil, by contrast, is anessential oil,extracted bysteam distillation.[103]
- Okra seed oil,fromAbelmoschus esculentus.Composed predominantly ofoleicandlinoleic acids.[104]The greenish yellow edible oil has a pleasant taste and odor.[105]
- Papayaseed oil, high in Omega -3 and Omega -6, similar in composition to olive oil.[106]Not to be confused with papaya oil produced bymaceration.[107]
- Perilla seed oil,high inOmega -3 fatty acids.Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes in Asianherbal medicine,in skin care products and as a drying oil.[108][109]
- Persimmon seed oil, extracted from the seeds ofDiospyros virginiana.Dark, reddish-brown color, similar in taste toolive oil.Nearly equal content ofoleicandlinoleic acids.[110]
- Pequi oil,extracted from the seeds ofCaryocar brasiliense.Used inBrazilas a highly prized cooking oil.[111]
- Pili nut oil, extracted from the seeds ofCanarium ovatum.Used in the Philippines as an edible oil, as well as for a lamp oil.[112]
- Pomegranate seed oil, fromPunica granatumseeds, is very high inpunicic acid(which takes its name from pomegranates). A topic of current medical research for treating and preventingcancer.[113][114]
- Poppyseed oil,long used for cooking, in paints,varnishes,andsoaps.[115][116][117][118]
- Pracaxi oil,extracted from the seeds ofPentaclethra macroloba.Similar to peanut oil, but has a high concentration ofbehenic acid(19%).[119]
- Prune kernel oil,marketed as a gourmet cooking oil[120][121]Similar in composition to peach kernel oil.[122]
- Quinoa oil,similar in composition and use tocorn oil.[123]
- Ramtil oil,pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genusGuizotia abyssinica(Niger pea) inIndiaandEthiopia.[124][125]
- Rice bran oilis a highly stable cooking and salad oil, suitable for high-temperature cooking.[71][126]It also has potential as a biofuel.[127]
- Royle oil, pressed from the seeds ofPrinsepia utilis,a wild, edible oil shrub that grows in the higherHimalayas.Used medicinally inNepal.[128]
- Sacha inchi oil,from thePeruvianAmazon.High inbehenic,Omega -3andOmega -6 fatty acids.[129][130]
- Sapote oil,used as a cooking oil inGuatemala.[131]
- Seje oil, from the seeds ofJessenia bataua.Used inSouth Americaas an edible oil, similar toolive oil,as well as forsoapsand in thecosmeticsindustry.[132]
- Shea butter,much of which is produced by African women. Used primarily in skin care products and as a substitute forcocoa butterinconfectionsandcosmetics.[133][134]
- Taramira oil,from the seeds of the arugula (Eruca sativa), grown inWest AsiaandNorthern India.Used as a (pungent) edible oil after aging to remove acridity.[135][136]
- Tea seed oil(Camellia oil), widely used in southernChinaas a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps,hair oilsand a variety of other products.[137][138]
- Thistle oil, pressed from the seeds ofSilybum marianum.[139]A good potential source of specialfatty acids,carotenoids,tocopherols,phenolcompounds and natural anti-oxidants,[140]as well as for generally improving the nutritional value of foods.[141]
- Tigernut oil(or nut-sedge oil) is pressed from the tuber ofCyperus esculentus.It has properties similar to soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oils.[142]It is used in cooking and making soap[143]and has potential as a biodiesel fuel.[142]
- Tobacco seed oil, from the seeds ofNicotiana tabacumand otherNicotianaspecies. Edible if purified.[144]
- Tomato seed oilis a potentially valuable by-product, as a cooking oil, from the waste seeds generated from processing tomatoes.[145]
- Wheat germ oil,used nutritionally and in cosmetic preparations, high invitamin Eandoctacosanol.[146]
Oils used for biofuel
[edit]A number of oils are used forbiofuel(biodieselandStraight Vegetable Oil) in addition to having other uses. Other oils are used only as biofuel.[note 4][147]
Althoughdiesel engineswere invented, in part, withvegetable oilin mind,[148]diesel fuel is almost exclusivelypetroleum-based. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:
- Suitability as a fuel, based onflash point,energy content,viscosity,combustion productsand other factors
- Cost, based in part onyield,effort required to grow andharvest,andpost-harvest processingcost
Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel
[edit]The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes – all buttung oilare edible – but have been considered for use as biofuel.
