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Luxembourg City

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Coordinates:49°36′42″N6°7′55″E/ 49.61167°N 6.13194°E/49.61167; 6.13194
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"Luxembourg, Luxembourg" redirects here. For the 2022 film, seeLuxembourg, Luxembourg (film).

Luxembourg
Capital cityandcommune
Stad Lëtzebuerg
View of theVille Haute,including theFortress of Luxembourg,theGëlle Fraand theNotre-Dame Cathedral
Grand Ducal Palace
Luxembourg tram
Place d'Armes
Schueberfouer
Kirchberg
Flag of Luxembourg
Flag
Coat of arms of Luxembourg
Coat of arms
Official logo of Luxembourg
Brandmark
Luxembourg is located in Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Location within Luxembourg
Luxembourg is located in Europe
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Location within Europe
Coordinates:49°36′42″N6°7′55″E/ 49.61167°N 6.13194°E/49.61167; 6.13194
CountryLuxembourg
CantonLuxembourg
Government
• MayorLydie Polfer(DP)
Area
• Total51.46 km2(19.87 sq mi)
• Rank7thof 100
Highest elevation
402 m (1,319 ft)
• Rank48thof 100
Lowest elevation
230 m (750 ft)
• Rank42nd of 100
Population
(2024)
• Total134,697
• Rank1stof 100
• Density2,600/km2(6,800/sq mi)
• Rank2ndof 100
Time zoneUTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+02:00(CEST)
LAU 2LU0000304
Websitevdl.lu
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Luxembourg(Luxembourgish:Lëtzebuerg;French:Luxembourg;German:Luxemburg),[pron 1]also known asLuxembourg City(Luxembourgish:Stad Lëtzebuergord'Stad;French:Ville de Luxembourg;German:Stadt LuxemburgorLuxemburg-Stadt),[pron 2]is thecapital cityofLuxembourgand thecountry's most populous commune.Standing at the confluence of theAlzetteandPétrusserivers in southern Luxembourg, the city lies at the heart ofWestern Europe,situated 213 km (132 mi) by road fromBrusselsand 209 km (130 mi) fromCologne.[1]The city containsLuxembourg Castle,established by theFranksin theEarly Middle Ages,around which a settlement developed.

As of 31 December 2023,Luxembourg City has a population of 134,714 inhabitants,[2]which is more than three times the population of the country's second most populous commune (Esch-sur-Alzette). The population consists of 160 nationalities. Foreigners represent 70.4% of the city's population, whilst Luxembourgers represent 29.6% of the population; the number of foreign-born residents in the city rises steadily each year.[3]

In 2024, Luxembourg was ranked by theIMFas having the highest GDP per capita in the world at $140,310 (PPP),[4]with the city having developed into a banking and administrative centre. In the 2019 Mercer worldwide survey of 231 cities, Luxembourg was placed first for personal safety, while it was ranked 18th for quality of living.[5]

Luxembourg is one of thede factocapitals of the European Union(alongsideBrussels,FrankfurtandStrasbourg), as it is the seat of severalinstitutions,agenciesandbodies,including theCourt of Justice of the European Union,theEuropean Court of Auditors,theSecretariat of the European Parliament,theEuropean Public Prosecutor's Office,theEuropean Investment Bank,theEuropean Investment Fund,theEuropean Stability Mechanism,Eurostat,as well as otherEuropean Commissiondepartments and services.[6]TheCouncil of the European Unionmeets in the city for three months annually.[6]

History[edit]

For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Luxembourg City.
See also:Fortress of Luxembourg
City Anno 1600
The Old City of Luxembourg at night

In theRomanera, a fortified tower guarded the crossing of twoRoman roadsthat met at the site of Luxembourg city. Through an exchange treaty with the abbey ofSaint MaximininTrierin 963,Siegfried Iof theArdennes,a close relative ofKing Louis IIofFranceandEmperor Otto the Great,acquired the feudal lands of Luxembourg. Siegfried built his castle, namedLucilinburhuc( "small castle" ), on theBockFiels( "rock" ), mentioned for the first time in the aforementioned exchange treaty.

