Lobelia
| Lobelia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lobelia erinus | |
Scientific classification
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Campanulaceae |
| Subfamily: | Lobelioideae |
| Genus: | Lobelia L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Lobelia cardinalis | |
| Species | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
|
List
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Lobelia(/loʊˈbiːliə,lə-/[4][5][6]) is agenusofflowering plantsin the family Campanulaceae comprising 415 species,[7]with asubcosmopolitandistribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.[8]They are known generally aslobelias.[9]
Description
[edit]The genusLobeliacomprises a substantial number of large and small annual, perennial and shrubby species, hardy and tender, from a variety of habitats, in a range of colours. Many species appear totally dissimilar from each other. However, all have simple, alternate leaves and two-lipped tubular flowers, each with five lobes. The upper two lobes may be erect while the lower three lobes may be fanned out. Flowering is often abundant and the flower colour intense, hence their popularity as ornamental garden subjects.[10]
Taxonomy
[edit]The genusLobeliawas first formally described in 1753 byCarl LinnaeusinSpecies plantarumand was named after theFlemishbotanistMatthias de Lobel(1538–1616).[11][12][13]
Lobeliais probably the base form from which many otherlobelioidgenera are derived; it is therefore highlyparaphyleticand not a goodgenusin acladisticsense. For example, the Hawaiian species (seeHawaiian lobelioids), currently classified in several genera, originated from a single introduction to a now-submergedHawaiian Island15 million years ago, probably from an AsianLobeliainLobeliasubg.Tupa.[14]
ANew Zealandstudy concluded that local species ofHypsela,IsotomaandPratiashould be treated as Lobelia.[15]
Species list
[edit]Ecology
[edit]Lobeliaspecies are used as food plants by thelarvaeof someLepidopteraspecies including theSetaceous Hebrew Character.
Cultivation and uses
[edit]Several species are cultivated asornamental plantsin gardens. These includeLobelia cardinalissyn.Lobelia fulgens(cardinal flower or Indian pink),Lobelia siphilitica(blue lobelia), andLobelia erinus,which is used for edging and window boxes.[10]
Hybrids
[edit]Numeroushybridshave been produced, notablyLobelia×speciosa,a hybrid derived fromL. fulgens,L. cardinalis&L. siphilitica.The term "fan hybrids" is also used.[16]This plant is borderlinehardyand requires fertile, moist soil. It is suitable for summerbeddingschemes or growing in containers. The cultivars 'Kompliment Scharlach'[17]and 'Pink Elephant'[18] have gained theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit.[19]
Traditional medicine
[edit]The species used most commonly in modern herbalism isLobelia inflata(Indian tobacco).[20]Use of lobelia forcardiovascular diseasesmay causeadverse effects.[21]
Lobelia has been used as "asthmador"in Appalachiantraditional medicine.[22]Two species,L. siphiliticaandL. cardinalis,were once considered a cure forsyphilis.[23]HerbalistSamuel Thomsonpopularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century.[20]
Adverse effects
[edit]Many members of the genus are considered poisonous, with some containing the toxic principlelobeline.[24]Because of lobeline's similarity tonicotine,the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women,[25]and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting.[26]It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use. It also has a chemical known aslobellicyonycin,[citation needed]which may cause dizziness.
Chemical constituents
[edit]
Extracts ofLobelia inflatacontainlobeline[28]and those fromLobelia chinensiscontainapigenin,lobeline,lobelanine,isolobelanine,lobelanidine,quercetin,coumarins,glucosidesand otherflavonoids.[29]
Mexican spurred lobelias
[edit]About eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the generaHeterotoma(or sometimesCalcaratolobelia). However, since their closest relatives such asLobelia anatinaare inLobelia,Koopman and Ayers classify them inLobelia.[30]
References
[edit]- ^"Genus:LobeliaL. "Germplasm Resources Information Network.United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-01-27. Archived fromthe originalon 2010-05-29.Retrieved2011-02-03.