- Castor oil,lower cost than many candidates. Kinematicviscositymay be an issue.[149]
- Coconut oil(copraoil), promising for local use in places that produce coconuts.[150]
- Colza oil,fromBrassica rapa,var. oleifera(turnip) is closely related torapeseed(orcanola) oil. It is a major source of biodiesel in Germany.[151]
- Corn oil,appealing because of the abundance ofmaizeas a crop.
- Cottonseed oil,the subject of study for cost-effectiveness as a biodiesel feedstock.[152][153]
- False flax oil,fromCamelina sativa,used in Europe inoil lampsuntil the 18th century.[89]
- Hemp oil,relatively low in emissions. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association withmarijuana.[154][155]
- Mustard oil,shown to be comparable toCanola oilas a biofuel.[156]
- Palm oil,very popular for biofuel, but the environmental impact from growing large quantities ofoil palmshas recently called the use of palm oil into question.[157]
- Peanut oil,used in one of the first demonstrations of theDiesel enginein 1900.[148]
- Radish oil.Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel.[158]
- Rapeseed oil,the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production.[147]
- Ramtil oil,used for lighting inIndia.[159]
- Rice bran oil,appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils. Widely grown in Asia.[160]
- Safflower oil,explored recently as a biofuel inMontana.[161]
- Salicornia oil,from the seeds ofSalicornia bigelovii,ahalophyte(salt-loving plant)nativetoMexico.[162]
- Soybean oil,not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses.[147]
- Sunflower oil,suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective.[163]
- Tigernut oilhas been described by researchers in China as having "great potential as a biodiesel fuel."[142]
- Tung oil,referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel.[164]Several factories in China produce biodiesel from tung oil.[165]
Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel
[edit]These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.[note 5]These, plus themajor oilsdescribed above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.
- Copaiba,anoleoresintapped from species ofgenusCopaifera.Used inBrazilas a cosmetic product and a major source ofbiodiesel.[166]
- Jatropha oil,widely used inIndiaas a fuel oil. Has attracted strong proponents for use as abiofuel.[167][168]
- Jojoba oil,from theSimmondsia chinensis,a desert shrub.[169]
- Milk bush,popularized bychemistMelvin Calvinin the 1950s. Researched in the 1980s byPetrobras,theBraziliannational petroleum company.[170]
- Nahor oil, pressed from the kernels ofMesua ferrea,is used inIndiaas alamp oil.[171]
- Paradise oil,from the seeds ofSimarouba glauca,has received interest in India as a feed stock for biodiesel.[172]
- Petroleum nut oil, from the Petroleum nut (Pittosporum resiniferum) native to thePhilippines.The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel.[173]
- Pongamia oil(also known as Honge oil), extracted fromMillettia pinnataand pioneered as a biofuel by Udipi Shrinivasa inBangalore,India.[174][175]
Drying oils
[edit]Drying oilsarevegetable oilsthat dry to a hard finish at normal room temperature. Such oils are used as the basis ofoil paints,and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here,walnut,sunflowerandsafflower oilare also considered to be drying oils.[176]
- Dammar oil, from theCanarium strictum,used inpaintas anoil drying agent.[177]Can also be used as alamp oil.[178]
- Linseed oil's properties as a polymer make it highly suitable for wood finishing, for use in oil paints, as a plasticizer and hardener in putty and in making linoleum.[179]When used in food or medicinally, linseed oil is called flaxseed oil.
- Poppyseed oil,similar in usage tolinseed oilbut with better color stability.[176]
- Stillingia oil(also calledChinese vegetable tallow oil), obtained by solvent from the seeds ofSapium sebiferum.Used as adrying agentinpaintsandvarnishes.[180][181]
- Tung oil,used as an industrial lubricant and highly effective drying agent. Also used as a substitute forlinseed oil.[182]
- Vernonia oilis produced from the seeds of theVernonia galamensis.It is composed of 73–80%vernolic acid,which can be used to makeepoxiesfor manufacturingadhesives,varnishesandpaints,and industrial coatings.[183]
Other oils
[edit]A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.
