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Lombard architecture

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Basilica of San Salvatore, Spoleto

Lombard architecturerefers to thearchitectureof theKingdom of the Lombards,which lasted from 568 to 774 (with residual permanence in southern Italy until the 10th–11th centuries) and which was commissioned by Lombard kings and dukes.

The architectural works of the Lombards in northern Italy (Langobardia Major) have been mostly lost due to later renovations or reconstructions, the few exceptions including theTempietto longobardoatCividale del Friulior the Church of Santa Maria foris portas atCastelseprio.More examples have instead survived in southern Italy (Langobardia Minor), especially in what was theDuchy of Benevento:they include the city's walls, the church ofSanta Sofiaand theRocca dei Rettori,one of the few surviving Lombard military structures, as well as other minor sites near Benevento and in the formerduchy of Spoleto.

The main surviving examples of Lombard architecture have been included in theLongobards in Italy: Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)site. This consists of seven places with notable architectural, artistic and sculptural, and has been aUNESCO World Heritage Sitesince 2011.[1]

Characteristics

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View of theBaptistery of San Giovanni ad Fonteswith the basilica behind.

The most ancient edifices built by the Lombards in Italy, and in particular in their capitalPavia,have been destroyed or largely renewed in later times. Some trends, which usually ran in different ways from theRomanand Palaeo-Christian architectures predominant in Italy up to late Antiquity, have been identified from archaeological studies or other sources. The destroyed church of Santa Maria in Pertica at Pavia, for example, had a typical Roman plan (octagonal with anambulatorydelimited by columns) but very high central body was a novelty. TheBaptistery of San Giovanni ad FontesinLomello,also departed from the typical Palaeo-Christian compactness in the use of a tall central octagon.[2]As it had been in Roman times, the commission of lay and religious buildings was used by the Lombard elite to express their prestige and to legitimate their authority.[3]

San Salvatore, Brescia

In the 7th and 8th centuries, the Lombard architecture evolved in an original direction, with increasing references to Classical architecture. This trend, characterized by the co-presence of different influences and the adoption of new techniques, culminated in the reign of kingLiutprand(712–744), in particular atCividale del Friuli.Edifices such as the Lombard Tempietto in the latter city, or theMonastery of San SalvatoreatBresciashow echoes of the contemporary architecture inRavenna.[4]In this period, the construction of monasteries received a particular impulse, not only as places of adoration or as shows of faith of the commissioners, but also as shelters for the latter's assets and persons and as sites of political control. KingDesiderius(756–774), and with him numerous dukes, gave a particular boost to this trend, which had no direct comparison in the rest of Europe at the time.[3]

Santa Sofia, Benevento

The development of Lombard architecture in northern Italy was halted by the conquest ofCharlemagnein 774. In southern Italy, still partly under effective Lombard domination, architecture followed original lines until the conquest by theNormansin the 11th century. This unity is shown in particular by the most important Lombard edifice in what wasLangobardia Minor,the church ofSanta SofiaatBenevento:built in the 8th century, it follows the same pattern of Santa Maria in Pertica with an elevated central body, although mitigated byByzantineelements such as the articulations of the volumes and the basic structure itself, perhaps inspired byHagia SophiaatConstantinople.[4]

When they arrived in Italy in the late 6th century, the Lombards had no architectural tradition of their own. They thus relied on local workforce, taking advantage of the presence of organizations and guilds capable of high level works, which had been kept alive thanks to the relative survival of the urban civilization in Italy after the fall of theWestern Roman Empire(differently from most of contemporary Christian western Europe).[3][4]

List of structures

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Interior of theAbbey of Saint John in Argentella
TheSanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo
TheTempietto longobardo
Church of Santa Maria foris portas atCastelseprio

6th century

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7th century

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8th century

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Monastery of San FeliceinPavia

9th century

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Later

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After theFrankishconquest,Lombardyagain began to develop styles that became trendsetters of European architecture:

  • Lombard Romanesque, also calledFirst Romanesque,started in the early 11th century.

References

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  1. ^Longobards in Italy – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  2. ^De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari.I Longobardi in Italia.pp. 309–314.
  3. ^abcRovagnati, Sergio.I Longobardi.pp. 102–103.
  4. ^abcAdorno, Piero (1992). "L'Alto Medioevo".L'arte italiana, Vol. 1, part II.Florence: D'Anna. p. 564.

Sources

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  • Adorno, Piero (1992). "L'Alto Medioevo".L'arte italiana, Vol. 1, part II.Florence: D'Anna. pp. 558–579.
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