In 987, ArchbishopEgbertofTrierconsecrated five altars in the Church of the Redemption (today St. Michael's Church). At a Roman road intersection near the church, a marketplace appeared around which the city developed.

The city, because of its location and natural geography, has through history been a place of strategic military significance. The first fortifications were built as early as the 10th century. By the end of the 12th century, as the city expanded westward around the new St. Nicholas Church (today theCathedral of Notre Dame), new walls were built that included an area of 5 hectares (12 acres). In about 1340, under the reign ofJohn the Blind,new fortifications were built that stood until 1867.

In 1443, theBurgundiansunderPhilip the Goodconquered Luxembourg. Luxembourg became part of the Burgundian, and laterSpanishandAustrianempires (SeeSpanish NetherlandsandSpanish Road) and under those Habsburg administrations Luxembourg Castle was repeatedly strengthened so that by the 16th century, Luxembourg itself was one of the strongest fortifications in Europe. Subsequently, the Burgundians, the Spanish, the French, the Spanish again, the Austrians, the French again, and thePrussiansconquered Luxembourg.[citation needed]

In the 17th century, the firstcasemateswere built; initially, Spain built 23 km (14 mi) of tunnels, starting in 1644.[7]These were then enlarged under French rule byMarshal Vauban,and augmented again under Austrian rule in the 1730s and 1740s.

During theFrench Revolutionary Wars,the city was occupied byFrancetwice: once, briefly, in 1792–93, and, later, after a seven-monthsiege.[8]Luxembourg held out for so long under the French siege that French politician and military engineerLazare Carnotcalled Luxembourg "the bestfortressin the world, except Gibraltar ", giving rise to the city's nickname: the 'Gibraltar of the North'.[8]

Nonetheless, the Austrian garrison eventually surrendered, and as a consequence, Luxembourg was annexed by the French Republic, becoming part of thedépartementofForêts,with Luxembourg City as itspréfecture.Under the 1815Treaty of Paris,which ended theNapoleonic Wars,Luxembourg City was placed underPrussianmilitary control as a part of theGerman Confederation,although sovereignty passed to theHouse of Orange-Nassau,inpersonal unionwith theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands.

After theLuxembourg Crisis,the 1867Treaty of Londonrequired Luxembourg to dismantle the fortifications in Luxembourg City. Their demolition took sixteen years, cost 1.5 million goldfrancs,and required the destruction of over 24 km (15 mi) of underground defences and 4 hectares (9.9 acres) ofcasemates,batteries,barracks,etc.[9]Furthermore, the Prussiangarrisonwas to be withdrawn.[10]

ThePasserelle,also known as the viaduct or old bridge, overlooking thePétrusseriver valley. It opened in 1861.

When, in 1890,Grand Duke William IIIdied without any male heirs, the Grand Duchy passed out of Dutch hands, and into an independent line underGrand Duke Adolphe.Thus, Luxembourg, which had hitherto been independent in theory only, became a truly independent country, and Luxembourg City regained some of the importance that it had lost in 1867 by becoming the capital of a fully independent state.

Despite Luxembourg's best efforts to remainneutralin the First World War, it wasoccupied by Germanyon 2 August 1914. On 30 August,Helmuth von Moltkemoved his headquarters to Luxembourg City, closer to his armies in France in preparation for a swift victory. However, the victory never came, and Luxembourg would play host to the German high command for another four years. At the end of the occupation, Luxembourg City was the scene of an attemptedcommunistrevolution; on 9 November 1918, communists declared asocialist republic,but it lasted only a few hours.[11]

In 1921, thecity limitswere greatly expanded. The communes ofEich,Hamm,Hollerich,andRollingergrundwere incorporated into Luxembourg City, making the city the largest commune in the country (a position that it would hold until 1978).