- Amur cork tree fruit oil,pressed from the fruit of thePhellodendron amurense.It has been studied forinsecticidaluse.[184][185]
- Artichoke oil,extracted from the seeds of the artichoke fruit, is an unsaturated semi-drying oil with potential applications in makingsoap,shampoo,alkydresinandshoe polish.[186]
- Astrocaryum murumurubutter is employed in lotions, creams, soaps hair conditioners, facial masks, shampoo, oils and emulsions, skin moisturizer, products for the nutrition of the hair and restore damaged hair, depilatory waxes.[187]
- Balanos oil,pressed from the seeds ofBalanites aegyptiaca,was used in ancientEgyptas the base forperfumes.[citation needed]
- Bladderpod oil,pressed from the seeds ofPhysaria fendleri,native toNorth America.Rich inlesquerolic acid,which is chemically similar to thericinoleic acidfound incastor oil.Many industrial uses. Possible substitute for castor oil as it requires much less moisture thancastor beans.[188]
- Brucea javanica oil, extracted from the seeds of theBrucea javanica.The oil has been shown to be effective in treating certain cancers.[189][190]
- Burdock oil(Bur oil) extracted from therootof theburdock.Used as an herbal remedy for scalp conditions.[191]
- Buriti oil,extracted from theMauritia flexuosafruit, is high incarotenoidsand monounsaturated fatty acids, and of consequent nutritional interest. It is also used in the cosmetics industry.[192]
- Candlenut oil(Kukui nut oil), produced inHawai'i,used primarily for skin care products.[193]
- Carrot seed oil(pressed), fromcarrotseeds, used in skin care products.[note 6][194]
- Castor oil,with many industrial and medicinal uses.Castor beansare also a source of thetoxinricin.[147]
- Chaulmoogra oil,from the seeds ofHydnocarpus wightiana,used for many centuries, internally and externally, to treatleprosy.[195]Also used to treat secondarysyphilis,rheumatism,scrofula,and inphthisis.[196][197]
- Crambe oil,extracted from the seeds of theCrambe abyssinica.High inerucic acid,used as an industrial lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor, and as an ingredient in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.[198][199]
- Croton oil(tiglium oil) is pressed from the seeds ofCroton tiglium.Highly toxic, it was formerly used as a drasticpurgative.[200]
- Cuphea oil,from a number of species of genreCuphea.Of interest as sources of medium chaintriglycerides.[201]
- Cupuaçubutter is closely analogous to cocoa, and is used to make white chocolate.[202]
- Honesty oil, from the seeds ofLunaria annua,which contain 30–40% oil. The oil is particularly rich inlong chain fatty acids,includingerucicandnervonic acid,making it suitable for certain industrial purposes.[92][203]
- Illipe butter, from the nuts of theShorea stenoptera.Similar tococoa butter,but with a highermelting point.Used incosmetics.[204][205]
- Jojoba oil,used in cosmetics as an alternative towhale oilspermaceti.[206]
- Mango oil,pressed from the stones of themangofruit, is high instearic acid,and can be used for makingsoap.[207]
- Mowrah butter, from the seeds of theMadhuca latifoliaandMadhuca longifolia,both native toIndia.Crude Mowrah butter is used as a fat for spinning wool, for making candles and soap. The refined fat is used as an edible fat andvegetablegheein India.[48]
- Neem oil,fromAzadirachta indica,a brownish-green oil with a high sulfur content, used in cosmetics, for medicinal purposes, and as aninsecticide.[208]
- Ojon oil extracted from the nut of the American palm (Elaeis oleifera). Oil extracted from both the nut and husk is also used as an edible oil inCentralandSouth America.Commercialized by a Canadian businessman in the 1990s.[209][210]
- Passiflora edulisPassion fruit oil is extracted from the seeds and composed mainly oflinoleic acid(62%) with smaller amounts ofoleic acid(20%) andpalmitic acid(7%). It has varied applications incosmeticsmanufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food.[211]
- Rose hip seed oil,used primarily in skin care products, particularly for aging or damaged skin.[212]
- Rubber seed oil,pressed from the seeds of theRubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis), has received attention as a potential use of what otherwise would be a waste product from makingrubber.It has been explored as a drying oil inNigeria,[213]as a diesel fuel in India[214]and as food for livestock inCambodiaandVietnam.[215]
- Sea buckthorn oil,derived fromHippophae rhamnoides,produced in northernChina,used primarily medicinally.[216]
- Sea rocket seed oil, from thehalophyteCakile maritima,native tonorth Africa,is high inerucic acid,and therefore has potential industrial applications.[217]
- Snowball seed oil(Viburnumoil), fromViburnum opulusseeds. High intocopherol,carotenoidesandunsaturatedfatty acids.Used medicinally.[218]
- Tall oil,produced as a byproduct ofwood pulpmanufacture. A further byproduct calledtall oil fatty acid(TOFA) is a cheap source ofoleic acid.[219]
- Tamanuor foraha oil[220]from theCalophyllum tacamahaca,is important inPolynesianculture, and, although very expensive,[220]is used for skin care.[221]
- Tonka bean oil(Cumaru oil), popular ingredient in cologne, used medicinally inBrazil.[222]
- Tucumã butter is extracted from both the pulp and seed of the fruit ofAstrocaryum vulgare,a South American oil palm.[223]The pulp oil is used as a skin conditioner. The seed oil is sold for use as a cooking oil and for making soap due to its highlauric acidcontent.[224]
- Ucuhuba seed oil,extracted from the seeds ofVirola surinamensis,is unusually high inmyristic acid.[221]
See also
[edit]- Carrier oildiscusses the use of (pressed) vegetable oils, mixed withessential oils
- Fatty aciddiscusses the components of mostvegetable fats and oils
- International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredientsexplains naming conventions for oils used incosmeticsandsoaps
- List of essential oils
Notes
[edit]- ^Lime oil, for example, is distilled, not pressed. SeeJackson,p. 131
- ^"Egusi" is the common name of several species of melons, includingCitrullus vulgariscultivars andLagenaria sicerari.