- ^lectotype designated by Hitchcock & Green, Nomenclature, Proposals by British Botanists 184 (1929)
- ^Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^"Lobelia".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 2019-12-20.
- ^"Lobelia".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.Retrieved2016-01-21.
- ^Sunset Western Garden Book,1995:606–607
- ^Lammers, Thomas (2011). "Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)".Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.98:37–62.doi:10.3417/2007150.S2CID84676862.
- ^Huxley, A., ed. (1992).New RHS Dictionary of Gardening.MacmillanISBN0-333-47494-5.
- ^Lobelia.USDA PLANTS.
- ^abRHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants.United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.ISBN978-1405332965.
- ^"Lobelia".APNI.Retrieved11 January2021.
- ^Linnaeus, Carl (1753).Species Plantarum.p. 929.Retrieved11 January2021.
- ^Johnson, A.T.; Smith, H.A. & Stockdale, A.P. (2019),Plant Names Simplified: Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning,Sheffield, Yorkshire: 5M Publishing,ISBN9781910455067,p. 89
- ^Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise; Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise (2001)."Seed Coat Morphology and Its Systematic Implications inCyaneaand Other Genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) ".American Journal of Botany.88(7): 1301–1308.doi:10.2307/3558341.JSTOR3558341.PMID11454630.
- ^Knox, E. B.; Heenan, P. B.; Muasya, A. M.; Murray, B. G. (2008)."Phylogenetic position and relationships of Lobelia glaberrima (Lobeliaceae), a new alpine species from southern South Island (New Zealand)".New Zealand Journal of Botany.46(1): 77–85.Bibcode:2008NZJB...46...77K.doi:10.1080/00288250809509755.S2CID84665178.
- ^Paghat's Garden: "Fan Burgundy" Cardinal Flower
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Lobelia×speciosa'Kompliment Scharlach'".Retrieved2 October2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Lobelia×speciosa'Pink Elephant'".Retrieved2 October2020.
- ^"AGM Plants - Ornamental"(PDF).Royal Horticultural Society. March 2020. p. 66.Retrieved25 October2020.
- ^ab"Lobelia".EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board. January 2006.Retrieved2007-09-12.
- ^Cohen, P. A.; Ernst, E (2010)."Safety of herbal supplements: A guide for cardiologists".Cardiovascular Therapeutics.28(4): 246–53.doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00193.x.PMID20633025.
- ^AJ Giannini, AE Slaby, MC Giannini. Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY Medical Examination Publishing,1982. Pp.53-56.ISBN0-87488-182-X
- ^Guédon, Marie-Françoise (2000).Sacred Smudging in North America.Walkabout Press.
- ^Bergner P. (1998). "Lobelia toxicity: A literature review".Medical Herbalism.10(1–2): 15–34.
- ^Lobelia,Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- ^Lobelia,drugs
- ^Horton, D. B.; Siripurapu, K. B.; Zheng, G; Crooks, P. A.; Dwoskin, L. P. (2011)."Novel N-1,2-dihydroxypropyl analogs of lobelane inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function and methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release".Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.339(1): 286–97.doi:10.1124/jpet.111.184770.PMC3186287.PMID21778282.
- ^Ma Y, Wink M (Sep 2008). "Lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid from Lobelia can reverse P-gp dependent multidrug resistance in tumor cells".Phytomedicine.15(9): 754–8.doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.028.PMID18222670.
- ^Yang, S; Shen, T; Zhao, L; Li, C; Zhang, Y; Lou, H; Ren, D (2014). "Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis".Fitoterapia.93:168–74.doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.007.PMID24444893.S2CID26186424.
- ^Koopman, M. M.; Ayers, T. J. (2005). "Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)".American Journal of Botany.92(3): 558–62.doi:10.3732/ajb.92.3.558.PMID21652434.
Bibliography
[edit]- Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L.; Little, C.R. (2007).Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico.Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.ISBN978-0-89672-614-7.
- Thomson, Samuel (1884) [1822]."Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson".Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica.III(11).
External links
[edit]
Data related toLobeliaat Wikispecies- Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014)."Lobelia".African plants – a Photo Guide.Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
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