In 1940,Germany occupied Luxembourg again.TheNaziswere not prepared to allow Luxembourgers self-government, and gradually integrated Luxembourg into the Third Reich by informally attaching the country administratively to a neighbouring German province. Under the occupation, the capital city's streets all received new, German names, which was announced on 4 October 1940.[12]The Avenue de la Liberté for example, a major road leading to the railway station, was renamed "Adolf-Hitlerstraße".[12]Luxembourg City was liberated on 10 September 1944.[13]The city was under long-range bombardment by the GermanV-3 cannonin December 1944 and January 1945.

After the war, Luxembourg ended its neutrality, and became a founding member of several inter-governmental and supra-governmental institutions. In 1952, the city became the headquarters of the High Authority of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community.In 1967, the High Authority was merged with the commissions of the other European institutions; although Luxembourg City was no longer the seat of the ECSC, it hosted some part-sessions of theEuropean Parliamentuntil 1981.[14]Luxembourg remains the seat of the European Parliament's secretariat, as well as theCourt of Justice of the European Union,theEuropean Court of Auditors,and theEuropean Investment Bank.Several departments of theEuropean Commissionare also based in Luxembourg.[6]TheCouncil of the EUmeets in the city for the months of April, June and October annually.[6]

Geography[edit]

View from theGrundup to the Old Town

Topography[edit]

Luxembourg City lies on the southern part of theLuxembourg plateau,a largeEarly Jurassicsandstoneformation that forms the heart of theGutland,a low-lying and flat area that covers the southern two-thirds of the country.

The city centre occupies a picturesque site on a salient, perched high on precipitous cliffs that drop into the narrow valleys of theAlzetteandPétrusserivers, whose confluence is in Luxembourg City. The 70 m (230 ft) deep gorges cut by the rivers are spanned by many bridges andviaducts,including theAdolphe Bridge,theGrand Duchess Charlotte Bridge,and thePasserelle.Although Luxembourg City is not particularly large, its layout is complex, as the city is set on several levels, straddling hills and dropping into the two gorges.

The commune of Luxembourg City covers an area of over 51 km2(20 sq mi), or 2% of the Grand Duchy's total area. This makes the city thefourth-largest communein Luxembourg, and by far the largesturban area.Luxembourg City is not particularly densely populated, at about 1,700 people per km2;large areas of Luxembourg City are maintained as parks, forested areas, or sites of important heritage (particularly theUNESCOsites), while there are also large tracts of farmland within the city limits.

Quarters of Luxembourg City[edit]

Main article:Quarters of Luxembourg City

Luxembourg City is subdivided into twenty-fourquarters(French:quartiers), which cover the commune in its entirety. The quarters generally correspond to the major neighbourhoods and suburbs of Luxembourg City, although a few of the historic districts, such asBonnevoie,are divided between two quarters.[citation needed]

Climate[edit]

Luxembourg City has anoceanic climate(Cfb), with moderate precipitation, cold to cool winters and warm summers. It is cloudy about two-thirds of the year.[citation needed]

Climate data for Luxembourg City (1991–2020, extremes 1947–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		19.8
(67.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		27.9
(82.2) 		31.6
(88.9) 		35.4
(95.7) 		39.0
(102.2) 		37.9
(100.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		26.0
(78.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		39.0
(102.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		30.1
(86.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.5
(88.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		33.5
(92.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.8
(49.6) 		14.4
(57.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		13.5
(56.3) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		13.8
(56.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.7
(42.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		9.8
(49.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		2.0
(35.6) 		5.1
(41.2) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.8
(53.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		6.1
(43.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −8.0
(17.6) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−10.4
(13.3)
Record low °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0) 		−20.2
(−4.4) 		−14.4
(6.1) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−20.2
(−4.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 72.0
(2.83) 		59.0
(2.32) 		57.0
(2.24) 		49.0
(1.93) 		71.2
(2.80) 		75.6
(2.98) 		71.5
(2.81) 		71.9
(2.83) 		66.2
(2.61) 		76.6
(3.02) 		72.1
(2.84) 		89.4
(3.52) 		831.5
(32.74)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 17.3 15.4 14.8 12.7 14.0 13.3 13.7 13.2 12.2 15.2 17.5 18.1 177.4
Average snowy days 7.5 7.6 3.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.3 6.8 29.4
Averagerelative humidity(%) 88 83 74 67 68 68 67 68 75 84 89 90 77
Mean monthlysunshine hours 52.0 79.5 137.1 197.5 226.3 241.2 257.6 237.1 174.9 106.7 51.1 41.9 1,802.9
Percentpossible sunshine 18.8 29.4 34.0 44.1 44.8 46.7 51.0 51.7 42.7 31.8 19.8 16.1 35.9
Source 1: Meteolux (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[15][16][17]
Source 2: Infoclimat[18]