- ^ TheTarganineArchived2011-10-28 at theWayback Machinecooperative was founded by Zoubida Charrouf in the 1990s to help local poor, widowed and divorced women derive an income from producing and exporting high-quality argan oil. SeeRainer Höfer, ed. (2009).Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies.Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). p. 401.ISBN978-1847559050.
- ^Ethanoland, to a lesser degree,methanolandbutanolare the other major types ofbiofuel.
- ^There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel.Eucalyptus,for example, has been explored as a means ofbiomassfor producingethanol.These plants are not listed here.
- ^Carrot seeds are also used to obtain anessential oilwith quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.
References
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Office of University Research and Education
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{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - ^Scott, Timothy Lee; Buhner, Stephen Harrod (2010).Invasive Plant Medicine: The Ecological Benefits and Healing Abilities of Invasives.Inner Traditions / Bear & Co.ISBN978-1-59477-305-1.Retrieved2014-10-05.
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- ^Bùi Huy Như Phúc (March 25–28, 2003). Reg Preston; Brian Ogle (eds.).Ileal digestibility of coconut oil meal and rubber seed oil meal in growing pigs.Proceedings of Final National Seminar-Workshop on Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-10-08.Retrieved2011-10-24.
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ignored (help) - ^Grebneva, E.V.; Nesterova, O.V. (July 25, 2006)."Berry Marc Oils as Untraditional Resourse for Functional Food and Fitopreparation".In Danik M. Martirosyan (ed.).Functional Foods for Chronic Diseases.D&A. p. 152.ISBN978-0-9767535-2-0.
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- ^abD. Louppe; A.A. Oteng-Amoako; M. Brink, eds. (2008).Plant resources of tropical Africa.Vol. 7. PROTA.ISBN978-90-5782-209-4.
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- ^Smith, Nigel (2014).Palms and People in the Amazon.Springer. p. 81.ISBN978-3319055091.
Further reading
[edit]- "Fats and Cholesterol: Out with the Bad, In with the Good".The Nutrition Source.Harvard School of Public Health.Retrieved2011-10-22.
- "Bulk Oil Trading".Archived fromthe originalon 2006-07-18.Retrieved2006-07-25.An older version of this site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive.
- "Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics".Retrieved2011-10-24.Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources.
- "Castor Oil".Archived fromthe originalon 2006-07-15.Retrieved2006-07-25.The site contains a large set of resources oncastor oiland many other oils, particularly those used to makebiodiesel.
- Botanical Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR) (April 5, 2004)."Database of Oil Yielding Plants"(PDF).Botanical Survey of India.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-21.Retrieved2010-10-19.List of about 300 plants that grow inIndia,and that yield oil. Also includes common names inlanguagesspoken inIndia.
- Macmillan, H.F. (1989). "Oils and Vegetable Fats".Handbook of Tropical Plants.Herbdata New Zealand.ISBN978-81-7041-177-2.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-21.Old reference with basic information on an unusually large variety of plant oils.
- Ashurst, P. R. (1999).Food Flavorings.Springer.ISBN978-0-8342-1621-1.Retrieved2014-10-05.Comprehensive information on cooking oils that are used for flavoring foods.
- Duke, James A.(1982).Handbook of Energy Crops.Purdue University Center for New Crops.Retrieved2011-11-19.