Population[edit]

[19]

Government[edit]

Local government[edit]

See also:Luxembourg communal councilandList of mayors of Luxembourg City
Luxembourg City Hallis the heart of the communal administration, and hosts the offices of both thecommunal counciland themayor.

Under theLuxembourgish constitution,local government is centred on the city'scommunal council.Consisting of twenty-seven members (fixed since 1964), each elected every six years on the second Sunday of October and taking office on 1 January of the next year,[20]the council is the largest of all communal councils in Luxembourg. The city is nowadays considered a stronghold of theDemocratic Party(DP),[21]which is the second-largest party nationally. The Democratic Party is the largest party on the council, with ten councillors.[22]

The city's administration is headed by themayor,who is the leader of the largest party on the communal council. AfterXavier Bettelbecame Luxembourg's new prime minister on 4 December 2013,Lydie Polfer(DP) was sworn in as new mayor of Luxembourg on 17 December of the same year. Since the last elections the mayor leads the cabinet, thecollège échevinal,in which the DP forms a coalition withCSV.Unlike other cities in Luxembourg, which are limited to fouréchevinsat most, Luxembourg is given special dispensation to have sixéchevinson itscollège échevinal.[23]

National government[edit]

Luxembourg City is the seat for the Luxembourg Government. TheGrand Ducal Familyof Luxembourg lives atBerg CastleinColmar-Berg.

For national elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the city is located in theCentreconstituency.[citation needed]

European institutions[edit]

Luxembourg City is the seat of several institutions, agencies and bodies of theEuropean Union,including theCourt of Justice of the European Union,theEuropean Commission,the secretariat of theEuropean Parliament,theEuropean Court of Auditorsand theEuropean Investment Bank.The majority of these institutions are located in theKirchbergquarter, in the northeast of the city.[24]

Culture[edit]

Main article:Culture of Luxembourg
Casino Luxembourgis used for exhibitions of local art
Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg

Despite the city's small size, it has several notable museums: the recently renovatedNational Museum of History and Art(MNHA), theLuxembourg City History Museum,the newGrand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art(Mudam) andNational Museum of Natural History(NMHN).

Luxembourg was the first city to be namedEuropean Capital of Culturetwice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007, along with theRomaniancity ofSibiu,the European Capital of Culture[25]was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and theLorrainearea inFrance.The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders in all areas, physical, psychological, artistic and emotional.[citation needed]

Luxembourg City is also famed for its wide selection of restaurants and cuisines, including four Michelin starred establishments.[26]

UNESCO World Heritage Site[edit]

Main article:Old City of Luxembourg

The city of Luxembourg is on theUNESCOWorld Heritage ListasCity of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications,on account of the historical importance of its fortifications.[27]In addition to its two main theatres, theGrand Théâtre de Luxembourgand theThéâtre des Capucins,there is a new concert hall, thePhilharmonie,as well as aconservatorywith a large auditorium. Art galleries include theVilla Vauban,theCasino LuxembourgandAm Tunnel.[28]

The site is located mainly in Ville Haute (Uewerstad).

Sport[edit]

Stade de Luxembourg

TheINGEurope Marathonhas been contested annually in the capital since June 2006. It attracted 11,000 runners and over 100,000 spectators during the 2014 edition.

TheLuxembourg Openis a tennis tournament held since 1991 in the capital. The tournament runs from 13 to 21 October.BGL BNP Paribas,one of the more famous sponsors in the world of tennis, was the contracted title sponsor of the tournament until 2014.

TheStade de Luxembourg,situated inGasperich,southern Luxembourg City, is the country'snational stadiumand largest sports venue in the country with a capacity of 9,386 for sporting events, including football and rugby union, and 15,000 for concerts.[29]The largestindoor venuein the country isd'Coque,Kirchberg,north-eastern Luxembourg City, which has a capacity of 8,300. The arena is used forbasketball,handball,gymnastics,andvolleyball,including the final of the2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship.D'Coque also includes anOlympic-size swimming pool.[30]

The two football clubs of the city of Luxembourg;Racing FC Union LuxembourgandF.C. Luxembourg City,play in the country's highest league, theBGL Ligue,and second-tier,Division of Honour,respectively. The Stade de Luxembourg hosts theLuxembourg national football team.

Places of interest[edit]

The Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial

Places of interest include theGothic RevivalCathedral of Notre Dame,the fortifications, Am Tunnel (an art gallery underground), theGrand Ducal Palace,theGëlle Frawar memorial,thecasemates,theNeimënster Abbey,thePlace d'Armes,theAdolphe Bridgeand the city hall. The city is home to theRTL Group.

The Second World WarLuxembourg American Cemetery and Memorialis located within the city limits of Luxembourg atHamm.This cemetery is the final resting place of 5,076 American military dead, including GeneralGeorge S. Patton.There is also a memorial to 371 Americans whose remains were never recovered or identified.

Transport[edit]

Highways[edit]

Luxembourg is situated in the heart of Europe in the Gold Triangle betweenFrankfurt,Paris,andAmsterdam.It is therefore connected to several motorways and international routes.[citation needed]

Luxembourg Railway Station

Public transport[edit]

Public transport in Luxembourg City has been free since 2020, including rail, bus and tram.[31]

Rail[edit]

Luxembourg City is served by five rail stations operated by the state rail company, theSociété Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois(CFL), including the principal station and terminus of all rail lines in the Grand Duchy,Luxembourg station.Stations in Luxembourg City are served by domestic rail services operated by CFL, as well as international rail services, operated by CFL, andGerman,Belgian,andFrenchservice providers. Additionally, Luxembourg station is connected to the FrenchLGV Estnetwork, providing high-speed services on to Paris andStrasbourg.Services toBaselandZürichin Switzerland are available via two daily scheduled international trains.[32]

Bus[edit]

Luxembourg City has a network of 31[33]bus routes, operated by the municipal transport authority,Autobus de la Ville de Luxembourg(AVL), partly subcontracted to private bus companies. There is also a free bus service linking the Glacis toLuxembourg station,the "Joker Line" for seniors, and a "City night network". A "Park & Ride" scheme is operated by the city with five carparks connected to the bus network. In addition to AVL buses,CFLand RGTR operate regional buses to other locales in Luxembourg and nearby cities in Germany and France.[citation needed]

Tram[edit]

Tram in Luxembourg City

Between 1875 and 1964, the city was covered by an extensive tram network. In December 2017,tramswere reintroduced to the capital, with the phased opening of a new line, which currently runs betweenKirchbergandBonnevoie,via the city centre.[34][35]Extension to Cloche d'Or will be opened mid-year in 2024[36]while extension toLuxembourg Airportwill be opened as early as January 2025.[37]Future lines to extend the network are currently in the planning stages.[38]

Air[edit]

Luxembourg City is served by the only international airport in the country:Luxembourg Airport(codes:IATA:LUX,ICAO:ELLX). Accessibility to the airport, situated in the commune ofSandweiler,6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the city centre, is provided via the municipal bus network, with a tram connection due to be completed by early 2024.[39]The airport is the principal hub for Luxembourg'sflag carrier,Luxair,and one of the world's largest cargo airlines,Cargolux.[40]

International relations[edit]

Luxembourg is a member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along withTrier,Saarbrücken,andMetz(neighbouring countries: Germany and France).[41]

Twin towns – Sister cities[edit]

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Luxembourg

Luxembourg istwinnedwith:

Image gallery[edit]

  • Luxembourg City as seen from a Sentinel-2 satellite
    Luxembourg City as seen from aSentinel-2satellite
  • Skyline of the Hollerich quarter
    Skyline of theHollerichquarter
  • The gorges and Adolphe Bridge
    The gorges andAdolphe Bridge
  • View of the Luxembourg center cityscape from Cité Judiciaire
    View of the Luxembourg center cityscape from Cité Judiciaire
  • The Center of Luxembourg City with the Pulvermuhl Viaduct
    The Center of Luxembourg City with the Pulvermuhl Viaduct
  • Cité Judiciaire in Luxembourg
    Cité Judiciaire in Luxembourg

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Luxembourgish:[ˈlətsəbuəɕ]ⓘ
    French:[lyksɑ̃buʁ]ⓘ
    German:[ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk]ⓘ
  2. ^Luxembourgish:[ʃtaːtˈlətsəbuəɕ]ⓘor[tʃtaːt]
    French:[vildəlyksɑ̃buʁ]
    German:[ʃtatˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk]or[ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁkˌʃtat]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Great Circle Distances between Cities".United States Department of Agriculture. Archived fromthe originalon 26 March 2005.Retrieved23 July2006.
  2. ^"La ville en chiffres".vdl.lu.Retrieved4 February2024.
  3. ^"The capital of Luxembourg counts 110,499 inhabitants".luxembourg.public.lu.Archived fromthe originalon 3 October 2019.Retrieved18 September2019.
  4. ^"Luxembourg".International Monetary Fund. January 2024.Retrieved13 February2024.
  5. ^"Quality of living city ranking".Retrieved22 January2022.
  6. ^abcd"The European institutions in Luxembourg".luxembourg.public.lu.Retrieved5 August2021.
  7. ^"The Fortress".Luxembourg City Tourism Office.Retrieved23 July2006.
  8. ^abKreins (2003), p. 64
  9. ^"World Heritage List – Luxembourg"(PDF).UNESCO. 1 October 1993.Archived(PDF)from the original on 30 May 2004.Retrieved19 July2006.
  10. ^(in French)Treaty of London, 1867,Article IV. GWPDA. Retrieved 19 July 2006.
  11. ^"Luxembourg's history: Mutiny in the Grand Duchy".today.rtl.lu.Retrieved16 June2024.
  12. ^abMay, Guy (2002)."Die Straßenbezeichnungen der Stadt Luxemburg unter deutscher Besatzung (1940–1944)"(PDF).Ons Stad(in German) (71): 30–32. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.
  13. ^Thewes (2003), p. 121
  14. ^"Alcide De Gasperi Building".Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 16 June 2006.Retrieved23 July2006.
  15. ^"Annuaire climatologique 2021"(in French). Meteolux. Archived fromthe originalon 6 January 2022.Retrieved6 January2022.
  16. ^"Données Climatologiques"(PDF).Meteolux. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 January 2017.Retrieved25 October2016.
  17. ^"Normales et extrêmes"(in French). Administration de l’Aéroport de Luxembourg.Retrieved6 January2022.
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  20. ^"Organisation et fonctionnement des organes politiques".Ville de Luxembourg(in French).Retrieved31 October2017.
  21. ^Hansen, Josée (8 October 1999)."Cliff-hanger".Lëtzebuerger Land(in French). Archived fromthe originalon 16 August 2007.Retrieved21 September2007.
  22. ^"Members of the Municipal Council".Ville de Luxembourg.Retrieved21 January2022.
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  26. ^""Guide Michelin 2012: Le Luxembourg perd des étoiles"".Archived fromthe originalon 23 November 2011.
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Bibliography[edit]

See also:Timeline of Luxembourg City § Bibliography

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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